Technical Report No. 1 TRANSPORT SURVEY and DATABASE

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Ministry of Transport, Socialist Republic of Vietnam (MOT) Transport Development and Strategy Institute (TDSI)

THE STUDY ON THE NATIONAL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM (VITRANSS)

Technical Report No. 1 TRANSPORT SURVEY AND DATABASE

July 2000

ALMEC CORPORATION PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL

PREFACE

During the period of the Study on the National Transport Development Strategy in Vietnam (VITRANSS), various technical papers have been prepared by different Study Team members in various occasions to facilitate the discussions with counterpart team, concerning subsector agencies and to document major findings and outputs produced in the process of the Study. These papers have been organized into a series of technical reports (See Table A below) which intend to provide more detailed background information for descriptions and discussions made on key study components and issues. These technical reports are working documents of the Study which, however, will be useful for further reference, by the counterpart team and related subsector agencies.

Table A List of Technical Reports

No. 1 Transport Surveys and Database

No. 2 Main Commodities Analysis and Freight Transport

No. 3 Transport Cost and Pricing in Vietnam

No. 4 Transport Sector Institutions

No. 5 Road and Road Transport

No. 6 Railway

No. 7 Inland Waterway

No. 8 Port and Shipping

No. 9 Air Transport

No. 10 Rural Transport and Cross Border Transport

No. 11 Environment

No. 12 Transport Sector Funding Technical Report No. 1 TRANSPORT SURVEYS AND DATABASE

Table of Contents

Page

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Survey Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Survey Objective ...... 1-2 1.3 Basic Considerations in the Conduct of Transport Surveys ..... 1-2 1.4 Outline of Transport Surveys ...... 1-4

2 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT SURVEYS

2.1 Road Traffic Survey ...... 2-1 2.2 River Traffic Survey ...... 2-5 2.3 Supplemental Road and River Traffic Surveys ...... 2-8 2.4 Passenger and Drive Interview Survey ...... 2-9 2.5 Transport Industry Survey ...... 2-10

3 SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Road Traffic Condition ...... 3-1 3.2 Inland Waterway Traffic Condition ...... 3-8 3.3 Seasonal Differences in Road/River Traffic ...... 3-13 3.4 Perception of Passengers/Drivers on Transport Terminals .... 3-15 3.5 Transport Industry Survey ...... 3-23

4 DATABASE

4.1 General ...... 4-1 4.2 Coverage and Category of Database ...... 4-1 4.3 Basic Structure of VITRANSS Database ...... 4-4 4.4 Socio-economic Database ...... 4-8 4.5 Traffic and Transport Demand Database ...... 4-9 4.6 Transport Network Database...... 4-17 4.7 Other Transport-related Database...... 4-19

APPENDICES

Appendix 1-A VITRANSS Zoning System ...... 1A-1 Appendix 1-B Classification Of Commodities ...... 1B-1 Appendix 2-A Road Vehicle Traffic Count Survey Form ...... 2A-1 Appendix 2-B OD Survey Form For Vehicles ...... 2B-1 Appendix 2-C River Vessel Traffic Count Survey Form ...... 2C-1 Appendix 2-D OD Survey Form For Vessels ...... 2D-1 Appendix 2-E Public Transport Passenger Interview Survey Form...2E-1 Appendix 2-F Truck Driver Interview Survey Form ...... 2F-1 Appendix 3-A Hourly Road Traffic Volume By Type Of Vehicle And by Station...... 3A-1 Appendix 3-B Hourly River Traffic Volume By Type Of Vessel and by Station...... 3B-1 Appendix 3-C Hourly Traffic Volume By Type Of Vehicle And by Station In The Rainy Season ...... 3C-1 Appendix 3-D Hourly River Traffic Volume By Type Of Vessel and by Station In The Rainy Season...... 3D-1 Appendix 4-A Code Of River Name ...... 4ABC-1 Appendix 4-B Code Of Occupation ...... 4ABC-1 Appendix 4-C Code Of Transport Mode ...... 4ABC-1 Appendix 4-D Summary Of Database And Its File Name ...... 4D-1

Glossary

GDP Gross Domestic Products GIS Geographic Information System JICA STRADA JICA System for Transport Demand Analysis MOT Ministry of Transportation NCPFP National Committee for Population and Family Planning NTSR National Transportation Sector Review OD Origin-destination TDSI Transport Development and Strategy Institute VITRANSS Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study

Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study (VITRANSS) Technical Report No. 1 Transport Surveys and Database

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Survey Background

1) Availability of Existing Data

As shown in Table 1.1.1, there exists various transport data on road, railway and sea transport. However, supplemental traffic surveys and/or data collection is needed to update the transport database.

For river and air transport, the scarcity of existing data requires a considerable number of field surveys to obtain the actual situation of traffic and transport. It is, however, relatively easy to obtain the needed statistical data.

Table 1.1.1 Major Existing Transport Data Sources

Mode Agency Existing Data Source Remarks

Road VRA/MOT • National Transport Sector Review, UNDP (42 • Passenger and cargo stations, February & August 1991) OD data for limited • Master Plan Study on Transport Development areas and in different in North Vietnam, JICA (34 stations, August years 1993) • Needs to conduct OD • Transport Master Plan for the Central Region of interview survey to Vietnam, French Protocol (28 stations, update/supplement data September 1997 and January 1998) Railway VNR/MOT • Feasibility Study on the Rehabilitation and • Passenger/cargo OD by Development of the Railway in Vietnam, JICA type available • Needs to collect updated data from VR Inland VIWA/MOT • National Transport Sector Review, UNDP • Traffic data available Waterway • Master Plan Study on Transport Development only for 7 major river in North Vietnam, JICA ports • Master Plan Study on Coastal Shipping • Needs to conduct OD Rehabilitation and Development Project in interview survey Vietnam, JICA Sea Vinamarine/ • Master Plan Study on Coastal Shipping • No coastal shipping MOT Rehabilitation and Development Project in passengers Vietnam, JICA • 1995 OD by cargo type • Study on Port Development Plan in the Key available Area of the Central Region in the Socialist • Needs to update based Republic of Vietnam, JICA on present port traffic Air CAAV • Feasibility Study on New Development Plan of • Data available only for Hanoi International Airport in the Socialist Hanoi and national total Republic of Vietnam, JICA • Needs to collect updated data from CAAV Pipeline Petro • Dung Quat Refinery Development Plan • Needs to collect Vietnam updated data from Petro Vietnam

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2) Seasonal Fluctuation of Traffic Volume

In Vietnam, the modal share of inland water transport is large, particularly for cargo transport in the Red River and the Mekong River Delta areas. However, due to the large difference in precipitation between the rainy and dry seasons, the type and size of riverboats, as well as the type of cargo, may change significantly by period of the year.

Its influence on land transport may also be significant. Hence, it is imperative to conduct field surveys both during the dry and rainy seasons to understand the real traffic situation in Vietnam.

1.2 Survey Objectives

In the VITRANSS, the primary objectives to conduct transport surveys are 1) to prepare the current interprovincial passenger/cargo origin-destination (OD) matrices by mode and 2) to grasp the transport industry in Vietnam. For this purpose, the following various transport surveys were conducted.

1) Road Traffic Survey 2) River Traffic Survey 3) Supplemental Road/River Traffic Survey 4) Passenger/Driver Interview Survey at Transport Terminals 5) Transport Industry Survey

1.3 Basic Considerations in the Conduct of Transport Surveys

1) Classification of Transported Cargo

In general, transport mode varies depending on the cargo’s durability, packing type, market price, etc. Although major cargoes transported in Vietnam at present are mostly agricultural, transport of mining and industrial cargoes will become more significant in the future.

From the standpoint of transport planning, it is necessary to identify the suitable transport mode for specific cargo item in relation to production, consumption and transport. In the initial stages of data compilation, therefore, cargo classification should be consistent with the mode of transport that is and will be used in Vietnam. Table 1.3.1 shows the tentative cargo classification to be used in the Study.

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Table 1.3.1 Classification of Transported Cargoes

Mode of Transport Classification Water Road Railway Air 1. Agricultural • General Cargo • General Truck • General Cargo Vessel Train 2. Construction/ • General Cargo • General Truck • General Cargo Minng Vessel Train Materials • Bulk Vessel • Exclusive Train 3. Petroleum • Oil Tanker • Exclusive • Exclusive Train Small volume Products Truck of high-value 4. Cement • • • Cement Tanker General Truck General Cargo items only • General Cargo • Exclusive Train Vessel Truck • Exclusive Train 5. Bulk Cargo • Bulk Vessel 6. Other General • General Cargo • General Truck • General Cargo Cargo Vessel • Container Train • Container Vessel Trailer • Container Train

2) Zoning System

In gathering socio-economic data, the surveys will be using VITRANSS zoning system which is based on Vietnam’s 61 provinces.

1.4 Outline of Transport Surveys

Transport surveys conducted in the VITRANSS are summarized in Table 1.4.1.

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Table 1.4.1 Outline of Transport Surveys

Survey Objectives Coverage Method Implementation

Road Traffic • Current traffic • 39 on-road • 3-day vehicle • Field survey: Survey volume stations (20 in traffic count Mar 25-27 • Travel the north, 6 in • 1 day (14 hr) OD (north), Apr 13- characteristics the central and interview at 15 (south) of passengers 13 in the south) roadside • Data obtained and cargoes May 15 River Traffic • Current vessel • 40 stations at • 2-day (24 or 14 • Field survey Survey traffic volume river sections hr/day) vessel Apr 19-20 • Travel (20 in Red River traffic count (north), Apr 26- characteristics Delta and 20 in • 1 day (14 hr) OD 27 (south) of river vessels Mekong River interview at 15 • Data obtained in Red River Delta) selected stn. (9 Jun 20 and Mekong in the north and River deltas 6 in the south) Supplemental • Current Road Traffic Road Traffic • Field Survey Road/River road/river traffic • 18 selected on- • 1 day (14 hr) Sep 8 for road, Traffic Survey volume during road stations (8 traffic count Sep 10 for river rainy season in the north and • 3-day (24 hr) • Data obtained 10 in the south) traffic count at 3 Sep 24 River Traffic stn. in the south • 6 river sections River Traffic (3 in the north • 1 day (14 hr) and 3 in the vessel traffic south) count

Passenger/ • Characteristics • Selected major • Direct interview • Field survey Driver Interview of passengers transport with passengers May 10-21 Survey at and cargoes terminals of rail, and truck drivers • Data obtained Transport bus, air, and Jun 11 Terminals truck Transport • Characteristics • Bus operators • Preparation of • Questionnaires Industry Survey of transport • Truck operators operators’ list were sent in July industry • Coastal • Distribution of 1999 (operation, shipping questionnaire to • Answered finance, operators sampled questionnaire management, • Inland operators were returned labor force, etc.) waterway from 11 bus, 10 transport truck, 7 shipping operators and 12 inland waterway operators as of Sept. 1999

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2 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT SURVEYS

2.1 Road Traffic Survey

This survey aims to determine the road vehicle trips crossing the zone boundary and to calibrate the OD matrices. In order to obtain traffic data, two kinds of field surveys – the traffic count and OD interview – were conducted on major roads connecting the zones in the study area.

2.1.1 Survey Coverage

Survey Stations: The locations of survey stations are shown in Figure 2.1.1 and Table 2.1.1. There are 39 stations, 20 in the northern region, six in the central region and 13 in the southern region. The locations were chosen since they cover the traffic crossing the boundaries of Vietnam’s eight regions and major cities such as Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, Haiphong, and Danang. The number of stations in the central region was minimized due to an earlier study, entitled “Transport Master Plan for the Central Region of Vietnam” (BECEOM, 1998), the results of which can be used for the VITRANSS.

Survey Duration: The surveys were conducted on weekdays, with the following duration:

1) Traffic Count: 3 days/station (72 hours) 2) OD interview: 1 day/station (14 hours from 6 am to 8 pm on the second day of the traffic count)

Vehicle Classification: Vehicles were grouped based on the existing 10 classifications used in other studies as follows:

1) Car 2) Minibus 3) Large Bus 4) Pick-up & 4-Wheel Truck 5) 2-Axle 6-Wheel Truck 6) 3-Axle Truck 7) Truck with 4 and more Axles 8) Motorcycle 9) Bicycle 10) Others

2.1.2 Survey Method

Traffic Count Survey: The hourly vehicular traffic volume by vehicle type and direction was counted using the tally method.

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OD Interview Survey: The roadside OD interview was conducted for 14 hours on the second day of the traffic count survey. Drivers were interviewed with the assistance of policemen. The following information were obtained from them: 1) origin and destination of trip, 2) seating capacity and occupancy of cars and buses and 3) loading capacity/load factor/cargo type for trucks, etc.

Although the instruction was to interview as many vehicles as possible, the sample rate was still determined by the supervisor to ensure that the survey itself would not create a queue at the survey station.

2.1.3 Assignment and Required Number of Surveyors

The basic assignment of surveyors at stations is by a shift of eight hours as shown below.

