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Venomoiden Die Bijten! Pain Is the Main Driver For PIJN IS DE VOORNAAMSTE DRIJFVEER WAAROM GIFSLANGEN MENSEN BIJTEN. DEEL 2: VENOMOIDEN DIE BIJTEN! PAIN IS THE MAIN DRIVER FOR VENOMOUS SNAKEBITES IN HUMANS. PART 2: VENOMOIDS THAT BITE! Raymond Hoser Raymond Hoser Voor ik in detail inga op beten door veno- Before detailing venomoid bites, it should moiden, zou ik graag vermelden dat ve- be mentioned that venomoids are effecti- nomoiden direct na de operatie effectief vely harmless immediately post operation onschadelijk zijn. De bek wordt rijkelijk ge- due to the procedure of the operation. The spoeld met water aan het begin en het ein- mouth region is irrigated liberally with wa- de van de procedure, zodat alle gif wordt ter at the start and end of the procedure, weggespoeld. Hoewel er waar schijnlijk nog literally washing away venom remaining. beperkte gifresten achterblijven, bleek uit While residues no doubt remain, tests im- testen onmiddelijk na de operatie dat de mediately post operation showed that the slangen geen muizen konden doden. Van- snakes were unable to kill mice with bites wege deze feiten heb ik venomoiden een after the operations. On that basis veno- week na de ingreep altijd volledig onscha- moids were deemed harmless a week post delijk geacht en ze vanaf dat moment vrij operation and from that point on, all were gehanteerd. only ‘free handled’. Beten uitlokken bij de venomoiden was Getting the venomoids to bite was never nooit moeilijk (zie verder), hoewel dat nooit hard (see later), although it wasn’t actually mijn bedoeling was, integendeel. Venomoi- something I set out to do. The contrary den werden nooit uitgedaagd door er net was actually the case. Venomoids were voor te gaan wuiven (behalve met prooien never confronted by hand-waving in front aan pincetten). Ze werden ook nooit aan of them (except for feeding food items at de staart opgetild of met een slangenhaak end of tongs). Venomoids were never ´tai- in de nek in bedwang gehouden. Als regel led´, (by this I mean picked up from the pakte ik de venomoiden enkel op door ze te general caudal/vent region to support all zachtjes te ondersteunen in het midden van or most of a snake’s weight). Venomoids hun lichaam, zonder pijn te veroor zaken. were never ‘necked’ or pinned to be hand- Hoewel beten in dergelijke omstandigheden led in that manner. 52 LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2010 JAARGANG/VOLUME 30 NUMMER/NO.2 zeldzaam waren, kwamen ze toch af en toe As a rule venomoids were only handled voor en de redenen werden onderzocht. mid-body (including often being draped around a person’s neck), with body sup- De situaties waarin venomoiden mensen ported in a non-restrictive, non painful to beten, werden geanalyseerd. Hoewel enkel the snake manner. data wer den bijgehouden van beten waar- bij giftanden de huid doorprikten, waren de While in these situations bites from veno- resultaten dezelfde wanneer zogenaamde moids were rare, they did sometimes occur partiële beten ook in overweging werden and the reasons ascertained. The situations genomen. Alle venomoide beten pasten in where the venomoids bit handlers were as- volgende categorieën: sessed. While records were only kept when 1: Slangen die pas venomoid waren ge- both fangs penetrated and broke the skin, maakt en die voorheen werden gehan- the results were effectively unchanged if in- teerd met haken, opgetild aan de staart cluding so-called partial bites. All venomoid en dergelijke en die dus nog angst had- bites fitted the following parameters den als een persoon ze nader de. Eén 1: Newly venomoided snakes that had zo’n voorbeeld was, toen een inlandse been formerly handled via means of taipan (Parademansia microlepidota), sticks, tailing and the like and still in fear die drie weken eerder venomoid werd when approached by a handler. One gemaakt, me beet. such example was when a newly veno- 2: Wanneer een groep slangen samen werd moided Inland Taipan (Parademansia mi- vastgehouden en het gewicht van enke- crolepidota) bit me. That snake had only len drukte op andere, wat pijn veroor- been venomoid for three weeks. zaakte, zodat de slang de andere dieren 2: When a group of snakes was held as a of de hanteerder beet. Zo’n voorbeeld bunch and the weight of some pressed betrof opnieuw een recent venomoid ge- onto another, inflicting pain on the sna- maakte inlandse taipan. ke, the result being it either bit another 3: In soortgelijke situaties, vooral in het snake or the handler. One such example paarseizoen, komt het voor dat een man- again involved another Inland Taipan, nelijk dier een ander dier uit een vastge- and again the snake in question was ne- houden groep bijt, waarop het gebeten wly venomoided. dier in een reactie het dichtsbijzijnde 3: In a similar situation, usually at times of ‘levende’ object bijt, zijnde een