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SERIE Desterr4 ISSN 1994-7372 DESARROLLO SERIE TERRITORIAL Políticas e instituciones para el desarrollo económico territorial El caso de El Salvador Gloria Quiteño Lilian Vega 4 S E R I E I R E S desarrollo territorial Políticas e instituciones para el desarrollo económico territorial. El caso de El Salvador Gloria Quiteño Lilian Vega Instituto Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Planificación Económica y Social (ILPES) Santiago de Chile, junio de 2008 Este documento fue preparado por Gloria Yanira Quiteño y Lilian Vega, consultoras del Área de Desarrollo Local y Regional, del Instituto Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Planificación Económica y Social (ILPES), en el marco de las actividades del programa “Modernización del Estado, desarrollo productivo y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales”, ejecutado por CEPAL en conjunto con la Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de las autoras y pueden no coincidir con las de la Organización. Publicación de las Naciones Unidas ISSN impreso 1994-7364 ISSN electrónico 1994-7372 ISBN: 978-92-1-323139-5 LC/L.2858-P LC/IP/L.284 N° de venta: S.08.II.G.3 Copyright © Naciones Unidas, junio de 2008. Todos los derechos reservados Impreso en Naciones Unidas, Santiago de Chile La autorización para reproducir total o parcialmente esta obra debe solicitarse al Secretario de la Junta de Publicaciones, Sede de las Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, N. Y. 10017, Estados Unidos. Los Estados miembros y sus instituciones gubernamentales pueden reproducir esta obra sin autorización previa. Sólo se les solicita que mencionen la fuente e informen a las Naciones Unidas de tal reproducción. CEPAL - Serie Desarrollo territorial N o 4 Políticas e instituciones para el desarrollo económico territorial. El caso de El Salvador Índice Acrónimos ........................................................................................7 Presentación ......................................................................................11 Resumen ......................................................................................15 Introducción ......................................................................................17 I. Marco de referencia ...................................................................19 I.1. Conceptos y parámetros del desarrollo territorial..............19 I.2. El Salvador: datos básicos..................................................21 I.3. Desequilibrios territoriales actuales...................................23 II. El desarrollo económico territorial en la política salvadoreña: desde 1990 ..............................................37 II.1. La administración de Félix Alfredo Cristiani. Período 1990-1994.............................................................38 II.2. La administración de Armando Calderón Sol. Período 1994-1999.............................................................42 II.3. La administración de Francisco Flores. De 1999-2004...........................................................................49 II.4. La administración de Elías Antonio Saca. Período 2004-2009.............................................................62 II.5. Acercamientos entre el discurso y la teoría, comentarios sobre la continuidad de las políticas..............66 III. Instituciones y leyes vinculadas al DET ...................................71 III.1. Instituciones órgano ejecutivo............................................71 III.2 Legislación alrededor del desarrollo territorial..................76 IV. El territorio: de los planteamientos a la práctica ....................79 IV.1 Resultados de la estrategia nacional de desarrollo local....79 IV.2 Plan nacional de ordenamiento y desarrollo territorial (PNODT)............................................................85 3 CEPAL - Serie Desarrollo territorial N o 4 Políticas e instituciones para el desarrollo económico territorial. El caso de El Salvador IV.3 Avances de la Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo.............................................................90 IV.4 Distribución de recursos ..................................................................................................92 IV.5 Algunos avances desde el municipio ...............................................................................98 V. Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................105 Bibliografía .....................................................................................................................................111 Anexos .............................................................................................................................................115 Serie desarrollo territorial: números publicados ........................................................................119 Índice de cuadros Cuadro 1 INSTITUCIONES DEL ÓRGANO EJECUTIVO VINCULADAS AL DET ...................................72 Cuadro 2 INSTRUMENTOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL SEGÚN NIVELES ..............................73 Cuadro 3 LEYES SECUNDARIAS ....................................................................................................78 Cuadro 4 EL TRABAJO DEL FISDL EN EL MARCO DE LA ENDL .......................................................80 Cuadro 5 INSTRUMENTOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL SEGÚN NIVELES ..............................86 Índice de tablas Tabla 1 EL SALVADOR: INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS SELECCIONADOS ......................................22 Tabla 2 INDICADORES SOCIOECONÓMICOS SELECCIONADOS ....................................................23 Tabla 3 DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL. MUNICIPIOS DEL AMSS ........................................................23 Tabla 4 PORCENTAJES DE MUNICIPIOS POR DEPARTAMENTO EN POBREZA SEGÚN CLASIFICACIÓN .............................................................................................................24 Tabla 5 VARIABLES SELECCIONADAS POR CONGLOMERADO DE POBREZA................................25 Tabla 6 SALARIOS PROMEDIO SEGÚN ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA ........................................................26 Tabla 7 ESTRUCTURA GEOGRÁFICA DE PRÉSTAMOS Y DEPÓSITOS DEL SISTEMA BANCARIO, Y EMPRESAS FORMALES NO AGRÍCOLAS PARA EL AÑO 2004 .......................27 Tabla 8 MONTO DE LA INVERSIÓN PÚBLICA EJECUTADA PERÍODO 2002-2004, DISTRIBUCIÓN PORCENTUAL, INVERSIÓN PER CÁPITA E IPH.........................................28 Tabla 9 IDH E IPH MÁXIMOS, MÍNIMOS POR MUNICIPIO Y DEL DEPARTAMENTO PARA DEPARTAMENTOS SELECCIONADOS ..............................................................................31 Tabla 10 INDICADORES SOCIALES SELECCIONADOS PARA LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE MORAZÁN, CABAÑAS, LA LIBERTAD Y SAN SALVADOR ...........................................33 Tabla 11 INDICADORES SOBRE INGRESOS SELECCIONADOS PARA LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE MORAZÁN, CABAÑAS, LA LIBERTAD Y SAN SALVADOR ...........................................34 Tabla 12 INDICADORES FISCALES SELECCIONADOS PARA LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE MORAZÁN, CABAÑAS, LA LIBERTAD Y SAN SALVADOR .................................................35 Tabla 13 ALIANZAS MUNICIPALES CREADAS DURANTE EL PERÍODO 1994-1999 ............................48 Tabla 14 PRESUPUESTO DE ISDEM PARA EL AÑO 2003 ..................................................................52 Tabla 15 ESTRUCTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN PÚBLICA POR DEPARTAMENTO...................................93 Tabla 16 FODES Y OTRAS VARIABLES RELACIONADAS EN MILLONES DE DÓLARES Y PORCENTAJES ............................................................................................................97 Tabla 17 INGRESOS POR TAMAÑO DE MUNICIPIOS PARA EL AÑO 2003 .........................................97 Tabla 18 INGRESOS POR TAMAÑO DE MUNICIPIOS PARA EL AÑO 2003 .........................................98 Tabla 19 PROYECTOS FODESOY .................................................................................................104 Tabla 20 CAMBIOS EN EL MUNICIPIO SALVADOREÑO ................................................................108 Tabla 21 CONSOLIDADO DE INGRESOS POR IMPUESTOS MUNICIPALES 2002, 2003 Y JUNIO 2004 ....116 Tabla 22 CONSOLIDADO DE INGRESOS POR TASAS Y DERECHOS MUNICIPALES 2002, 2003 Y JUNIO 2004 ........................................................................................................117 4 CEPAL - Serie Desarrollo territorial N o 4 Políticas e instituciones para el desarrollo económico territorial. El caso de El Salvador Índice de gráficos Gráfico 1 ÍNDICE DE DESARROLLO HUMANO PARA LAS ZONAS URBANA Y RURAL, Y LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE EL SALVADOR. 2003 Y 2005 ..................................................26 Gráfico 2 IPH VERSUS INVERSIÓN PER CÁPITA ............................................................................29 Gráfico 3 IDH E IPH PARA LOS MUNICIPIOS DE LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE MORAZÁN Y SAN SALVADOR ........................................................................................................30 Gráfico 4 POBLACIÓN URBANA COMO PORCENTAJE DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL ...........................32 Gráfico 5 CONOCIMIENTO QUE TIENEN LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES DE LA PROPUESTA DEL PNODT ...................................................................................................................89 Gráfico 6 PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES EN DISCUSIONES SOBRE EL PNODT ......92 Gráfico 7 CRITERIOS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL FODES ....................................................................94
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