Figure 2.1.2 Assignment of Surveyors

Legend Supervisor Traffic count Road OD Interviewer Policeman

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Figure 2.1.1 Locations of Road Traffic Survey Stations

222 333 222 333 555 555

111 666 888 101010 111 666 888 101010 131313 131313 444 444 777 777 999 202020 121212 202020 121212 191919 111111 191919 111111 141414 181818 151515141414 151515 161616 171717161616 171717

212121

222222 222222 232323 232323

242424 242424

252525 Legend: 252525

Survey Station

262626 National Road 262626

Provincial Boundary

272727 272727 282828 282828 323232 323232 343434 313131 292929 343434 313131 292929 333333 303030 333333 303030 363636 383836383636 383838 353535 393939 353535 393939 373737 373737

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Table 2.1.1 List of Road Traffic Survey Stations

No. Road Location Province Survey Date No. 1 6 North of Thuan Chau Son La 2 70 South Bao Yen Lao Cai 3 2 North of Ham Yen (Tan Yen) Tuyen Quang 4 2 South of Viet Tri Bridge Vinh Phuc 5 3 Dong Phu (South of Cho Moi) Thai Nguyen 6 3 South of Pho Yen (Ba Hang) Thai Nguyen 7 1 South of Dap Cau Bac Ninh 8 1 North of Kep Bac Giang 9 18 East of Sao Do (Chi Linh) Hai Duong Count: Mar 25-27 10 4B East of Dinh Lap Lang Son Interview: Mar 26 11 6 North East of Tong Dau Hoa Binh 12 6 East of Xuan Mai Ha Tay 13 37 Thuong Bang La Yen Bai 14 1 South of Dong Van Ha Nam 15 21 North of Lac Thuy (Chi Ne) Hoa Binh 16 1 North of Ninh Binh town Ninh Binh 17 1 North of Bim Son Thanh Hoa 18 10 South of Nghin bridge Thai Binh 19 5 East of Du Nghia Hai Phong 20 10 West of Yen Hung (Quang Quang Ninh Yen) 21 9 West of Dong Ha Quang Tri 22 1 Lang Co Thua Thien Hue 23 14B East of Dai Loc (Ai Nghia) Quang Nam 24 1 North of Tam Ky Quang Nam 25 19 East of An Khe pass (Phu Binh Dinh Phong) 26 26 East of Phuong Hoang pass Khanh Hoa 27 14 North of Dong Xoai Binh Phuoc 28 20 South of Ma Da Gui Dong Nai Count: Apr 13-15 29 1 South of Ham Thuan Nam Binh Thuan Interview: Apr 14 30 51 North of Phu My (Tan Thanh) Ba Ria Vung Tau 31 1 North of Dong Nai bridge Dong Nai 32 13 South of Thu Dau Mot Binh Duong 33 1 Noth of Tan An Long An 34 22 East of Trang Bang Tay Ninh 35 60 South of Rach Mieu ferry Ben Tre 36 30 East of Cao Lanh Dong Thap 37 1 North of Can Tho Ferry Vinh Long 38 80 South of Thach Hung(Lap Vo) Dong Thap 39 91 West of Long Xuyen An Giang

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2.2 River Traffic Survey

This survey aimed to determine the trips of river vessels crossing the zone boundary and to calibrate the OD matrices of inland waterway. In order to obtain river traffic data, traffic count and OD interview were conducted at river sections in the deltas.

2.2.1 Survey Coverage

Survey Stations: Forty (40) stations (20 in Red River Delta and 20 in Mekong River Delta) were selected for traffic count survey, 15 of which (9 in Red River Delta and 6 in Mekong River Delta) were selected for OD interview survey as shown in Figure 2.2.1 and Table 2.2.1. Most stations are located at road bridges or ferry terminals where surveyors can easily view the river.

Survey Duration: The surveys were conducted on weekdays, with the following duration:

1) Traffic count: 2 days/station (1 day: 24 or 14 hr) 2) OD interview: 1day/station (14 hr)

Vessel Classification: River vessels were classified into the following seven types:

1) Sea-going Vessel 2) Ship and Self-propelled Barge 3) Oil Tanker 4) Tow Barge 5) Push Barge 6) Passenger Ship 7) Non-motorized Boat

2.2.2 Survey Method

Traffic Count Survey: The hourly traffic volume by vessel type and direction is counted using the tally method. OD Interview Survey: The vessel OD interview was conducted by random sampling for 14 hours on the second day of the traffic count survey. The captains of sampled vessels were interviewed on board with the assistance of river police using high-speed boat. The following information were obtained from them using the survey form: 1) trip origin and destination, 2) seating capacity/occupancy for passenger ship, 3) loading capacity/load factor/cargo type for cargo vessel, etc.

Interviewers were instructed to interview as many river vessels as possible, without creating traffic congestion at the survey station.

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Table 2.2.1 List of River Traffic Survey Stations Traffic Count OD Interview No. Station Name River/Canal Name Hr Date Hr Date A. Red River Delta 1 Yen Hung Chanh 24 14 2 Thai Binh Tra Ly 14 - 3 Ben Trieu Kinh Thay 24 14 4 Bac Ginag Thuong 14 - 5 Yen Tap Cau 14 - 6 Duong Ha Duong 24 14 7 Son Tay Hong 24 14 8 Viet Tri Lo 24 14 9 Co Tiet Hong 14 Apr19-20 - Apr 20 10 Khanh Chuc Da 14 - 11 Khuyen Luong Hong 24 14 12 Hanoi Hong 24 - 13 Phu Nha Hong 24 14 14 Ben Kien Cam 24 - 15 Noi Thanh Ha Ly-Lach Tray 24 - 16 Ninh Giang Luoc 24 14 17 Lac Quan Ninh Co 24 - 18 Do Quan Nam Dinh 24 14 19 Kim Dai Cua Day 24 - 20 Cong Cau Thai Binh 14 - B. Mekong River Delta 21 Phuoc Dong Can Giuoc-Nuoc Ma 24 14 22 Binh Duc Vam Co Dong 14 - 23 Ben Luc Cho Dem-Ben Luc 24 14 24 An Long Thap Muoi so 1 14 - 25 Chau Phu Ba The 14 - 26 Tan Hiep Rach Soi 24 14 27 Hon Dat Rach Gia-Ha Tien 24 - 28 Cho Gao Cho Gao 24 - 29 Song Tien Tien 14 Apr26-27 - Apr 27 30 Cho Lach Cho Lach 24 - 31 Tam Binh Mang Thit 24 14 32 Ca Mau Ganh Hao 24 - 33 Vin Thanh Xa No 24 14 34 Ben Tre Ben Tre 14 14 35 Long Xuyen Hau 14 - 36 Bien Hoa Dong Nai 24 - 37 Lap Vo Sa Dec-Lap Vo 24 - 38 Cao Lanh Tien 14 - 39 Bac Lieu Ca Mau-Bac Lieu 24 - 40 Vinh Thai Co Chien 14 -

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Figure 2.2.1 Location for River Traffic Survey

Red River Delta

999

888 444 555 444 777 555

666 333 333 111 121212 111 121212 202020 141414 111111 141414 101010 111111 151515 101010 151515 161616 131313

222 181818 171717

191919

Mekong River Delta

363636 232323 222222 222222 242424 212121 212121 252525 353535373737 383838 282828 353535373737 292929 282828 303030 404040 343434 272727 262626 313131

333333 Legend

Survey Stations Counting & Interview 393939 Counting 323232 Inland Waterway Provincial Boundary

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2.3 Supplemental Road and River Traffic Surveys

2.3.1 Objective

Supplemental road and river traffic surveys had to be conducted during the rainy season to capture the seasonal fluctuation of traffic flows between the two seasons. Since it was assumed that the pattern of origin and destination of passengers and cargoes by mode would not change with the season, only traffic count survey was conducted for one day at selected survey stations.

2.3.2 Survey Coverage

Survey Stations: The stations were chosen from among those selected for the survey done during the dry season. These were 18 for road and six for river as shown in Table 2.3.1 and 2.3.2. Figure 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 show their locations.

Survey Duration: The survey was conducted on weekdays with this duration:

1) Road Traffic Survey: 1 day/station (14 hr.) (3 days/station, 24 hr: Station No.27, No.29 and No.37) 2) River Traffic Survey: 1 day/station (14 hr.)

Vehicle Classification: The vehicle classifications used in the survey done during the dry season were applied.

Table 2.3.1 Locations of Road Traffic Survey Stations No. Road No Location Province Survey Date 4 2 South of Viet Tri Bridge Vinh Phuc Sep 8 (14 hrs) 5 3 Dong Phu (South of Cho Thai Nguyen Sep 8 (14 hrs) Moi) 6 3 South of Pho Yen (Ba Hang) Thai Nguyen Sep 8 (14 hrs) 7 1 South of Dap Cau Bac Ninh Sep 8 (14 hrs) 11 6 North East of Tong Dau Hoa Binh Sep 8 (14 hrs) 14 1 South of Dong Van Ha Nam Sep 8 (14 hrs) 17 1 North of Bim Son Thanh Hoa Sep 8 (14 hrs) 19 5 East of Du Nghia Hai Phong Sep 8 (14 hrs) 27 14 North of Dong Xoai Binh Phuoc Sep 8-10 (24 hrs) 28 20 South of Ma Da Gui Dong Nai Sep 8 (14 hrs) 29 1 South of Ham Thuan Nam Binh Thuan Sep 8-10 (24 hrs) 30 51 North of Phu My (Tan Ba Ria Vung Tau Sep 8 (14 hrs) Thanh) 31 1 North of Dong Nai bridge Dong Nai Sep 8 (14 hrs) 32 13 South of Thu Dau Mot Binh Duong Sep 8 (14 hrs) 33 1 Noth of Tan An Long An Sep 8 (14 hrs) 34 22 East of Trang Bang Tay Ninh Sep 8 (14 hrs) 37 1 North of Can Tho Ferry Vinh Long Sep 8-10 (24 hrs) 39 91 West of Long Xuyen An Giang Sep 8 (14 hrs)

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Table 2.3.2 Locations of River Traffic Survey Stations

No. Station Name River/Canal Name Survey Date A. Red River Delta 3 Ben Trieu Kinh Thay Sep 10 (14 hrs) 6 Duong Ha Duong Sep 10 (14 hrs) 13 Phu Nha Hong Sep 10 (14 hrs) B. Mekong River Delta 21 Phuoc Dong Can Giuoc-Nuoc Ma Sep 10 (14 hrs) 28 Cho Gao Cho Gao Sep 10 (14 hrs) 37 Lap Vo Sa Dec-Lap Vo Sep 10 (14 hrs) 2.3.3 Survey Method

The survey method for both road and river traffic surveys was the same as those implemented for surveys done during the dry season.

2.4 Passenger and Driver Interview Survey

This was conducted at major mode interchanges in Vietnam, i.e. airports, railway stations, bus terminals and truck terminals (ports and railway stations) to gather information and perception of public transport passengers and truck drivers on trips to terminals. The data would be used in projecting demand forecast, particularly in determining the modal split, and in planning terminal facilities.

2.4.1 Survey Coverage

Survey Stations: Major transport terminals consisting of 10 railway stations, 10 bus terminals, seven airports, and truck terminals (five railway stations and five ports) were selected as shown in Table 2.4.1.

Number of Samples: The required number was at least 200 from each terminal.

2.4.2 Survey Method

Direct interview was done in major terminals such as airport, railway, bus and truck (port and railway station), while air passenger interview was conducted at the departure terminal. The forms were modified to fit with the current transport situation in Vietnam upon consultation with Vietnamese counterparts. The following information were obtained from this survey:

Air/Railway/Bus Passengers Truck Drivers 1) Personal information 1) Vehicle information 2) OD 2) Type of cargo 3) Trip purpose 3) Volume of cargo 4) Reason for using the mode 4) OD 5) Opinion on terminal facility 5) Opinion on terminal facility 6) Willingness-to-pay, etc. 6) Willingness-to-pay, etc.

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Table 2.4.1 List of Passenger/Driver Interview Survey Stations

Survey No. of Survey No. of Terminal Station Name Terminal Station Name Date Samples Date Samples Railway Long Bien (Hanoi) May 13 200 Airport Noi Bai Int’l (Hanoi) May 18 202 Station Hanoi May 13 201 Noi Bai Domestic May 18 200 (Hanoi) Haiphong May 13 207 Tan Son Nhat Int’l May 27 218 (HCM) Viet Tri (Phu Tho) May 13 203 Tan Son Nhat May 27 201 Domestic Kep (Bac Giang) May 15 209 (HCM) Vinh (Nghe An) May 14 202 Da Nang May 20 201 Hue May 15 203 Nha Trang May 26 195 Da Nang May 19 196 Hue May 17 165 Nha Trang May 26 209 Hoa Hung (HCM) May 27 201 TOTAL 2,031 TOTAL 1,382

Bus Gia Lam (Ha Noi) May 14 200 Truck Hai Phong Port May 15 201 Terminal Giap Bat (Ha Noi) May 15 208 Terminal Sai Gon Port May 25 205 Hai Phong May 15 213 Cua Lo Port (Nghe May 15 170 An) East Terminal May 26 202 Da Nang Port May 15 103 (HCM) West Terminal May 24 199 Quy Nhon Port May 24 255 (HCM) Vinh (Nghe An) May 14 200 Viet Tri Sta. (Phu May 15 73 Tho) Hue May 16 200 Yen Vien Sta. (Hanoi) May 15 78 Da Nang May 23 199 Van Dien Sta. May 14 109 (Hanoi) Buon Ma Thuot May 26 202 Da Nang Sta. May 21 114 (Dac Lac) Can Tho May 28 203 Song Than Sta. May 25 210 (HCM) TOTAL 2,026 TOTAL 1,518

2.5 Transport Industry Survey

2.5.1 Objective

To strengthen the national transport system in Vietnam, a government policy supporting transport operators is of utmost importance. It is also necessary to understand the operational and financial condition of the transport industry. However, information and statistics are limited. The survey, therefore, was undertaken with the following objectives:

1) To further look into the management and financial conditions of transport operators: organization, owned/operating vehicles/vessels, operational indicators, number of employees, financial performance, etc.

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2) To analyze the labor force of transport operators such as demand/supply, qualification, training, wage, etc.

2.5.2 Survey Coverage

In Vietnam, the transport industry is composed of air carriers, rail operators, shipping operators (sea/inland waterway), truck operators, and bus operators. Railway and air transport are operated by state-owned companies. Hence, there is easy access to information on their operations and finances. However, the number of shipping companies, including inland water transport, and land transport operators are many and their organizational, operational and financial conditions are difficult to grasp.

For this survey, the number of interviewed operator-respondents was about 50 from each mode. A questionnaire survey was conducted among shipping and truck/bus operators.

2.5.3 Survey Items

The following items were obtained from shipping companies and truck/bus operators.

1) Composition of stockholders (central government, local government, private sector, foreign etc.) 2) Condition and number of owned vehicles/vessels by type 3) Service type and fare system 4) Area coverage 5) Number of employees, site workers and license holders 6) Financial condition 7) Experiences on traffic/marine accidents and indemnification 8) Expectation of government’s policy on transport industry

2.5.4 Survey Method

The survey was conducted through the following steps:

1) Preparing questionnaire forms in collaboration with Vietnamese counterpart. 2) Preparing long lists of operators of sea, inland water transport, truck and bus in cooperation with Vietnamese counterparts. Then, sample operators are selected. 3) Sending questionnaire forms to selected operators by mail with a request letter from TDSI-MOT. After the deadline passed the operators were called to follow up the submission of the completed questionnaire. 4) Encoding the data from the returned questionnaire into a computer database file.

