DOCSLIB.ORG

Pdf (662.97 K)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pdf (662.97 K) eISSN: 2357-044X Taeckholmia 38 (2018): 61-83 Re-assessment of the near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian Flora Shaltout K.ˡ, Ahmed D.ˡ, Diab M.² and El-Khalafy M.²* ˡBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University ²Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1- what is the actual number of near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian flora?, 2- what are the reasons and justifications for addition or exclusion of plants to or from the final list of near-endemic taxa?, 3- what are the conservation categories of near-endemic taxa according to IUCN?, 4- How can we make a red list of these taxa?, 5-what are the services and goods offered by near-endemic taxa?, and 6- what are the threats that impact these taxa most?. These aims are achieved through preparing a recent list for the near-endemic taxa and their habitats in the Egyptian flora. The lists were analyzed in terms of taxonomic diversity, life and sex forms, size structure, flowering activity, dispersal types, economic potential, threats and national floristic distribution, and IUCN categories. The total number of near-endemic taxa in the prepared recent list is 73, belonging to 58 genera and 28 families; and were recorded in 11 habitats. The life form represented most is the therophytes while the ballochores and pogonochores are the most represented dispersal types. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of the flowered taxa until reaching a maximum value from March to May, and then decreased again reaching a minimum value from August to January. Near endemics are distributed in Egypt and adjacent countries as follows: 39 taxa with Palestine, 19 with Libya, 8 with Saudi Arabia, 4 with Sudan, 2 with Jordan, and only one with Lebanon. Fifty-one taxa had a distribution in only one phyto-geographical region, while the remaining taxa had a distribution in two or more regions. All near-endemic taxa have at least one aspect of economic goods and exposed to at least one type of threats, where the most represented good was the medicinal uses, while over-collecting and over-cutting were the most represented threats. In this paper, 30 near-endemics were evaluated according to IUCN categories as follows: 12 endangered, 5 critically endangered, 4 extinct and 1 vulnerable, while 8 species are data deficient. In addition, 36 near-endemics were also evaluated in previous studies according to IUCN categories as follows: 15 endangered, 11 critically endangered, 7 vulnerable, 2 rare and 1 least concern. Key words: Endemism, Egyptian Flora, Near-endemics, Biodiversity, Conservation, IUCN categories. Introduction From a bio-geographical view point, recorded such as the aridity of the area with endemism is the restriction of the natural range very scarce precipitation year round (Thomas of a taxon to a defined geographical l.c.). Human impacts, animal grazing, and distribution or habitat type (Anderson 1994 traditional plant collection for medicinal uses, and Gaston 1994); with either political further intensify the natural threats of aridity boundaries of a country (endemics), or eco- and fragmentation, thus pushing these taxa to geographical boundaries of two or more the extinction (Zaghloul et al. 2006 and countries regardless of their political Mansour et al. 2013). In the recent centuries, boundaries (near- endemics), however the the rate of extinction has been accelerated, narrow-distributed taxa are called steno- causing hundreds or perhaps thousands of endemics (Gaston 1994) or steno- near species, subspecies and varieties to become endemics. Apart from the loss of natural extinct every year (Cunningham and habitats and climatic changes, the excessive Cunningham 1997). human activities (e.g. over exploitation) may Egypt lies in the northeastern part of generally make endemics and near-endemics Africa and extends to Asia (Sinai Peninsula). to become extinct taxa (Thomas et al. 2004). According to Wickens (1992), Egypt is Also, some important natural threats were perhaps the most arid country in North Africa Received on 19/05/2018 and accepted on 20/06/2018 Re-assessment of the near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian Flora in which desert conditions prevail throughout assign species to categories of relative the country. Egypt contains four main extinction risk, ranging from least concern, geographical regions: Western Desert through near threatened, vulnerable, including the Mediterranean coastal belt endangered and critically endangered to (681,000 km²), Eastern Desert (223,000 km²), extinct in the wild and extinct (IUCN 2001). Nile Land (25,000 km²) and Sinai Peninsula Traditionally, IUCN red list has served not (61,000 km²). The Nile Land includes several only to highlight species at greatest risk of islands in the main stream of the River and its extinction, but also to guide conservation Delta branches. Fayium depression (1700 km²) responses, primarily by identifying key and is connected to the Nile region by a principal priority habitats for species, sites to be safe- irrigation canal called Youssef Sea (Zahran guarded, and actions required (Collar 1993– and Willis 2009). 1994, 1996). Boulos (2009) reported that the near- Near-endemics are considered as taxa endemic taxa in Egypt are 93, while Hosni et restricted to Egypt and a neighboring country al. (2013) reduced them to 61. Many studies (Boulos 2009). They are important have been carried out to provide a conservation components in the flora of most regions of the assessment for different plant species. world. Most of these species have become Although many conservation studies have exposed to extinction within the last years as a taken place in Egypt for sometimes, yet there result of a lot of reasons such as environmental is a lack of comprehensive information on conditions and human activities. Extinction of species distribution and recent IUCN these species is considered as a major threat to categories (Hosni et al. 2013). IUCN (1998) biodiversity, therefore, there is an urgent need listed 82 threatened species in Egypt of which to study these species in the Egyptian flora and two are extinct and 19 endangered. Following evaluate them according to IUCN categories, IUCN (1994) categories, El- Hadidi and Hosni and to prepare conservation strategy for them. (2000) provided a list of 457 threatened This paper aims at: 1- preparing a recent list for species in the Egyptian flora; however, most of the near-endemic species in the Egyptian flora, these studies did not apply the appropriate 2- reporting the reasons and justifications for criteria used to evaluate species conservation addition or exclusion of plants to or from the status (Hosni et al. 2013). Because of the final list of near-endemic species, 3- continuing decline of plant diversity, many determining the conservation categories of initiatives have developed over recent decades for