andere mating, a male snake would bite another slang, of zeldzamer: de hanteerder. when a group (usually of several) was 4: Wanneer een slang pijn heeft door ziekte. being held in hand, often resulting in re- Twee dergelijke gevallen kwamen voor taliation by the bitten snake. The retalia- met tijgerslangen (Notechis scutatus). ting snake bites the nearest ´live´ object, Eén ervan was besmet met een virus en being either another snake or on rarer genas, een ander dier was net ontwormd occasions, the handler. met Panacur/Droncit. Deze slangen be- 4: When a snake was in pain through illness. ten in normale omstandig heden nooit. Two such cases occurred with Tiger Sna- Hetzelfde werd waargenomen bij py- kes (Notechis scutatus), one infected with thons in soortgelijke situaties. a virus (from which it recovered) and ano- 53 5: Wanneer een slang snel bij de nek werd ther that had been treated with worming gegrepen. Twee van dergelijke geval- treatments (Panacur/Droncit). The sna- len zag ik bij doodsadders (Acantho- kes were normally totally tractable and phis spp.). In beide gevallen werden de ´non-biting´. Same has been observed in slangen stevig in de nek gegrepen en pythons in identical situations. reageerden ze door zich bijtend terug te 5: When a snake was rapidly grabbed by trekken. Beide slangen moesten zich ook the neck. Two instances of this occurred net gaan ontlasten na het eten van grote with Death Adders (Acanthophis spp.), prooidieren, wat ongemak veroorzaakte. in both cases the snakes were grabbed Iets vergelijkbaars gebeurde met een tightly by the neck and responded by kusttaipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), die pulling back, with mouth open and ef- stevig in de nek werd vastgehouden om fecting ‘a bite’ at the same time. Both ontwormingsmiddelen toe te dienen. were full of feces from large feeds and 6: Twee zogenaamde voedselbeten ge- about to defecate as well, putting the beurden bij een red-bellied black snake snakes in pain. Similar occurred with a (Pseudechis porphyriacus) en een tijger- Coastal Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), slang, toen de slangen het voedseldier that was being forcibly held by the neck, misten dat met een korte pincet werd being administered worming drugs, that vastgehouden, en in mijn hand beten pulled back and with mouth open “bit” 7: Minstens twee keer stak ik per ongeluk me, while pulling back (as opposed to – omdat ik de kop niet in de gaten had - striking at me). West head Red Death Adder Acanthophis antarticus. Foto/Photo: Raymond Hoser. 54 LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2010 JAARGANG/VOLUME 30 NUMMER/NO.2 mijn vin ger in de bek van een tijgerslang 6: Two so-called ´food bites´ involving a die in groep werd vastgehouden. Daar- Red-bellied Black Snake (Pseudechis op trok de slang zich terug en deed z’n porphyriacus) and a Tiger Snake, when bek gedeeltelijk dicht, zodat ze ‘beet’. the snakes struck past the rodent being held by short (25 cm long tongs) and bit De laatste voorbeelden zijn belangrijk, om- the hand of the handler (myself). dat ze aantonen hoe losjes de venomoiden 7: On at least two occasions I inadvertently worden gehanteerd. Zolang de dieren goed put my finger inside the mouth of aT iger werden ondersteund bij het dagelijkse Snake being handled as a group, becau- hanteren, werd de positie van de kop quasi se I wasn’t looking at the snake’s head. irrelevant. Met andere woorden: de beten The snake then pulled back and by clo- werden erbij genomen in ruil voor het vrije- sing it’s mouth to at least a limited extent lijk hanteren van de dieren, wat hun welzijn ´bit´ at the same time. verbeterde. Heel relevant voor dit artikel is echter het feit dat de reden voor al de be- The last examples are significant in that it ten ofwel pijn was, ofwel angst voor pijn shows the casualness in terms of handling (gebaseerd op vroegere ervaringen van het the venomoids with regards to consequen- dier). Twee andere beten waren het gevolg ces of bites. With the venomoids being van vingers in de bek steken en nog twee handled daily, so long as the snakes were andere waren voederbeten. being supported (their weight), the position Juvenile amelanestic Death Adder Acanthophis antarticus. Foto/Photo: Raymond Hoser. 55 Niettegenstaande de echte beten die hier- of the head was almost irrelevant. In other boven werden beschreven, waren er nog words, the bites were accepted as a trade- andere gele genheden waarbij de venomoi- off for allowing the snakes to be unrestric- den probeerden te bijten – echter zonder ted and on the basis it was to the snakes succes. Het ging daar bij meestal om recent welfare benefits to be ‘free handled’, even venomoid gemaakte dieren van bepaalde if myself and my staff got a few pin pricks taxa (bijvoorbeeld tijgerslan gen en cop- from elapid fangs.
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