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3 SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Road Traffic Condition

3.1.1 Traffic Volume by Station

The road traffic survey was carried out in 39 stations, covering the northern, central and southern regions of Vietnam. It required a three-day traffic count and one day (14-hour) OD interview survey. Table 3.1.1 shows the aggregate traffic volume by vehicle type and station (see Appendix 3-A for details). The average traffic composition by vehicle type is 19% cars, 30% buses and 51% trucks. Stations on National Highway No. 1 and on boundary stations of HCMC have the highest traffic volume, at more than 10,000 daily. The next highest was recorded on boundary stations of Hanoi.

Table 3.1.1 Road Traffic Volume by Station (24 hours, both directions) Stn. Road Motor- Location Province Car Bus Truck Total Bicycle No. No. cycle 1 6 North of Thuan Chau Son La 52 54 89 194 641 326 2 70 South Bao Yen Lao Cai 77 69 130 276 772 713 3 2 North of Ham Yen (Tan Yen) Tuyen Quang 72 178 237 487 2,142 3,050 4 2 South of Viet Tri Bridge Vinh Phuc 812 862 1,985 3,660 3,405 2,731 5 3 Dong Phu (South of Cho Moi) Thai Nguyen 146 172 245 563 860 1,363 6 3 South of Pho Yen (Ba Hang) Thai Nguyen 488 559 1,137 2,184 2,762 2,628 7 1 South of Dap Cau Bac Ninh 1,224 1,255 1,827 4,306 4,843 2,820 8 1 North of Kep Bac Giang 504 669 1,020 2,193 1,888 2,878 9 18 East of Sao Do (Chi Linh) Hai Duong 517 735 1,398 2,650 3,126 3,915 10 4B East of Dinh Lap Lang Son 10 15 41 66 673 1,185 11 6 North East of Tong Dau Hoa Binh 87 164 335 587 324 99 12 6 East of Xuan Mai Ha Tay 487 471 994 1,951 2,993 3,064 13 37 Thuong Bang La Yen Bai 11 6 32 50 464 486 14 1 South of Dong Van Ha Nam 1,340 1,773 3,245 6,357 4,343 2,578 15 21 North of Lac Thuy (Chi Ne) Hoa Binh 34 12 120 166 1,339 3,408 16 1 North of Ninh Binh town Ninh Binh 904 1,010 2,177 4,091 3,225 2,994 17 1 North of Bim Son Thanh Hoa 851 993 2,581 4,425 3,552 4,463 18 10 South of Nghin bridge Thai Binh 95 160 291 545 1,963 1,792 19 5 East of Du Nghia Hai Phong 1,099 854 2,087 4,041 3,895 2,743 20 10 West of Yen Hung (Quang Yen) Quang Ninh 141 185 143 469 912 511 21 9 West of Dong Ha Quang Tri 114 262 427 804 1,090 674 22 1 Lang Co Thua Thien Hue 238 562 1,439 2,239 989 953 23 14B East of Dai Loc (Ai Nghia) Quang Nam 15 98 149 263 2,080 3,369 24 1 North of Tam Ky Quang Nam 405 791 1,926 3,121 3,195 1,717 25 19 East of An Khe pass (Phu Phong) Binh Dinh 167 537 938 1,642 746 339 26 26 East of Phuong Hoang pass Khanh Hoa 59 139 745 943 1,458 1,640 27 14 North of Dong Xoai Binh Phuoc 148 285 736 1,170 2,774 1,203 28 20 South of Ma Da Gui Dong Nai 149 802 1,181 2,132 2,333 1,971 29 1 South of Ham Thuan Nam Binh Thuan 310 987 1,972 3,270 2,020 995 30 51 North of Phu My (Tan Thanh) Ba Ria Vung Tau 957 1,373 1,935 4,265 5,473 2,228 31 1 North of Dong Nai bridge Dong Nai 3,906 6,341 10,937 21,183 31,131 2,819 32 13 South of Thu Dau Mot Binh Duong 1,507 2,126 3,187 6,820 15,467 2,523 33 1 Noth of Tan An Long An 1,976 4,062 5,645 11,683 14,005 1,902 34 22 East of Trang Bang Tay Ninh 758 857 1,669 3,284 6,336 2,317 35 60 South of Rach Mieu ferry Ben Tre 187 346 399 932 11,806 9,995 36 30 East of Cao Lanh Dong Thap 276 628 482 1,387 8,062 3,249 37 1 North of Can Tho Ferry Vinh Long 440 1123 1,069 2,632 2,945 1,438 38 80 South of Thach Hung(Lap Vo) Dong Thap 238 645 1,244 2,128 4,925 6,253 39 91 West of Long Xuyen An Giang 354 1,177 734 2,265 14,763 11,906 Source: VITRANSS Road Traffic Survey, Mar.-Apr., 1999

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3.1.2 Passenger Transport

Some findings on passenger transport rate obtained from the roadside interview survey are roughly summarized below. The sampling rate varies by station, ranging from 6% to 100%.

Vehicle Composition: Traffic composition by vehicle type captured from roadside interview survey is classified and shown in Table 3.1.2. The composition of car is highest in the north. By contrast, minibus is most significant in the south and large bus in the central region.

Table 3.1.2 Traffic Composition by Vehicle Type, 1999 (%) Car Minibus Large Bus North 35.9 27.3 36.8 Central 27.1 28.4 49.9 South 24.8 43.1 32.1 TOTAL 28.7 34.9 36.4 Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, Mar.-Apr., 1999

Average Occupancy: The average passenger load by vehicle type is shown in Table 3.1.3. The car has an average passenger load of 3.5 and this is almost the same in all regions. The average passenger load of the minibus is highest in the central region and that of the large bus in the south.

Table 3.1.3 Average Passenger Load, 1999 (passenger/vehicle) Bus Car Minibus Large Bus Subtotal North 3.5 9.1 27.7 19.8 Central 3.6 10.2 25.1 19.7 South 3.6 9.5 30.6 18.5 TOTAL 3.5 9.4 28.4 19.1 Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, Mar.-Apr., 1999.

Vehicle Ownership: Vehicle ownership varies by region. In northern and central regions, most cars are state-owned, accounting for about 63%. In contrast, most cars are private-owned in the south, accounting for about 70%. The percentage of private-owned minibus and large bus is more remarkable in the south, amounting to 78% and 65%, respectively. In northern and central regions, buses are largely owned and operated by the state.

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Table 3.1.4 Vehicle Ownership, 1999 (%) Car Mini Bus Large Bus State JV Private State JV Private State JV Private North 63.0 3.5 33.4 28.7 3.3 68.0 49.9 5.0 45.1 Central 62.8 4.4 32.8 23.2 7.5 69.2 32.8 10.0 57.1 South 24.0 6.1 69.9 10.0 4.6 85.4 9.0 4.5 86.5 Total 47.2 4.6 48.1 17.2 4.5 78.2 29.7 5.8 64.5 Note: JV – joint venture Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March- April 1999

3.1.3 Freight Transport Some findings on freight transport obtained from the roadside interview survey are summarized below.

Vehicle Composition: Based on the roadside interview survey, the share of pickup usage is substantially high in the south, accounting for 34% of total trucks. On the other hand, trucks with three and four or more axles are marginally used, at around 2% only. The composition of vehicle usage is similar between northern and central regions, with a high preference for 2-axle trucks (see Table 3.1.5).

Table 3.1.5 Vehicle Type, 1999 (%) Pick-up 2-Axle Truck 3-Axle Truck 4 or more Axle Truck North 19.6 65.5 10.7 4.2 Central 7.6 68.9 16.7 6.7 South 33.7 54.3 1.5 1.5 TOTAL 23.2 61.6 8.1 3.6 Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, Mar. – Apr., 1999.

Vehicle Ownership: Vehicle ownership by truck type is shown in Table 3.1.6-3.1.10. Compared to other regions, the south has a substantial share of private-owned vehicle, amounting to about 88% of all trucks. In addition, it was found that as vehicle capacity becomes larger, the share of state-owned vehicle becomes higher. For instance, the share of state-owned vehicle increases from 11% of pickup to 40% of 4-axle truck.

Table 3.1.6 Vehicle Ownership of Pickup, 1999 (Vehicle) Private State Others Total 861 162 29 1,052 North (81.8) (15.4) (2.8) (100) 137 26 7 170 Central (80.6) (15.3) (4.1) (100) 1,541 133 52 1,726 South (89.3) (7.7) (3.0) (100) 2,539 321 88 2,946 TOTAL (86.1) (10.9) (3.0) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April, 1999.

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Table 3.1.7 Vehicle Ownership of 2-Axle Truck, 1999 (Vehicle) Private State Others Total 2,409 1,032 76 3,517 North (68.5) (29.3) (2.2) (100) 1,073 386 82 1,541 Central (69.6) (25.0) (5.3) (100) 2,492 211 77 2,960 South (89.6) (7.6) (2.8) (100) 5,974 1,629 235 7,838 TOTAL (76.2) (20.8) (3.0) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April 1999.

Table 3.1.8 Vehicle Ownership of 3-Axle Truck, 1999 (Vehicle) Private State Others Total 275 282 19 576 North (47.7) (49.0) (3.3) (100) 206 147 22 375 Central (54.9) (39.2) (5.9) (100) 56 18 5 79 South (70.9) (22.8) (6.3) (100) 537 447 46 1,030 TOTAL ( 52.1) (43.4) (4.5) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April 1999.

Table 3.1.9 Vehicle Ownership of 4-Axle Truck, 1999 (Vehicle) Private State Others Total 114 96 18 228 North (50.0) (42.1) (7.9) (100) 74 62 13 149 Central (49.7) (41.6) (8.7) (100) 56 18 5 79 South (70.9) (22.8) (6.3) (100) 244 176 36 456 TOTAL (53.5) (38.6) (7.9) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March – April 1999.

Table 3.1.10 Vehicle Ownership of All Trucks, 1999 (Vehicle) Private State Others Total 3,659 1,572 142 5,373 North (68.1) (29.3) (2.6) (100) 1,490 621 124 2,235 Central (66.7) (27.8) (5.5) (100) 4,531 438 154 5,123 South (88.4) (8.5) (3.0) (100) 9,680 2,631 420 12,731 TOTAL (76.0) (20.7) (3.3) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April 1999.

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Average Load: The average load, varying by vehicle type from 1.9 to 16.4, is 5.7 tons for all trucks (see Table 3.1.11), excluding empty ones. If these are included, the average load becomes 4.0 tons/truck.

Table 3.1.11 Average Load of Trucks, 1999 (ton/truck) Pickup 2-Axle Truck 3-Axle Truck 4 or more Axle Truck Total North 1.5 5.2 10.4 15.0 5.5 Central 1.7 5.8 11.0 15.9 7.0 South 2.1 5.9 10.7 21.1 5.3 TOTAL 1.9 5.6 10.7 16.4 5.7 Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April 1999.

Packing by Commodity: Generally, packing type varies by commodity. For instance, items of steel, construction materials and coal are packed in bulk, while paddy rice, other food crops, cement, fertilizer, and industrial crops are in bags or parcels (see Table 3.1.12). The share of packing type averages 39% for bulk, 45% for bag/parcel, four percent for container, and 13% for other types.

Table 3.1.12 Packing Type by Commodity, 1999 (%) Bulk Bag/Parcel Container Others Paddy/Other Food Crops 27.6 68.2 0.4 3.8 Sugarcane, Sugar 34.8 40.9 1.6 22.7 Wood/Forest Products 57.3 6.5 1.5 34.7 Steel 74.6 10.8 0.0 14.6 Construction Materials 84.4 9.0 0.1 6.5 Cement 12.0 84.9 1.5 1.6 Fertilizer 9.2 86.7 0.4 3.6 Coal 95.7 3.5 0.0 0.7 Petroleum Products 5.0 14.5 27.8 52.7 Industrial Crops 13.4 85.8 0.5 0.2 Manufacturing Goods 28.0 49.2 8.3 14.5 Fishery Products 19.6 61.2 7.3 11.9 Animal Meat and Others 29.8 49.6 1.0 19.6 TOTAL 38.8 44.6 3.8 12.7 Source: VITRANSS Roadside Interview Survey, March-April 1999.

3.1.4 Traffic Distribution by Time

As mentioned earlier, roadside traffic count was conducted in 39 survey stations, four of which were chosen to look into traffic distribution by time period. They are composed of station number 16 (north), 24 (central) and 29 and 31 (south), all located along National Highway No.1. In particular, Station No. 31 is very close to HCMC while the rest are a little far from any significant city. Traffic distribution by time period is shown in Figure 3.1.1 and characterized as follows.

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• A number of trucks prefer to make interprovincial trips at night, resulting in another peak period at night, besides the two peak periods in the morning and evening. Thus, peak rate is comparatively low. This phenomenon is more obvious at stations far from the main cities.

• However, Station No. 31, which was very close to HCMC, had a wide gap of traffic between day and night and different distribution pattern from other stations, because roads around the main city are largely used for passenger movement.

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Figure 3.1.1 Traffic Distribution by Time Period St at io n :1 6 vehicle 300 250 200

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9:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00

time car bus truck

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3.2 Inland Waterway Traffic Condition

3.2.1 Traffic Volume by Station

Inland waterway traffic survey was undertaken in 40 stations, where interview survey was done in only 15 stations. Although, the detailed result of survey by station is attached in Appendix 3B, the aggregate traffic volume by vessel type and station is shown in Table 3.2.1. The dominant type is the self-propelled ship and barge, accounting for 88% of the total. The higher vessel traffic volume is at stations in the Mekong Delta.

