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Resistance Management of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera)

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Resistance Management of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera) Resistance management of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera): behavior, survival and the potential for cross resistance on Bt corn in the field, greenhouse and laboratory A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Plant, Insect & Microbial Science By SARAH N. ZUKOFF Bruce Hibbard, Dissertation Supervisor May 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the Dissertation entitled RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA): BEHAVIOR, SURVIVAL AND THE POTENTIAL FOR CROSS RESISTANCE ON BT CORN IN THE FIELD, GREENHOUSE AND LABORATORY Presented by Sarah N. Zukoff A candidate for the degree of Doctorate of Plant, Insect & Microbial Science And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. [Dr. Bruce E. Hibbard, Co-Advisor, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Wayne C. Bailey, Co-Advisor, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Deborah L. Finke, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Division of Plant Sciences] [Dr. Mark R. Ellersieck, Department of Statistics] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisors Bruce Hibbard and Wayne Bailey for their guidance and support over the last four years. Their influence on my scientific abilities has been tremendous and has enabled me to go further than I ever thought possible. I would like to thank Deborah Finke for her helpful advice and her willingness to lend a listening ear. Also, I would like to thank her for her excellent teaching abilities and the effort that she puts into her classes and her students which has had a great influence on me. I would also like to thank Richard Houseman for his always helpful advice on my research and outreach endeavors. I would like to also thank Mark Ellersieck who always helped me with my statistical issues for all of my experiments, manuscripts and this dissertation despite his incredibly full schedule. My research would not have been possible if it weren’t for the tireless efforts of everyone in my lab, past and present. I would especially like to thank Daniel Frank and Ivan Hiltpold for taking the time out of their busy post doc research to help me with my experiments, and to Anthony Zukoff, Mathew Higdon, Julie Barry and Tim Praiswater for the many of things they have helped me with in the field and lab. My fellow graduate students and the entire Entomology faculty have been very supportive and I would like to thank all of them for this. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................ii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................ x Chapter I: Introduction and Literature Review ................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Host Location ................................................................................................................. 3 Feeding behavior within root ......................................................................................... 8 Movement between plants .......................................................................................... 10 Insect Resistance Management ................................................................................... 11 Control and Resistance: an evolving problem ............................................................. 13 Chapter II: Western corn rootworm larval movement in SmartStax seed blend scenarios ........................................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 20 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 23 Larval Recovery ....................................................................................................... 27 Plant Damage .......................................................................................................... 28 Adult Recovery ......................................................................................................... 29 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 30 Results .......................................................................................................................... 32 Larval recovery ........................................................................................................ 32 Plant Damage .......................................................................................................... 33 iii Adult Recovery ......................................................................................................... 35 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 37 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 42 Chapter III: Western corn rootworm larval movement in duracade seed blend scenarios ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 53 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 55 Larval Recovery ....................................................................................................... 58 Plant Damage .......................................................................................................... 59 Adult Recovery ......................................................................................................... 59 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 60 Results .......................................................................................................................... 61 Adult Recovery ......................................................................................................... 61 Damage ................................................................................................................... 63 Larval Recovery ....................................................................................................... 64 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 65 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 71 Chapter IV: Host Recognition Responses of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae to Bt corn. ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 83 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 86 Insects ...................................................................................................................... 87 Plant Material .......................................................................................................... 87 Bioassays ................................................................................................................. 88 iv EthoVision Protocol ................................................................................................. 88 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 90 Results .......................................................................................................................... 90 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 90 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 92 Chapter V: Evaluation of potential cross resistance between field resistant and susceptible populations of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) on mCry3A, Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 corn in laboratory and greenhouse assays ............ 95 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 95 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 98 Rootworm Populations ...........................................................................................
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