Table 3.2.1 Vessel Traffic Volume by Station (24 hours, both directions) Sta. Sea-going Self-propelled Oil Tanker Tow Barge Push Barge Passenger Nonmotorized Total No. No. Vessel Ship & Barge Tanker Tanker Ship Boat of Vessels 1 - 191 1 1 5 2 3 203 2 2 89 - 5 4 - - 100 3 - 432 1 9 21 - 1 463 4 - 42 - - - - - 42 5 - 82 1 - - - - 83 6 - 80 2 7 3 - - 91 7 - 265 1 4 9 - 13 291 8 - 378 - 9 4 1 4 395 9 - 25 - - - - 6 31 10 - 66 - - 1 4 5 76 11 - 57 - 1 2 - 1 60 12 - 130 - 2 3 - 9 144 13 - 203 - 3 4 - - 209 14 2 267 2 3 10 2 - 285 15 - 228 3 2 3 - - 234 16 - 145 - 4 2 - - 150 17 1 69 - - - - 3 72 18 - 162 - 2 3 - - 167 19 4 128 - - 1 4 1 136 20 - 176 - - 2 - - 178 21 - 328 23 18 48 9 1 426 22 - 378 1 2 1 2 56 441 23 2 345 2 36 109 6 66 565 24 - 576 - - - 7 19 603 25 11 815 2 - - 5 6 838 26 - 1,113 7 10 5 - 12 1,146 27 2 776 4 9 1 7 22 819 28 - 999 34 18 44 13 2 1,109 29 1 793 24 17 53 41 2 930 30 - 636 12 7 12 21 1 687 31 - 361 8 3 4 39 23 438 32 - 1,945 38 4 - 296 209 2,491 33 - 1,160 3 1 - 23 66 1,252 34 - 613 1 1 1 59 7 681 35 - 1,440 3 2 1 15 21 1,482 36 4 377 4 56 145 - - 585 37 - 651 7 8 6 3 23 696 38 5 497 13 8 1 18 274 814 39 - 152 3 3 - 5 1 162 40 - 377 1 3 1 1 2 384 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Traffic Count Survey, April-May 1999.

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3.2.2 Passenger Transport

The findings on passenger transport obtained from the interview survey are summarized below.

The average number of passengers carried by passenger vessel is 20 in the north and 16 in the south (see Table 3.2.2). In addition, most passenger vessels belong to the private sector (see Table 3.2.3). The load factor, which is calculated by dividing passenger vessel capacity (seats) by passengers, is shown in Table 3.2.4. Note, however, that sample size is too small to represent all passenger vessels, especially in the north.

Table 3.2.2 Passengers Carried by Passenger Vessels, 1999 (Passenger/vessel) Private State Others Total North 20 - - 20 South 16 - 13 16 TOTAL 16 - 13 16 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May 1999.

Table 3.2.3 Passenger Vessel Ownership, 1999 (Vessel) Private State Others Total 1 0 0 1 North (100.0) (0.0) (0.0) (100) 74 0 1 75 South (98.7) (0.0) (1.3) (100) 75 0 1 76 TOTAL (98.7) (0.0) (1.3) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share. Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May 1999.

Table 3.2.4 Average Load Factor, 1999 (%) Private State Others Total North 100.0 - - 100.0 South 43.9 - 27.1 43.9 TOTAL 44.3 - 27.1 44.4 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May,1999.

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3.2.3 Freight Transport

The findings on freight transport obtained from the interview survey are summarized below.

Vessel Type: As shown in Table 3.2.5, the majority of vessels are self-propelled ships, with a share of 84%.

Table 3.2.5 Vessel Type, 1999 (%) Sea- Self- Oil Tow Push Nonmotorized Passenger going propelled Tanker Barge Barge Boat Vessel Vessel Ship North 0.0 89.9 0.4 4.4 5.1 0.0 0.2 South 1.1 80.3 2.1 2.7 5.5 0.2 8.1 TOTAL 0.7 83.7 1.5 3.3 5.3 0.1 5.3 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May,1999.

Vessel Ownership: Most vessels are owned and operated by the private sector regardless of region, and its share comes to about 90% (See Table 3.2.6).

Table 3.2.6 Vessel Ownership, 1999 (Vessel) Private State Others Total 423 67 4 494 North (85.6) (13.6) (0.6) (100) 791 54 4 849 South (93.2) (6.4) (0.5) (100) 1.214 121 8 1,343 TOTAL (90.4) (9.0) (0.6) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May 1999.

Registered Vessel Capacity: Although most vessels belong to the private sector, state-owned vessels have about six times the capacity of private-owned vessels (see Table 3.2.7). Therefore, most cargoes are transported by state-owned vessels. Reportedly, about 90% of total cargoes are carried by state-owned vessels in terms of ton-km.

Table 3.2.7 Registered Vessel Capacity, 1999 (Tons) Private State Others Total North 79.2 381.7 252.5 19.6 South 60.5 428.5 239.8 246.1 TOTAL 67.1 402.6 246.1 96.9 Note: Including barge capacity. Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May 1999.

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Average Load: As shown in Table 3.2.8, the tow barge has the highest loading volume at 310 tons, while average load is only 67 tons for all others vessels.

Table 3.2.8 Average Load, 1999 (Ton/vessel) Sea- Self- Oil Tow Push Nonmotorized going propelled Subtotal Tanker Barge Barge Boat Vessel Ship North 0.0 60.5 200.0 293.7 500.0 0.0 93.7 South 61.2 34.7 172.2 324.0 158.6 2.8 53.9 TOTAL 61.2 44.4 174.9 309.8 270.9 2.8 68.5 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Interview Survey, April-May,1999.

3.2.4 Traffic Distribution by Time

Unlike the traffic distribution of road transport, that of inland waterway is generally irregular. Six stations, three each in the north (No. 3, 6 and 13) and south (No. 21, 28 and 37) showed that the number of vessels are substantially large in the south, at 3-5 times more than those in the north. It is interesting to note that unlike in the north, there is a morning peak in the south because vessels play an important role in carrying passengers in their daily activities. Note too that vessel movement included not only interprovincial but also intraprovincial movement.

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Figure 3.2.1 Traffic Distribution by Time Period

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0 6:00-7:00 7:00-8:00 8:00-9:00 0:00-1:00 1:00-2:00 2:00-3:00 3:00-4:00 4:00-5:00 5:00-6:00 9:00-10:00 10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-13:00 13:00-14:00 14:00-15:00 15:00-16:00 16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 19:00-20:00 20:00-21:00 21:00-22:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-24:00 Time

Station No. 3 Station No. 6 Station No. 13

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Station No. 21 Station No. 28 Station No. 37

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3.3 Seasonal Differences in Road/River Traffic Conditions

Traffic count survey for both road and inland waterway was conducted in September 1999 by the VITRANSS in some selected places to assess traffic volume during the rainy season. Although the detailed data obtained from the rainy season survey are presented in Appendix D, Table 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 summarize the results in comparison with those from the dry-season survey.

3.3.1 Road Traffic

As a whole, road traffic seems to be stable in terms of number of vehicles, number of passengers and tons of goods carried. Although, there were evidences that traffic on rural unpaved roads decreases in the rainy season by about 10- 20%, it may be concluded that traffic on major paved roads does not fluctuate largely between the dry and the rainy season. However, this should be further investigated by periodically conducting traffic counts at a number of stations in various places of the country.

3.3.2 River Traffic

With regard to inland waterway traffic, no large differences were seen between the dry and the rainy season, too. Although, the number of passengers seems to decrease considerably in the rainy season, its absolute number and the number of stations are too few to extract meaningful findings.

3.3.3 Adjustment of Present OD Tables

It is clear that there is no common trend between the traffic counts of both road and inland waterway. Some stations showed smaller traffic in the rainy season than in the dry season while others showed the opposite.

Based on the above-stated analysis, it can be decided not to make an adjustment on the present OD tables which were created based on the results of the dry- season traffic survey on both road and inland waterway.

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Table 3.3.1 Comparison of Road Traffic Volume between Dry and Rainy Seasons (24 hours, both directions) No. of Vehicles No. of Passengers Vol. of Tons Stn. No. Season Car Bus Truck Total Car Bus Total by Truck 4 Dry 812 862 1,985 3,660 2,843 16,464 19,307 7,941 Rainy 811 434 1,798 3,043 2,837 8,292 11,129 7,192 Rainy/Dry 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 5 Dry 146 172 245 563 510 3,279 3,789 981 Rainy 115 240 201 556 402 4,587 4,988 804 Rainy/Dry 0.8 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.4 1.3 0.8 6 Dry 488 559 1,137 2,184 1,707 10,671 12,377 4,549 Rainy 668 567 1,227 2,462 2,338 10,829 13,167 4,906 Rainy/Dry 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 7 Dry 1,224 1,255 1,827 4,306 4,284 23,977 28,261 7,308 Rainy 1,326 956 2,388 4,670 4,642 18,259 22,901 9,551 Rainy/Dry 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.3 11 Dry 87 164 335 587 306 3,139 3,444 1,340 Rainy 69 126 325 520 241 2,407 2,648 1,301 Rainy/Dry 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 14 Dry 1,340 1,773 3,245 6,357 4,690 33,858 38,548 12,979 Rainy 1,445 1,331 3,087 5,863 5,057 25,430 30,487 12,348 Rainy/Dry 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 17 Dry 851 993 2,581 4,425 2,977 18,966 21,944 10,324 Rainy 733 766 1,890 3,389 2,566 14,636 17,202 7,559 Rainy/Dry 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 19 Dry 1,099 854 2,087 4,041 3,847 16,318 20,164 8,349 Rainy 1,084 768 2,224 4,075 3,793 14,661 18,453 8,896 Rainy/Dry 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 27 Dry 148 285 736 1,170 518 5450 5,968 2,945 Rainy 176 273 706 1,155 616 5214 5,830 2,824 Rainy/Dry 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 28 Dry 149 802 1,181 2,132 522 15,312 15,833 4,724 Rainy 197 802 915 1,914 689 15,323 16,012 3,661 Rainy/Dry 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 29 Dry 310 987 1,972 3,270 1,086 18,858 19,944 7,889 Rainy 531 1,214 3,962 5,707 1,857 23,181 25,038 15,849 Rainy/Dry 1.7 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.3 2.0 30 Dry 957 1,373 1,935 4,265 3,348 26,224 29,573 7,740 Rainy 966 1,692 3,083 5,741 3,382 32,313 35,696 12,332 Rainy/Dry 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.6 32 Dry 1,507 2,126 3,187 6,820 5,273 40,613 45,886 12,747 Rainy 1,528 1,880 4,102 7,510 5,348 35,905 41,254 16,407 Rainy/Dry 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 33 Dry 1,976 4,062 5,645 11,683 6,916 77,584 84,500 22,579 Rainy 1,866 3,770 5,885 11,522 6,532 72,013 78,545 23,540 Rainy/Dry 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 34 Dry 758 857 1,669 3,284 2,652 16,375 19,027 6,675 Rainy 575 757 1,661 2,992 2,013 14,453 16,466 6,643 Rainy/Dry 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 37 Dry 440 1,123 1,069 2,632 1,540 21,443 22,983 4,277 Rainy 412 932 1,005 2,349 1,443 17,801 19,244 4,019 Rainy/Dry 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 39 Dry 354 1,177 734 2,265 1,240 22,474 23,715 2,937 Rainy 190 425 602 1,217 666 8,124 8,790 2,407 Rainy/Dry 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 18 Dry 12,645 19,424 31,571 63,641 44,259 371,005 415,263 126,285 Rainy 12,692 16,933 35,060 64,686 44,423 323,429 367,852 140,240 TOTAL Rainy/Dry 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1

3-14 Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study (VITRANSS) Technical Report No. 1 Transport Surveys and Database

Table 3.3.2 Comparison of River Traffic Volume between Dry and Rainy Seasons (24 hours, both directions) Self- Tow Push Passen- Non- Stn. Sea-going propelled Oil Total No. Total Vol. Total No. Season Barge Barge ger motorized No. Vessel Ship & Tanker of Vessels of Tons of Pax Tanker Tanker Ship Boat Barge 3 Dry 0 432 1 9 21 0 1 463 39,129 0 Rainy 0 432 0 17 26 0 4 480 44,163 0 Rainy/Dry - 1.0 0.0 1.8 1.3 - 4.4 1.0 1.1 - 6 Dry 0 80 2 7 3 0 0 91 8,618 0 Rainy 0 66 8 6 7 0 3 91 10,966 0 Rainy/Dry - 0.8 3.9 0.9 2.4 - - 1.0 1.3 - 13 Dry 0 203 0 3 4 0 0 209 14,985 0 Rainy 0 80 2 3 12 0 2 99 11,881 0 Rainy/Dry - 0.4 - 1.2 2.9 - - 0.5 0.8 - 21 Dry 0 328 23 18 48 9 1 426 28,709 144 Rainy 0 413 26 21 48 7 9 524 33,365 106 Rainy/Dry - 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.7 17.6 1.2 1.2 0.7 28 Dry 0 999 34 18 44 13 2 1,109 53,173 200 Rainy 2 710 37 23 22 6 2 801 41,959 88 Rainy/Dry - 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.4 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 37 Dry 0 651 7 8 6 3 23 696 27,076 40 Rainy 0 572 3 2 1 3 46 628 21,244 53 Rainy/Dry - 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.8 1.3 6 stn. Dry 0 2,692 66 61 125 24 26 2,994 171,689 384 TOTAL Rainy 2 2,274 76 71 117 15 67 2,623 163,578 248 Rainy/Dry - 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.6 2.6 0.9 1.0 0.6 Source: VITRANSS Inland Waterway Traffic Survey (Dry: April 1999, Rainy: September 1999) Note: 1) Average occupancy per cargo vessel (tons): sea-going vessel (-0.0, 61.2), self-propelled ship & barge (60.5, 34.7), oil tanker (200.0, 172.2), tow barge (293.6, 324.0), push barge (500.0, 158.6), non-motorized boat (0.0, 2.8) in the north and south, respectively 2) Average occupancy per passenger vessel (pax): 20 and 16 in the north and south, respectively.

3.4 Perception of Passengers/Drivers on Transport Terminals

3.4.1 Passenger Movement

Users’ Characteristics: Passengers interviewed at each passenger terminal were simply aggregated by sex, age and occupation. Below are the results of the analysis.

• More interprovincial trips are made by males than by females, accounting for 60% of total trips regardless of terminal type (see Table 3.4.1). This means that the social visibility of males is still higher than that of female in Vietnam. • There is an astonishing fare gap between air and other transport modes, making transport preference an indication of social position in terms of income, age and occupation. Results show that usage of air transport increases in proportion to age (see Table 3.4.2). In addition, air transport is preferred by governmental officials, professionals and technicians who are expected to have comparatively high incomes (see Table 3.4.3). • Air should be regarded as a mode for the privileged class while rail and bus are for the masses. In fact, age and occupation are similarly distributed among railway station and bus terminal users (see Table 3.4.2 and 3.4.3).

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Table 3.4.1 Terminal Users by Gender (Passengers) Male Female Total 1,211 820 2,031 Railway Station (59.6) (40.4) (100) 1,151 875 2,026 Bus Terminal (56.8) (43.2) (100) 818 564 1,382 Airport (59.2) (40.8) (100) 3,180 2,259 5,439 TOTAL (58.5) (41.5) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview survey, May 1999

Table 3.4.2 Terminal Users by Age (Passengers) Below 19 20~29 30~39 40~49 50~59 Above 60 Total Railway 102 641 498 397 212 181 2,031 Station (5.0) (31.6) (24.5) (19.5) (10.4) (8.9) (100) Bus 114 666 509 479 152 106 2,026 Terminal (5.6) (32.9) (25.1) (23.6) (7.5) (5.2) (100) 23 262 377 436 202 82 1,382 Airport (1.7) (19.0) (27.3) (31.5) (14.6) (5.9) (100) 239 1569 384 312 566 369 5,439 TOTAL (4.4) (28.6) (25.4) (10.4) (10.4) (16.8) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview survey, May 1999

Table 3.4.3 Terminal Users by Occupation (Passengers) Government Professionals/ Clerical Workers/ Students Others Total Officials Technicians Workers Laborers Railway 150 290 152 891 308 240 2,031 Station (9.4) (14.3) (7.5) (43.9) (15.2) (11.8) (100) Bus 46 141 80 1.255 249 255 2,026 Terminal (2.3) (7.0) (3.9) (61.9) (12.3) (12.6) (100) 302 400 162 240 92 186 1,382 Airport (21.9) (28.9) (11.7) (17.4) (6.7) (13.5) (100) 498 831 394 1,386 649 681 5,439 TOTAL (9.2) (15.3) (9.2) (43.9) (11.9) (12.5) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999

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Key Problems: Key problems were asked of terminal users and summarized in Table 3.4.4. In railway stations, the following items were pointed out as key problems: poor access (18.1%), poor waiting facility (17.2%) and overcrowding (14.3%). Linkage with feeder modes and improvement of station facility should be imperatively worked out. In bus terminals, on the other hand, users complain of overcrowding (25.0%), poor waiting facility (19.1%) and dirty environment (19.0%) were taken as key problems in bus terminal. To solve these problems, terminal facilities must be improved. In airports, the most significant problem pointed out was poor access (30.5%), followed by overcrowding (18.9%) and poor waiting facility (11.9%).

Table 3.4.4 Key Problem of Passenger Terminals (%) Railway Station Bus Terminal Airport Poor Access 18.1 9.3 30.5 Overcrowding 14.3 25.0 18.9 Poor Pedestrian Facilities 10.8 10.6 5.4 Dirty Environment 6.4 19.0 7.8 Poor Safety 5.4 2.3 1.8 Poor Waiting Facility 17.2 19.1 11.9 Undisciplined Drivers 0.4 0.6 1.0 Others 27.4 14.1 22.6 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999.

Assessment: Figure 3.4.1 shows passengers attitude toward transport terminals. In general, the issues of trip frequency and travel comfort ranked low, while safety, usually a key problem in other developing countries, is not serious in Vietnam.

Interprovincial Movement: According to the terminal survey, most passengers make intraprovincial trips to access passenger terminals from origin or egress to final destination from passenger terminal (see Table 3.4.5). For instance, about 85% of total passengers travel to a province to reach a passenger terminal, and about 94% of total passengers terminate their trip within a province where passenger terminal exists. Table 3.4.5 Share of Intra/Interprovincial Passengers, 1999 (%) Origin!Terminal Terminal!Destination Terminal Intraprovince Interprovince Intraprovince Interprovince Railway Station 84.0 16.0 90.1 9.9 Bus Station 83.0 17.0 96.6 3.4 Airport 87.0 13.0 94.9 5.1 TOTAL 84.0 16.0 93.7 6.3 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999.

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Figure 3.4.1

Assessment of Passenger Terminals

Service Total Very Good

Availability Good

Air Port

Fair

Bad Bus T erminal

Very Bad

Railway Station n.a.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total Very Good

Frequency Goo d

Air Port

Fair

Bus T erminal Bad

Very Bad

Railway Station n.a.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total Very Go od Comfort

Goo d

Air Port

Fair

Bus T erminal Bad

Very Bad

Railway Station n.a.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Very Go od

Total

Safety

Goo d

Air Port

Fair

Bad Bus T erminal

Very Bad

Railway Station n.a.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total Very Go od

Punctuality Goo d

Air Port

Fair

Bus T erminal Bad

Very Bad

Railway Station n.a.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

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Feeder Mode: Table 3.4.6 shows the share of access and egress mode from and to a passenger terminal. Many passengers use bus and motorcycle to access a railway station and bus terminal. On the other hand, the usage of car and taxi to reach the airport is very significant and amounts to about 50%.

Table 3.4.6 The Share of Access/egress Mode, 1999 (%) Access Mode Egress Mode Motor- Car/ Bus Others N.A. Motor- Car/ Bus Others N.A. cycle Taxi cycle Taxi Railway 32.7 9.0 43.2 13.9 1.2 25.4 10.9 58.2 3.5 2.0 Station Bus 16.7 0.9 69.0 8.2 5.3 16.2 2.9 27.9 8.8 44.1 Terminal Airport 7.0 40.3 46.2 4.8 1.6 0.0 52.1 39.4 0.0 8.5 TOTAL 20.7 12.6 54.2 9.6 2.9 18.2 17.9 48.2 3.8 11.8 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999

3.4.2 Truck Movement

Vehicle Type Interview: The types of vehicle used was aggregated as shown in Table 3.4.7. Generally speaking, trucks with large capacity are actively used in ports.

Table 3.4.7 Share by Vehicle Type, 1999 (Vehicles) 2-axle 4-wheel 3-axle 4 or 6-wheel Trailer Others Total Truck Truck more Truck 24 463 202 166 88 2 945 Port (2.5) (49.0) (21.4) (17.6) (9.3) (0.2) (100) Railway 70 366 62 60 12 3 573 Station (12.2) (63.9) (10.8) (10.5) (2.1) (0.5) (100) 94 829 246 226 100 5 1518 TOTAL (6.2) (54.6) (17.4) (14.9) (6.6) (0.3) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999

Vehicle Ownership: In railway stations, most vehicles belong to private individuals. However, the share of trucks belonging to provincial government and private company is comparatively high at seaport stations (see Table 3.4.8).

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Table 3.4.8 Vehicle Ownership, 1999 (Vehicles) Private Joint State Provincial Individual Others Total Company Venture 56 146 235 313 14 151 945 Port (5.9) (18.6) (24.9) (33.1) (1.5) (16.0) (100) Railway 69 13 64 362 44 16 573 Station (12.0) (2.3) (11.2) (63.2) (8.6) (2.8) (100) 125 189 299 675 63 167 4,561 TOTAL (8.2) (12.5) (19.7) (44.5) (4.2) (11.0) (100) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate % share Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1991.

Interprovincial Movement: As shown in Table 3.4.9, about 35% of total trucks arriving at a truck terminal conduct interprovincial movement (see Table 3.4.10 and 3.4.11).

Table 3.4.9 Share of Intra/Interprovincial Movement of Total Freight (%) Intraprovince Interprovince Port 61 39 Railway Station 78 22 TOTAL 65 35 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999.

3-20 Table 3.4.10 Number of Samples and Tonnage Surveyed by Port Terminal Survey

Hai Phong Port Saigon Port Cua Lo Port Danang Port Quy Nhon Port Commodity Intra- Terminal Originà Intra- Terminal Originà Intra- Terminal Origin à Intra- Terminal Origin à Intra- Terminal Origin à Total Total Total Total Total province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal 1. Paddy and Other 18 49 1 68 3 1 8 12 32 5 1 38 1 3 0 Food Crops 148.0 632.5 5.0 785.5 24.0 10.0 64.0 98.0 209.1 42.0 5.7 256.8 15.0 67.0 0.0 2. Sugarcane – 0 0 0 0 0 Sugar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Wood &Forestry 0 1 1 8 17 25 0 1 1 Products 0.0 11.0 11.0 124.0 253.0 377.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 4. Steel 39 19 58 11 3 2 16 0 0 4 1 2 7 663.0 513.0 1176.0 131.0 34.0 14.0 179.0 0.0 0.0 71.5 6.0 31.0 108.5 5. Sand, Stone, 0 6 6 7 7 0 1 1 Iron Ore, Others 0.0 63.0 63.0 44.5 44.5 0.0 14.0 14.0 6. Cement 0 8 7 15 0 14 14 60 23 2 85 0.0 78.0 107.0 185.0 0.0 107.5 107.5 687.5 236.0 26.5 950.0 7. Fertilizer 1 1 28 46 4 78 36 2 1 39 0 76 13 2 91

3 12.0 12.0 279.5 436.0 50.0 765.5 195.2 20.0 10.0 225.2 0.0 962.0 138.0 16.5 1116.5 - 21 8. Coal 0 0 14 14 0 0

0.0 0.0 92.0 92.0 0.0 0.0 9. Petroleum 4 4 0 16 12 28 3 8 11 6 6 12 44.5 44.5 0.0 120.5 102.0 222.5 18.6 88.3 106.9 66.0 69.0 135.0 10. Industrial Crops 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11. Manufacturing 7 18 2 27 43 26 1 70 8 1 2 11 39 14 53 9 10 19 Goods 104.0 206.0 30.0 340.0 299.6 196.6 8.0 504 35.0 5.0 18.0 58.0 506.3 149.1 655.4 83.5 96.0 179.5 12. Fishery products 0 0 0 4 4 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.6 81.6 0.0 13. Animal meat & 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Others 50 5.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68 87 4 159 101 83 15 199 121 20 21 162 60 24 1 85 156 43 17 216 TOTAL 959.5 1363.5 40.0 2363.0 906.1 783.6 136.0 1825.7 820.3 169.0 286.7 1276.0 714.0 289.4 15.0 1018.4 1884.5 449.0 185.0 2518.5 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999

Table 3.4.11 Number of Samples and Tonnage Surveyed by Railway Station Survey

Viet Tri Station Yen Vien Station Van Dien Station Danang Station Song Than Station Commodity Intra- Terminal Originà Intra- Terminal Originà Intra- Terminal Origin à Intra- Terminal Origin à Intra- Terminal Origin à Total Total Total Total Total province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal province àDest. Terminal 1. Paddy and Other 38 38 0 4 4 82 82 1 1 Food Crops 324.0 242.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 418.0 418.0 10.0 10.0 2. Sugarcane – 35 35 0 0 0 0 Sugar 245.0 245.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Wood &Forestry 0 0 0 0 0 Products 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4. Steel 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Sand, Stone, Iron 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 Ore, Others 0.0 17.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 6. Cement 0 13 3 16 3 3 0 0 0.0 64.0 17.0 81.0 8.1 8.1 0.0 0.0 7. Fertilizer 0 0 0 6 6 2 2

3 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 36.0 11.5 11.5 - 22 8. Coal 0 0 0 1 1 0

0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 9. Petroleum 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10. Industrial Crops 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11. Manufacturing 0 30 9 39 77 7 3 87 14 14 8 4 5 17 Goods 0.0 151.0 63.0 214.0 126.5 38.5 21.2 186.2 55.7 55.7 32.5 19.0 28.5 80.0 12. Fishery products 0 6 1 7 4 2 6 0 0 0.0 12.0 2.0 14.0 10.0 1.4 11.4 0.0 0.0 13. Animal meat & 0 0 0 0 0 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73 0 0 73 52 14 0 66 88 9 3 100 103 0 0 103 10 5 6 21 TOTAL 587.0 0.0 0.0 587.0 254.0 87.0 0.0 341.0 164.6 39.9 21.2 225.7 515.7 0.0 0.0 515.7 44.0 29.0 31.5 104.5 Source: VITRANSS Terminal Interview Survey, May 1999

Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study (VITRANSS) Technical Report No. 1 Transport Surveys and Database

3.5 Transport Industry Survey

As of end of October 1999, 11 bus operators, 10 trucking companies, seven shipping companies and 12 inland water transport companies returned the questionnaire. However, the questionnaires were not completely filled out. Therefore, data on the operational and financial aspects of the transport industry are incomplete. In this report, operators’ profile and some key problems identified by operators are analyzed.

3.5.1 Profile of Operators

The profiles of bus, trucking, shipping, and inland water transport companies are shown in Table 3.5.1 - 3.5.4 and summarized as follows:

Bus Operators: The bus companies which answered the questionnaire include eight state-owned, two joint-venture and one private. Most of their employees are drivers and assistants. On average, bus operators own 37 large and 11 minibuses with an average total seating capacity of 1,900. Buses are relatively old with average vehicle age of seven years.

Trucking Companies: The trucking companies which answered the questionnaire are all state-owned enterprises. The number of staff is ranging widely between 50 and 500. Like other transport companies, the number of drivers is dominant, sharing more than half the total of employees. The average number of owned vehicles range widely between 15 and 300. Their average total capacity is about 560 tons. Vehicle age is very old and a lot of vehicles built in the 1970s and 1980s are still utilized.

Shipping Companies: There are seven shipping companies which replied to the questionnaire. Most of them were established recently and employing many seamen. Most of their owned vessels are secondhand, ranging between 10-20 years old.

Inland Waterway Transport Operators: There are nine state-owned and one cooperative and two private legal entities. Th cooperative is managing a large number of staff and vessels. Their owned vessels are also old but relatively younger than those of shipping companies.

3.5.2 Major Problems Identified by Transport Operators

Problems related to operational and financial aspects of the business were identified by operators as shown in Table 3.5.5 - 3.5.7.

Bus Operators: Identified as serious problems for bus operators are the (K) severe competition from other buses and (L) difficult financing for new vehicles.

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(B) Road conditions, such as surface, are also critical for operators. On the other hand, getting (H) operating permit/license and (I) operating permit/license charge are identified as minor problems.

Trucking Companies: Serious problems for trucking companies include (J) competition from other transporters and (F) tolls and other road charge. (K) Financing new vehicles and (N) qualification standards for truck driver is rather serious than other problems.

Inland Waterway Transport Operators: (K) Financing new vessels, (J) competition from other transporters and (F) waterway/port charge are serious problems for inland waterway transport operators. (A) Standard of waterways (width/depth) and (L) purchasing fuel, parts etc. are also rather serious.

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Table 3.5.1 Profile of Bus Operators

No. of Staff No. of Buses Average Year Legal Total No. No. Bus Operator Province Drivers/ Mainte- Built Year of Established Status Other Total Large Mini Other of Seats Assistants nance Units Tuyen Quang Automobile Transport 1 Tuyen Quang 1998 SOE (equitized) 40 2 - 42 40 2 - 1730 1991 Joint-Stock Company SOE 2 Automobile Transport Company Ha Giang 1989 47 11 20 78 28 15 - 1596 - (non-equitized) SOE 3 Automobile Transport Company No.10 Thai Nguyen 1983 4 - - 4 0 4 - 96 1997 (non-equitized) Ba Ria-Vung Tau Automobile Transport Ba Ria Vung SOE 4 1981/1992 44 5 16 65 18 4 - 1161 1985 Company Tau (non-equitized) Cao Bang Automobile Transport SOE 5 Cao Bang 1993 81 17 - 98 31 3 1 1592 1982 Company (non-equitized) 6 SOE Lai Chau Automobile Company Lai Chau 1994 69 36 21 126 28 24 - 1763 1995 (non-equitized) 3

- SOE 25 7 Passenger Transport Company No.14 Hanoi - 22 60 60 142 90 38 - 5010 1992 (non-equitized)

Quang Ngai Automobile Transport SOE 8 Quang Ngai 1978 4 - - 4 4 0 - 192 1993 Company (non-equitized) Ha Tay Passenger Automobile Joint- 9 Ha Tay 1969 Joint Stock 161 65 - 226 80 11 1 3496 1992 Stock Company Phu Tho Automobile Joint-Stock 10 Phu Tho 1998 Joint Stock 75 17 1 93 75 17 1 3575 1993 Company Private legal 11 Tien Thanh Passenger Transport Co. Ltd. Binh Dinh 1993 11 7 - 18 11 7 - 667 1996 entity Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999

Table 3.5.2 Profile of Trucking Companies

No. of Staff No. of Vehicles Total Average Year Legal Pay- Mfg. Year No. Trucking Company Province Drivers/ Mainte- Drawbar Semi- Established Status Other Total Truck Tractor Other Load of Assistants nance Trailer Trailer (ton) vehicles 1 Automobile Transport Hai Phong - SOE 73 57 102 232 52 - - - - 468 1984 Company No.1 (non-equitized) 2 Automobile Transport Hanoi 1960 SOE 120 30 60 210 111 - - - - 631 1987 Company No.2 (non-equitized) 3 Automobile Transport Hanoi 1983 SOE 168 112 102 382 152 - - - 3 972 1985 Company No.3 (non-equitized) 4 Automobile Transport Ninh Binh 1983 SOE 103 98 58 259 96 - - - - 657 1985 Company No.4 (non-equitized) 5 Automobile Transport Da Nang - SOE 408 26 76 510 301 27 - - 3 - - Company No.6 (non-equitized) 6 Automobile Transport Hanoi 1993 SOE - - - 0 106 26 - - - 829 1982 3

- Company No.8 (non-equitized) 26 7 Bac Giang Cargo Transport Bac Giang 1988 SOE 34 10 12 56 14 - - - - 72 1989

Company (non-equitized) 8 Cam Ranh Automobile Khanh Hoa 1978 SOE 44 9 28 81 52 - - - 1 318 1995 Transport Company (non-equitized) 9 Can Tho Automobile Can Tho 1977 SOE - - - 0 20 6 - - 2 - - Transport Company (non-equitized) 10 Quang Ninh Automobile Quang Ninh 1987 SOE 120 30 32 182 60 - - - 3 - - Transport Company (non-equitized) Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999

Table 3.5.3 Profile of Shipping Companies

No. of Staff No. of vessels Average Year Legal Total No. Shipping Company Province Co- Mfg. Year Established Status Seaman Office Other Total Owned Chartered Total DWT owned of Vessels 1 International Labor Cooperation HCM 1995 473 295 - 768 3 - - 3 10148 1977 Company (INLACO Saigon) 2 Oil and Material Transport Company HCM - 111 92 - 203 9 - - 9 42588 1984 3 Quy Nhon Sea Tranport Co. Ltd. Binh Dinh 1993 48 8 52 108 7 - - 7 1858 1987

4 Transport Service Company II Da Nang 1992 42 9 10 61 2 - - 2 2878 1985 (VITRANSTIMEX) 5 Vietnam Ocean Shipping Agency HCM 1957 - - - 820 - - - 0 - - (VOSA) 6 Vietnam Ocean Shipping Company Hai Phong 1993 - - - 0 - - - 0 - -

3 (VOSCO) - 27 7 Vietnam Sea Transport and HCM 1993 904 76 402 1382 10 - - 10 136578 1979 Chartering Company Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999

Table 3.5.4 Profile of Inland Waterway Transport Operators

No. of Staff No. of vessels Average Year Legal Total No. Trucking Company Province Mainte- Mfg. Year Established Status Crew Other Total Owned Rented Shared DWT nance of Vessels 1 Dong Nai Road and Waterway Dong Nai 1996 SOE 26 3 2 31 7 - - 1700 1984 Transport Company (non-equitized) 2 Ha Tay River Transport Ha Tay 1992 SOE 45 5 158 208 9 - 1 1170 1984 Company (non-equitized) 3 Inland Waterway Loading and Ninh Binh 1974 SOE 105 - - 105 9 - - 6950 1990 Transport Company (non-equitized) 4 Phu Tho River Transport Phu Tho 1968 SOE - - - 0 5 - - 3300 1994 Company (non-equitized) 5 River Transport Company No.2 Ninh Binh - SOE 565 393 958 42 - - 33200 - 3 -

28 (non-equitized)

6 River Transport Company No.4 Hai Phong 1993 SOE - - - 0 50 - - 20000 - (non-equitized) 7 Saigon River Transport HCM - SOE 65 - 25 90 9 - - 2400 1980 Company (non-equitized) 8 Thai Binh Sea-River Transport Thai Binh 1960 SOE - - - 0 34 - - 9250 1984 Company (non-equitized) 9 Vinh Long Sea-River Transport Vinh Long 1996 SOE 31 - - 31 9 - - 2640 1984 Company (non-equitized) 10 Rach Gam Inland Waterway Tien Giang 1979 Cooperative 443 15 12 470 192 - - 64000 1991 Transport Cooperative 11 Saigon - Cuu Long Co. Ltd. HCM 1999 Private Legal 15 - 7 22 3 - - - - Entity 12 Song Cau Water Transport Bac Ninh 1998 Private Legal 80 12 30 122 16 - - - 1994 Company Entity Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999

Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study (VITRANSS) Technical Report No. 1 Transport Surveys and Database

Table 3.5.5 Major Problems of Bus Operators Problems Company A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 6 1 7 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 8 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 9 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 18 20 13 10 13 17 19 8 7 15 26 25 16 16 15 12 11 2 Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999 Note: Figures indicate: 1 Minor, 2 Moderate and 3 Serious A: Standard of roads (width/layout) J: Government fares control B: Conditions of roads (poor surface) K: Competition from other buses C: Traffic conditions/congestion L: Financing new vehicles D: Bus station/terminal facilities M: Purchasing fuel, spare parts etc. E: Bus station services and charges N: Quality of maintenance services F: Parking facilities O: Standard of bus driver G: Tolls and other road charges P: Not enough traffic H: Getting operating permit/license Q: Police enforcement measures I: Operating permit/license charges R: Others

Table 3.5.6 Major Problems of Trucking Companies Problems Company a B c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 7 8 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 9 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 10 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 TOTAL 13 13 9 12 9 17 10 9 13 19 15 13 8 15 5 9 0 Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999 Note: Figures indicate: 1 Minor, 2 Moderate and 3 Serious A: Standard of roads (width/layout) J: Competition from other transporters B: Conditions of roads (poor surface) K: Financing new vehicles C: Traffic conditions/congestion L: Purchasing fuel, spare parts etc. D: Loading facilities/service M: Quality of maintenance services E: Parking facilities N: Standard of truck driver F: Tolls and other road charges O: Not enough traffic G: Getting operating permit/license P: Police enforcement measures H: Operating permit/license charges Q: Others I: Government tariff control

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Table 3.5.7 Major Problems of Inland Waterway Transport Operators

Problems Company a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 5 1 1 3 6 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 7 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 8 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 9 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 10 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 TOTAL 23 17 18 12 8 25 15 21 9 25 27 23 16 19 8 16 13 Source: VITRANSS Transport Industry Survey, 1999 Note: Figures indicate: 1 Minor, 2 Moderate and 3 Serious A: Standard of waterways (width/depth) J: Competition from other transporters B: Conditions of waterways K: Financing new vessels C: Navigation conditions /congestion L: Purchasing fuel, spare parts etc. D: Port/terminal facilities /service M: Quality of maintenance services E: Mooring facilities N: Standard of crew/other staff F: Waterway/port charges O: Not enough traffic G: Getting operating permit/license P: Police enforcement measures H: Operating permit/license charges Q: Others I: Government fare/tariff controls

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4 DATABASE

4.1 General

A reliable database is an essential input to national transport development. Without a test of adequate database and analytical tools, which can handle large amounts of different data, transport planning cannot be done scientifically and efficiently. The lack of proper database for common use by different projects or for different planning purposes always makes sound decision-making difficult, and tends to invite arbitrary political intervention. In Vietnam, no nationwide transport planning hasn’t been undertaken since the NTSR1 and database is imperatively needed for the scientific, efficient transport planning. Therefore, the VITRANSS intends to review existing database and to develop a suitable one with its management system.

In order that the VITRANSS database can be effectively utilized by various agencies and planning bodies and be properly managed over the year, the following have to be duly considered:

a) Items and coverage of data should meet the needs of relevant agencies or actual planning b) Access and use of the database should be easy, with a simple and clear structure, easy data search and retrieval, direct access through computer network.

4.2 Coverage and Category of Database

Coverage

The VITRANSS database consists of major results of the field surveys and interview surveys conducted in the early stage of VITRANSS and related data obtained from secondary sources and provided by related agencies.

Data Category by Extent of Processing

Each data can be categorized from the point of data processing. The first category is a group of unprocessed or less processed data such as traffic count. Those raw data will be useful for a person with some specified or particular intention of analysis.

The secondary category is a group of processed data such as various kinds of OD matrices and a computerized transport network for simulation work.

1 The NTSR (National Transport Sector Review, 1990-1992) was a first comprehensive transport master plan based on a scientific approach done in 1990-1992.

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The last one is a group of forecast data, which includes future demographic data, future OD matrices and future networks and projects proposed in the VITRANSS. The data in this category will need a careful treatment when they are made open to the public because every forecast is made inevitably based on several assumptions or preconditions. Therefore, open use of the forecast data will need further examination in order to avoid misunderstanding and misuse.

An example of data classification into three categories is shown in Table 4.2.1.

Table 4.2.1 VITRANSS Database Classified by Data Processing Extent Category Primary Data Secondary Data Tertiary Data (Original Data) (Processed Data) (Forecast Data) Socio-economic • Population and GDP • Future Data • Employment/industrial Output Population and GDP data Traffic and Transport • Traffic Count Data(Road/River) • Present OD • Future OD Demand Data • OD Interview Matrix Matrix • Traffic Volume Data provided from related agencies. Transport Network • Road Inventory Data • Present • Future Network Data • Route Data(Road, River, Rail, Network Data Data Coastal Shipping and Air) Other Transport • Questionnaire Survey Data for 61 Related Data Provinces • Transport Industry Survey Data • Transport Terminal Survey Data • Transport Survey in Rural Area

Data Category by Correspondent Figure

Most of data can be plotted on a map in a form of an area, a line or a point and then such data are classified according to the shape of its figure. From this point of view, every data will be classified into five categories:

a) Zonal information data b) Line information data c) Point information data d) OD information data(Inter-provincial information data) e) Other non-geographical data

An example of this data classification is shown in Figure 4.2.1. The classification will be become when the data retrieval system is designed.

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Figure 4.2.1 Relationship between Database and Graphic Data

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4.3 Basic Structure of VITRANSS Database

Concept of VITRANS Database System

Figure 4.3.1 illustrates a total image of the VITRANSS Database system. Each data file is compiled either into the numeric database or into the graphic data, both of which compose the VITRANSS Database.

It is recommendable for an agency (for example, TDSI) in charge of management and maintenance of the VITRANSS Database to open a home page in the Internet which will provide users with a detail menu, sample outputs of the Database and an application form to request a data.

In order to process the data into the requested form, it may be recommendable to apply ready-made software rather than developing a new package for data processing. Well-known software is, for example, “Microsoft Excel” as a database application, “Mapinfo” as a graphic(or GIS) application and “JICA-STRADA” as a planning application. All data files should be designed to be accessible with those applications.

After setting up database system, output information can be obtained either in a file saved in a floppy disk or in a printed list and/or drawing with a printer or a plotter.

VITRANSS Database

VITRANSS database consists of socio-economic database, traffic and transport demand database, transport network database and other transport-related database as illustrated in Figure 4.3.2.

1) Socio-economic Database

Socio-economic database includes socio-economic indicator such as population, urban population, population density, GDP, GDP per capita, employment, foreign direct investment and so on. It was compiled into “Microsoft” format but it can also be integrated with zonal information using GIS software such as “Mapinfo”. As a result, it can be processed into graphic information and it can help to upgrade the understanding of social, economic structure with easy and simple. Future socio-economic data forecasted under the precondition or assumption of VITRANSS as well as present one mainly from the “Statistic Yearbook” can be made access.

2) Traffic and Transport Demand Database

Traffic and transport demand database is composed of road traffic survey data,

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river traffic survey data, supplementary road/river traffic survey data and OD matrices. Most of the data is the result of field survey conducted in the first stage of VITRANSS. It was compiled both into “Microsoft” file format and into “Text” file format. On the other hand, OD matrices are the secondary data processed from field survey data and data provided by related agencies. They were compiled into the “JICA STRADA” file format.

3) Transport Network Database

Road inventory data, mode route data and transport network data for assignment are the main parts of transport network database. Road inventory data is a mixed result of existing road inventory data and findings of VITRANSS. It contains detail components such as link length, road type, paved width, surface condition, paved type, roadside friction and terrain condition. It was made full use in order to decide the capacity and speed of road in transport network for assignment. Modes’ route data contains basic data such as link length, frequency and so on concerning railway, inland waterway, coastal shipping and air route. The road inventory data and modes’ route data were compiled into “Mapinfo” file format. As a result of the process of road inventory and modes’ route data, transport network for assignment is completed as a file of “JICA STRADA”.

4) Other Transport Related Database

Other transport-related database consists of passenger/truck driver interview data, transport industry survey data and questionnaire survey data for 61 provinces. The passenger/truck driver interview survey was to investigate the movement of passenger and cargo at passenger/cargo terminal. It was compiled both into “Execl” file format and into “Text” file format. The rest were to grasp the transport-related situation such as operational, financial condition in transport industry and in 61 provinces. They were compiled into “Microsoft Execl” file format.

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Figure 4.3.1 Basic Concept of VITRANSS Database System

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Figure 4.3.2 Structure of VITRANSS Database

Socio-economic Database

Road Traffic Survey Data

River Traffic Survey Data

Traffic and Transport

Demand Database Supplementary Road/ River Traffic Survey Data

VITRANSS DATABASE OD Matrices

Road Inventory Data

Transport Network Modes’ Route Data

Database Transport Network for

Assignment

Passenger/Truck Driver Interview Data

Transport Industry Survey Other Transport Related Data Database Questionnaire Survey Data for 61 Provinces

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4.4 Socio-economic Database

Outline

In order not only to capture the current social, economic structure but also to implement the effective, scientific transport master plan, socio-economic database should be set up and analyzed. Most of the socio-economic data are provided from the “Statistical Yearbook”. Also, if necessary, other related references such as WB report are referred. Based on present socio-economic data, socio-economic data in future, mainly population and GDP, are also proposed by VITRANSS. Though those data will need a careful treatment in their usage, they will be also made open to the public as relevant socio-economic database.

Present Socio-economic Database

Socio-economic data file includes nine sheets; demography, GDP, transport, agriculture, forestry & fishery, industry & construction, foreign investment & trade, education & culture and health. It was compiled into “Microsoft Excel” format as illustrated in Table 4.4.1.

Table 4.4.1 Contents of Present Socio-economic Data File Name of Sheet Contents Demography • Area • Population • Population Density(pers./km2) • Urban population • Ratio of urbanization GDP • GDP by sector(VND billion) • GDP per capita(VND million) Employment • Employment by sector(1,000 persons) Transport • Passengers by road and inland water(1,000 passengers and million-passenger km) • Freight by road and inland water(1,000 tons and million-ton km) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery • Gross output by the type of crop • Sown area(1,000 ha) Industry & Construction • No. of industrial establishments • No. of enterprises • Industrial gross output(VND billion) Foreign Investment & Trade • No. and amount of FDI projects • No. of trade business, hotel, restaurant, tourism and service Education & Culture • No. of students by type of school • No. of teachers by type of school Health • No. of doctors and nurses • No. of hospital beds

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Future Socio-economic Database

Population and urbanization in future have been forecasted after reviewing the two government documents issued by the National Committee for Population and Family Planning(NCPFP) and the Ministry of Construction. Whereas an econometric model proposed by L.R. Klein and R.F. Kosobud was applied for GDP forecast in future. The data will provide information on population, urban population, GDP and GDP per capita by province or by sector in future. A summary of socio-economic data in future is listed in Table 4.4.2.

Table 4.4.2 Contents of Future Socio-economic Data File Name of Sheet Contents Population2010 • Population and urban population in 2010 Population2020 • Population and urban population in 2020 GDP2010L • GDP by sector and GDP per capita under the assumption of low economic growth in 2010 GDP2010H • GDP by sector and GDP per capita under the assumption of high economic growth in 2010 GDP2020L • GDP by sector and GDP per capita under the assumption of low economic growth in 2020 GDP2020H • GDP by sector and GDP per capita under the assumption of high economic growth in 2020

4.5 Traffic and Transport Demand Database

Outline

Among others, information on traffic and transport demand is one of the most essential and important data in the VITRANSS Database. It is made from VITRANSS transport surveys or from existing traffic data. Traffic data of road and inland water comes from the former whereas that of rail, coastal shipping and air is made from the latter.

As for VITRANSS transport surveys shown in Table 4.5.1, data processing works started to develop the master file after survey was completed. The transport survey result includes non-numeric information such as a provincial name and a river name. This non-numeric information was transformed to numeric data according to a code system. After the coding, all information was encoded by a data entry system. Encoded data was checked and the error data was corrected. Such primary data encoded was processed and used to make the secondary data such as present OD matrices.

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Table 4.5.1 A Set of VITRANSS Transport Surveys Survey Type Objective Coverage Method Road Traffic • Current traffic • On-road 39 • 3-day traffic count Survey volume stations(20 in the • 1-day(14 hrs.) OD • Transport north, 6 in the interview characteristics of central and 13 in passengers and the south) cargoes River Traffic • Current vessel • 40 stations at • 2-day(24 or 14 Survey traffic volume river sections(20 hrs.) traffic count • Transport in the Red River • 1-day(14 hrs.) OD characteristics of Delta and 20 in interview at river vessels the Mekong River selected 15 Delta) stations Supplementary • Current road/river • On-road 18 • 1-day(14 hrs) Road/River traffic volume stations traffic count Traffic Survey during rainy • 5 river sections season

From the viewpoint of cost efficiency, existing traffic data was also made full use. Some data was provided by related agencies and the other came from the past studies. As a relevant data, they will be also made open to the public.

Taking seasonal fluctuation of traffic volume into account, supplementary road/river traffic survey is needed. Though no significant differences of traffic volume between dry and rainy season are found out in VITRANSS, it will be the portion of VITRANSS database.

OD matrices, resulting from the process of transport survey data and existing traffic data, will be made open to the public as a “JICA STRADA” file.

Road Traffic Survey

On-road traffic survey was conducted at 39 stations along National Highway, including traffic count and OD interview. See Technical Report I for more details concerning traffic survey.

1) Traffic Count Database

Traffic count data was processed into “Microsoft Excel” file format as illustrated in Table 4.5.2. As traffic survey was conducted through 3 days, each file is composed of four sheets, i.e., traffic count data of the first day, the second day and the third day and the average traffic count data.

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2) OD Interview Survey

OD interview survey data was processed not only into “Microsoft Excel” file format but also into “Text” file format. Its format is shown in Table 4.5.3.

Table 4.5.2 List of Road Traffic Count Data Files Station National Location Province Traffic Count No. Highway No. Data File 1 6 North of Thuan Chau Son La Tram1.xls 2 70 South Bao Yen Lao Cai Tram2.xls 3 2 North of Ham Yen(Tan Yen) Tuyen Quang Tram3.xls 4 2 South of Viet Tri Bridge Vinh Phuc Tram4.xls 5 3 Dong Phu(South of Cho Thai Nguyen Tram5.xls Moi) 6 3 South of Pho Yen(Ba Hang) Thai Nguyen Tram6.xls 7 1 South of Dap Cau Bac Ninh Tram7.xls 8 1 North of Kep Bac Giang Tram8.xls 9 18 East of Sao Do(Chi Linh) Hai Duong Tram9.xls 10 4B East of Dinh Lap Lang Son Tram10.xls 11 6 North East of Tong Dau Hoa Binh Tram11.xls 12 6 East of Xuan Mai Ha Tay Tram12.xls 13 37 Thuong Bang La Yen Bai Tram13.xls 14 1 South of Dong Van Ha Nam Tram14.xls 15 21 North of Lac Thuy(Chi Ne) Hoa Binh Tram15.xls 16 1 North of Ninh Binh Town Ninh Binh Tram16.xls 17 1 North of Bim Son Thanh Hoa Tram17.xls 18 10 South of Nghin Bridge Thai Binh Tram18.xls 19 5 East of Du Nghia Hai Phong Tram19.xls 20 10 West of Yen Hung(Quang Quang Ninh Tram20.xls Yen) 21 9 West of Dong Ha Quang Tri Tram21.xls 22 1 Lang Co Thua Thien Hue Tram22.xls 23 14B East of Dai Loc(Ai Nghia) Quang Nam Tram23.xls 24 1 North of Tam Ky Quang Nam Tram24.xls 25 19 East of An Kye Pass(Phu Binh Dinh Tram25.xls Phong) 26 26 East of Phuong Hoang Pass Khanh Hoa Tram26.xls 27 14 North of Dong Xoai Binh Phuoc Tram27.xls 28 20 South of Ma Da Gui Dong Nai Tram28.xls 29 1 South of Ham Thuan Nam Binh Thuan Tram29.xls 30 51 North of Phu My(Tan Ba Ria Vung Tau Tram30.xls Thanh) 31 1 North of Dong Nai Bridge Dong Nai Tram31.xls 32 13 South of Thu Dau Mot Bing Duong Tram32.xls 33 1 North of Tan An Long An Tram33.xls 34 22 East of Trang Bang Tay Ninh Tram34.xls 35 60 South of Rach Mieu Ferry Ben Tre Tram35.xls 36 30 East of Cao Lanh Dong Thap Tram36.xls 37 1 North of Can Tho Ferry Ving Long Tram37.xls 38 80- South of Thach Hung(Lap Dong Thap Tram38.xls Vo) 39 91 West of Long Xuyen An Giang Tram39.xls

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Table 4.5.3 On-road OD Interview Survey Format No. Item Type Length Column Remark 1 Station No. N 3 1-3 See Table 4.5.2 2 Road No. C 7 4-10 3 Date N 3 11-13 4 Month N 3 14-16 5 Year N 5 17-21 6 Time N 6 22-27 7 Direction N 2 28-29 1:car, 2:mini bus, 3:large bus, 4:pick-up, 5:2 axle 6-w truck, 7:4 8 Vehicle Type N 2 30-31 or more axle truck, 8:others 9 Vehicle Model N 3 32-34 10 Vehicle Owner N 2 35-36 1:private, 2:state, 3:joint venture 11 Origin Code N 6 37-42 See Appendix 1-A 12 Destination Code N 6 43-48 See Appendix 1-A 13 No. of Seat N 4 49-52 14 No. of Passengers(including driver) N 4 53-56 15 No. of Passengers(excluding driver) N 4 57-60 16 No. of Trips N 3 61-63 17 Per day N 3 64-66 18 Total weight of truck N 5 67-71 19 Total weight of cargo carried N 5 72-76 20 Type of cargo carried N 3 77-79 See Appendix 1-B 21 Weight of cargo carried N 7 80-86 22 Type of cargo carried N 3 87-89 See Appendix 1-B 23 Weight of cargo carried N 7 90-96 24 Type of cargo carried N 3 97-99 See Appendix 1-B 25 Weight of cargo carried N 7 100-106 26 Type of cargo carried N 3 107-109 See Appendix 1-B 27 Weight of cargo carried N 7 110-116 28 Type of Transport N 2 117-118 See Appendix 1-B 29 Type of Loading N 2 119-120

River Traffic Survey

1) Traffic Count Database

Traffic count data was processed into “Micorsoft Excel” file format as illustrated in Table 4.5.4. As traffic survey was conducted through 2 days, each file contains three sheets, i.e., traffic count data of the first day and the second day and the average traffic count data.

2) OD Interview Survey Database

OD interview survey data was processed not only into “Microsoft Excel” file format but also into “Text” file format. Its format is shown in Table 4.5.5.

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Table 4.5.4 List of River Traffic Count Data Files Station Station Name River Name Traffic Count Data File No. 1 Yen Hung Chanh 2 Thai Binh Tra Ly 3 Ben Trieu Kinh Thay 4 Bac Giang Thuong 5 Yen Tap Cau 6 Duong Ha Duong 7 Son Tay Hong 8 Viet Tri Lo 9 Co Tiet Hong 10 Khanh Chuc Da 11 Khuyen Luong Hong 12 Ha Noi Hong 13 Phu Nha Hong 14 Ben Kien Cam 15 Noi Thanh Ha Ly-Lach Tray 16 Ninh Giang Luoc 17 Lac Quan Ninh Co 18 Do Quan Nam Dinh 19 Kim Dai Cua Day 20 Cong Cau Thai Binh 21 Phuoc Dong Can Giuoc-Nuoc Ma 22 Binh Duc Vam Co Dong 23 Ben Luc Cho Dem-Ben Luc 24 An Long Thap Muoi Soi 25 Chau Phu Ba The 26 Tan Hiep Rach Soi 27 Hon Dat Rach Gia-Ha Tien 28 Cho Gao Cho Gao 29 Song Tien Tien 30 Cho Lach Cho Lach 31 Tam Binh Mang Thit 32 Ca Mau Ganh Hao 33 Vin Thanh Xa No 34 Ben Tre Ben Tre 35 Long Xuyen Hau 36 Bien Hoa Dong Nai 37 Lap Vo Sa Dep-Lap Vo 38 Cao Lanh Tien 39 Bac Lieu Ca Mau-Bac Lieu 40 Vinh Thai Co Chien

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Table 4.5.5 River OD Interview Survey Format No. Item Type Length Column Remark 1 Station No. N 3 1-3 See Table 4.5.4 2 Date N 3 4-6 3 Month N 3 7-9 4 Year N 5 10-14 5 Time N 6 15-20 6 River Name N 7 21-27 See Appendix 4-A 7 Direction N 2 28-29 1:sea-going vessel, 2:ship & self propelled, 3:oil tanker, 4:tow barge, 5:push barge, 6:passenger ship, 7:non-motor 8 Vessel Type N 2 30-31 boat 1:private, 2:state, 3:joint 9 Vessel Owner N 2 32-33 venture 10 Origin Code N 6 34-39 See Appendix 1-A 11 Destination Code N 6 40-45 See Appendix 1-A 12 No. of Seat N 4 46-49 13 No. of Passenger N 3 50-52 14 No. of Crew N 3 53-55 15 No. of Trip N 4 56-59 16 Per day N 4 60-63 17 Capacity registered (Vessel) N 6 64-69 18 Dimension of Vessel (Length) N 6 70-75 19 Dimension of Vessel (Width) N 6 76-81 20 Dimension of Vessel (Depth registered) N 6 82-87 21 Capacity of Pushing Vessel N 6 88-93 22 Capacity of Towing Vessel N 6 94-99 23 No. of barge N 6 100-105 24 Capacity registered (barge) N 6 106-111 25 Dimension of Barge (Length) N 6 112-117 26 Dimension of Barge (Width) N 6 118-123 27 Dimension of Barge (Depth registered) N 6 124-129 28 Type of cargo carried N 3 130-132 See Appendix 1-B 29 Weight of cargo carried N 7 133-139 30 Type of cargo carried N 3 140-142 See Appendix 1-B 31 Weight of cargo carried N 7 143-149 32 Type of cargo carried N 3 150-152 See Appendix 1-B 33 Weight of cargo carried N 7 153-159 34 Type of cargo carried N 3 160-162 See Appendix 1-B 35 Weight of cargo carried N 7 163-169

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Supplementary Road/River Traffic Survey Database

Supplementary traffic survey was conducted in some selected places for both road and river in order to assess the traffic volume of the rainy season. It contains only traffic count data processed into “Microsoft Excel” file format as shown in Table 4.5.6 and Table 4.5.7.

Table 4.5.6 List of Supplementary Road Traffic Count Data Files Station National Location Province Traffic Count No. Highway No. Data File 4 2 South of Viet Tri Bridge Vinh Phuc Sram4.xls 5 3 Dong Phu(South of Cho Thai Nguyen Sram5.xls Moi) 6 3 South of Pho Yen(Ba Hang) Thai Nguyen Sram6.xls 7 1 South of Dap Cau Bac Ninh Sram7.xls 11 6 North East of Tong Dau Hoa Binh Sram11.xls 14 1 South of Dong Van Ha Nam Sram14.xls 17 1 North of Bim Son Thanh Hoa Sram17.xls 19 5 East of Du Nghia Hai Phong Sram19.xls 27 14 North of Dong Xoai Binh Phuoc Sram27.xls 28 20 South of Ma Da Gui Dong Nai Sram28.xls 29 1 South of Ham Thuan Nam Binh Thuan Sram29.xls 30 51 North of Phu My(Tan Ba Ria Vung Tau Sram30.xls Thanh) 31 1 North of Dong Nai Bridge Dong Nai Sram31.xls 32 13 South of Thu Dau Mot Bing Duong Sram32.xls 33 1 North of Tan An Long An Sram33.xls 34 22 East of Trang Bang Tay Ninh Sram34.xls 37 1 North of Can Tho Ferry Ving Long Sram37.xls 39 91 West of Long Xuyen An Giang Sram39.xls

Table 4.5.7 List of Supplementary River Traffic Count Data Files Station Station Name River Name Traffic Count No. Data File 3 Ben Trieu Kinh Thay 6 Duong Ha Duong 13 Phu Nha Hong 21 Phuoc Dong Can Giuoc-Nuoc Ma 28 Cho Gao Cho Gao 37 Lap Vo Sa Dep-Lap Vo

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OD Matrices

OD matrices were made from the traffic survey data and the full usage of existing traffic data. The OD matrices of road and inland water came from the former while those of rail, coastal shipping and air were made from the latter. Finally, they were compiled into “JACA STRADA” file format as illustrated in Figure 4.5.1. All the OD matrices are summarized as Table 5.8.

Figure 4.5.1 An Example of OD Matrix

Table 5.8 Summary of OD Matrices Type Year By Mode By Commodity By Mode and Commodity Passenger 1999 Pass99.aod 2010 Pass10.aod 2020 Pass20.aod Freight 1999 F99.aod R99.aod(road), I99.aod(inland water), ra99.aod(rail), c99.aod(coastal shipping), a99.aod(air) 2010 F10.aod R10.aod(road), I10.aod(inland water), ra10.aod(rail), c10.aod(coastal shipping), a10.aod(air) 2020 F20.aod R20.aod(road), I20.aod(inland water), ra20.aod(rail), c20.aod(coastal shipping), a20.aod(air)

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4.6 Transport Network Database

Outline

Transport network inventories provide the basic information on establishing transport network that is used as a tool to determine traffic flows at present or in future. The inventories consist of five modes’ layers of locating and describing each link and one node layer of locating and representing each node. The description of each link includes a measure of link capacity and condition, and a statement of its performance characteristics. Those inventories were all compiled into “Mapinfo” file format and enable to make transport network for traffic assignment represented as “JICA STRADA” file format. Interaction between transport inventory data and transport network for traffic assignment is illustrated in Figure 4.6.1. A tool of transforming procedure, which was developed in the VITRANSS, transforms “Mapinfo” files of road, inland waterway, railway, coastal shipping, air and node layers into a transport network of “JICA STRADA” file and, as a result, enables to make the transport network for traffic assignment with easy.

Figure 4.6.1 Interaction between Node’s & Modes’ Layers and Transport Network

Road Layer

Inland Waterway Layer Transport Network for

Transforming Traffic Assignment Railway Layer Procedure

Coastal Shipping Layer

Air Layer

Node Layer

Transport Network Inventory Database

Transport network inventory data has been built in “Mapinfo”, a kind of GIS software, which enables users to update the database, create thematic maps, perform geographic analysis and give graphic presentations. As mentioned earlier, it consists of five modes’ layers, i.e., road, inland waterway, railway, coastal shipping and air route, and one node layer. The modes’ layers are composed of a set of line objects and polyline objects, with each object representing road section,

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railway segment, air route and so on. Also each link contains information on geographical characteristics, modes’ characteristics and land use. The node layer is composed of a set of point objects, with each object representing intersection, railway station, port, airport and zone centroid. The file name of each layer is summarized as Table 4.6.1 and An example of transport network is depicted in Figure 4.6.2. Table 4.6.1 List of Transport Inventory Data Files Layer Inventory File Name Road Link length, road type, province name Hw30.mif included, paved width, paved type, terrain Hw30.mid condition, roadside friction, etc. Inland Waterway Link length, speed, river classification, etc. Iw30.mif Iw30.mid Rail Link length, speed, frequency, etc. Ra30.mif Ra30.mid Coastal Shipping Link length, speed, etc. Cs30.mif Cs30.mid Air Link length, speed, etc. Ar30.mif Ar30.mid Node Latitude and longitude Nodes.mif Nodes.mid

Figure 4.6.2 A glance of Transport Network (a) Transport Network of “Mapinfo” (b) Transport Network of “JICA STRADA”

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Transport Network for Traffic Assignment

Transport network mentioned in this section is a data file for traffic assignment processed into the “JICA STRADA” file format2. Five modes’ layers and one node layer as inputs are integrated into one file of network data. Each link, which contains information such as link length, initial speed, link capacity and so on, can be discriminated by user flag as shown in Table 4.6.2. Dummy link is for representing of transfer from one mode to other modes.

Table 4.6.2 User Flag of Transport Network in VITRANSS Link Dummy Link Centroid Z Road R Inland Waterway I W Railway L Y Coastal Shipping C S Air route A P

According to purposes or projects taken into account in VITRANSS, the performance characteristics of link or the number of link in transport network will be changed. So, two types of transport networks will be made open: ones at present and for Master Plan in VITRANSS. It is summarized as Table 4.6.3.

Table 4.6.3 List of Transport Network Data Files Type File Name Passenger P99.int(at present) P10.int(for MP) Freight F99.int(at present) F10.int(for MP)

4.7 Other Transport-related Database

Outline

Other transport-related database is composed of passenger/truck driver interview survey data, transport industry survey data and questionnaire survey data for 61 provinces as shown in Table 4.7.1.

2 For the format of transport network in “JICA STRADA”, it is recommended to refer to its manual.

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Table 4.7.1 List of Other Transport-related Database Survey Type Objective Coverage Method Passenger/Truck • Characteristics • Major transport • Direct interview Driver Interview of passenger’s terminals(bus of passengers Survey at Transport and cargo’s station, railway and truck Terminal movement station, airport, drivers truck terminal) Transport Industry • Characteristics • Coastal • Preparation of Survey of transport shipping operators’ list industry(operati operators • Sending on, finance, • Inland waterway questionnaire to management transport sampled and labor force operators operators etc.) • Bus operators • Truck operators Questionnaire • Characteristics • 61 provinces • Preparation of Survey for 61 of transport- operators’ list Provinces related aspects • Sending in 61 provinces questionnaire to sampled operators

Passenger/Truck Driver Interview Survey Database

Passenger/truck driver interview survey was conducted at main mode interchange facilities, i.e., bus terminal, railway station, airport and truck terminal(port and railway station), in order to grasp the situation of the interchange facilities and the movement of passenger and cargo. After survey was completed, survey data was processed both into “Microsoft Excel” file format and into “Text” file format according to a coding system. As for the former, the list of files is shown in Table 4.7.2. In addition, the format of “Text” file is depicted in Table 4.7.3.

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Table 4.7.2 List of Passenger/Truck Driver Interview Survey Data Files Survey Type Data File Name Sta. No. Survey Station Bus Terminal Bus.xls 11 Gia Lam(Ha Noi) Passenger 12 Giap Bat(Ha Noi) 13 Hai Phong 14 East Terminal(HCMC) 15 West Terminal(HCMC) 16 Vinh 17 Hue 18 Da Nang 19 Buon Ma Thuot 20 Can Tho Railway Railway.xls 21 Long Bien(Ha Noi) Passenger 22 Ha Noi 23 Hai Phong 24 Viet Tri 25 Kep 26 Vinh 27 Hue 28 Da Nang 29 Nha Trang 30 Hoa Hung(HCMC) Airport Passenger Airport.xls 31 Noi Bai(International) 32 Noi Bai(Domestic) 33 TSN(International) 34 TSN(Domestic) 35 Da Nang 36 Nha Trang 37 Hue Truck Driver Trucksurvey.xls 41 Hai Phong Port 42 Sai Gon Port 43 Cua Lo Port 44 Da Nang Port 45 Quy Nhon Port 46 Viet Tri Sation 47 Yen Vien Station 48 Van Dien Station 49 Da Nang Station 50 Song Than Station

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Table 4.7.3 Passenger Interview Survey Data Format No. Item Type Length Column Remark 1 Sex N 4 1-4 1:Male, 2:Female 2 Age N 4 5-8 3 Occupation N 4 9-12 See Appendix 4-B 4 Residence N 6 13-18 See Appendix 1-A 5 Work/school place N 6 19-24 See Appendix 1-A 1:yourself, 2:family member’s, 6 Car ownership N 4 25-28 3:none 7 Origin N 6 29-34 See Appendix 1-A 8 Final destination N 6 35-40 See Appendix 1-A 1:to home, 2:to work, 3:to school, 4:private business, 5:employer’s 9 Trip purpose N 4 41-44 business, 6:accompany, 7:others 10 From(origin) N 6 45-50 See Appendix 1-A 11 To N 6 51-56 See Appendix 1-A 12 Transport Mode N 4 57-60 See Appendix 4-C 13 To N 6 61-66 See Appendix 1-A 14 Transport Mode N 4 67-70 See Appendix 4-C 15 To N 6 71-76 See Appendix 1-A 16 Transport Mode N 4 77-80 See Appendix 4-C 17 To N 6 81-86 See Appendix 1-A 18 Transport Mode N 4 87-90 See Appendix 4-C 19 To N 6 91-96 See Appendix 1-A 20 Transport Mode N 4 97-100 See Appendix 4-C 21 To N 6 101-106 See Appendix 1-A 22 Transport Mode N 4 107-110 See Appendix 4-C 23 To N 6 111-116 See Appendix 1-A 24 Transport Mode N 4 117-120 See Appendix 4-C 25 Time for walking and buying ticket N 4 121-124 26 Time for waiting N 4 125-128 1:near to origin/destination, 27 Chosen reason 1 N 4 129-132 2:convenient route, 3:no. of transfer, 4:quick transfer, 5:seat 28 Chosen reason 2 N 4 133-136 available, 6:clear, 7:others 1:congestion around, 2:congestion inside, 3:poor 29 Problem 1 N 4 137-140 walking condition, 4:dirty, 5:poor security/safety, 6:poor waiting facility, 7:undisciplined driver, 30 Problem 2 N 4 141-144 8:others 31 Service availability N 4 145-148 1:very good, 2:good, 3:fair, 32 Frequency N 4 149-152 4:bad, 5:very bad 33 Comfort N 4 153-156 34 Safety N 4 157-160 35 Punctuality N 4 161-164 36 WTP for 30 min. reduction N 6 165-170 37 WTP for 20 min. reduction N 6 171-176 38 WTP for 10 min reduction N 6 177-182 39 WTP for 5 min reduction N 6 183-188 40 Station No. N 4 189-192 See Table 4.7.2

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Table 4.7.4 Truck Driver Interview Survey Data Format No. Item Type Length Column Remark 1:4-W truck, 2:2-axle 6-W truck, 3:3-axle truck, 4:4 or more than 1 Vehicle Type N 4 1-4 axle truck, 5:trailer, 6:others 2 Vehicle Model N 4 5-8 1:state, 2:provincial, 3:company, 4:individual, 5:joint venture, 3 Vehicle Owner N 4 9-12 6:other 4 Cooperative N 4 13-16 1:not belonging, 2:belonging 5 Origin N 6 17-22 See Appendix 1-A 6 Destination N 6 23-28 See Appendix 1-A 7 Total weight of truck N 6 29-34 8 Total weight of cargo carried N 6 35-40 9 Types of cargo carried N 4 41-44 See Appendix 1-B 10 Weight of cargo carried N 6 45-50 11 Types of cargo carried N 4 51-54 See Appendix 1-B 12 Weight of cargo carried N 6 55-60 13 Types of cargo carried N 4 61-64 See Appendix 1-B 14 Weight of cargo carried N 6 65-70 15 Types of cargo carried N 4 71-74 See Appendix 1-B 16 Weight of cargo carried N 6 75-80 17 Type of transport N 4 81-84 See Appendix 1-B 18 Standard of road N 4 85-88 19 Condition of road N 4 89-92 1:serious 20 Traffic condition/congestion N 4 93-96 2:moderate 21 Loading facilities/services N 4 97-100 3:minor 22 Bus station/freight terminal charges N 4 101-104 23 Parking facilities N 4 105-108 24 Tolls and other charges N 4 109-112 25 Competition from other transporters N 4 113-116 26 Police enforcement measures N 4 117-120 27 Others N 4 121-124 28 Station No. N 4 125-128 See Table 4.7.2

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