conservation of the most threatened near-endemic taxa according to IUCN, 4- diversity (Mace et al. 2008, Jetz and preparing a red list of these taxa, 5- recording Freckleton 2015 and Maes et al. 2015). The the services and goods offered by the near- IUCN red list of threatened species is widely endemics, and 6- determining threats that recognized as the most objective approach for impact these taxa. evaluating the conservation status of species Material and Methods and categorizing them according to their Ten field visits were conducted during estimated risk of extinction (e.g. Mace et al. summer 2015 to spring 2018 to many locations 2008, Jetz and Freckleton 2015 and Maes et al. allover Egypt including Saint-Catherine, 2015). The IUCN red list uses criteria with Matrouh, Alexandria, Aswan and Assiut for quantitative thresholds based on population collecting the near-endemic taxa in Egypt as size, rate of decline, and area of distribution to live material or from herbaria. The available 62 Shaltout et al. information and data such as: main habitats, 1- Euro +Med plant base coordinates, uses and threats for taxa were (http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.as recorded through visiting different sites. Other p). information was collected from the herbaria of 2- Kew world checklist of different plant Cairo University (CAI), Tanta University families (http://wcsp.science.kew.org). (TANE), Agriculture Museum (CAIM), 3- International Plant Name Index (IPNI; Aswan University (ASW), Assiut University http://www.ipni.org). (ASTU) and Alexandria University (ALEX). 4- The Plant List In each location, specimens of plant taxa were (http://www.theplantlist.org). collected from different sites, and seed 5- Plants of the World Online-Kew samples representing the recorded taxa were Science also collected as can as possible. Other (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org). notifications were taken into account, if 6- Catalogue of Life possible, such as sex form, size structure, life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual- form, flowering time and dispersal type of checklist/2010). diaspores. Other information was collected 7- Tropicos from the herbaria of Cairo University (CAI), (http://www.tropicos.prg/Home.aspx). Tanta University (TANE), Agriculture 8- Global Biodiversity Information Museum (CAIM), Aswan University (ASW), Facility (GBIF; Assiut University (ASTU) and Alexandria http://www.gbif.org/occurence). University (ALEX). Information from the 9- African Plant database available literature (papers, books, M. Sc. and (http://www.villege.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa). Ph.D. Theses, and scientific reports) was also 10- JSTOR Global Plant Science taken into consideration. (http://plants.jstore.org). A recent checklist including 73 near- Following Boulos (2009), the near- endemics arranged alphapitically according to endemic taxa are those restricted to Egypt and LAPG III (The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny only an adjacent country. Identification of group) system (Haston et al. 2009) and based plant specimens was carried out depending on on literature and database reviews. These the previous mentioned literature. Some resources include previous floras and available identifications were revised in TANE based on the available authentic materials.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pdf 910.98 K
    10 Egypt. J. Bot. Vol. 59, No.1, pp. 107 - 138 (2019) Computer-generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 9. The Spiny Taxa of Asteraceae Adel El-Gazzar(1)#, Nahed El-Husseini(2), Azza A. Khafagi(3), Nashua A.M. Mostafa(1) (1)Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, El-Arish University, N. Sinai, Egypt; (2)The Herbarium, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; (3)Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt. ANUALLY constructed keys for identification of plants leave much to be desired. Keys Mto the Asteraceae of Egypt are no exception and depend largely on floral minutiae while vegetative morphology is a much richer source of characters suitable for key construction. Inspection of some 3000 specimens showed that the most obvious feature of the plants is the presence or absence of spines on leaves, leaf axils, stem internodes, margins of stem wings and phyllaries. This feature was selected to divide species of this family into two main groups: spiny and spineless. Nomenclature of all taxa was updated and those with names reduced to synonyms of others were eliminated. This article deals only with the 65 species belonging to 20 genera of the first group. A total of 51 characters describing variation in spine distribution and other characters of vegetative morphology were recorded for each of the 65 spiny species and the key-generating program DELTA was applied to the data matrix. The result is a much improved automated key, a detailed description of every species in terms of the entire set of 51 characters, and the same description but in terms of the serial numbers assigned to these characters and their states.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing the Species Conservation Agenda
    Advancing the Species Conservation Agenda An overview of the IUCN SSC Network 2009 – 2012 Cover: Great Hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ) photo © Karl Dietz Specialist Groups Stand-alone Red List Authorities Sub-Committees Task Forces This publication was produced with the kind support of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhai (EAD) and the Mohamaed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (MBZ) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Global Species Programme (GSP) Report 2009–2012 Simon N. Stuart, Jane Smart Introduction • to monitor, evaluate and report on the effectiveness of the combined global conservation actions to mitigate We must start with a very large thank you to current and emerging threats to biodiversity. Conservation International (CI), the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD), the MAVA Foundation, the Al Ain 2. SSC Vision Zoo, the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre A world that values and conserves present levels (UNEP-WCMC), the World Association of Zoos and of biodiversity. Aquariums, Chester Zoo, Bristol Zoo, and the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) for providing such generous 3. SSC Goal financial assistance for the SSC Chair’s Office during The extinction crisis and massive loss of the 2009–2012 quadrennium. This has enabled Simon to biodiversity are universally adopted as a shared serve as a full-time SSC Chair, and to have a small, highly responsibility and addressed by concerted actions effective staff team in his office. We should also say at throughout the world. the outset that the SSC works to the same strategic plan and programme as the GSP in the IUCN Secretariat; 4. SSC Objectives the activities of the SSC and GSP are intentionally For the intersessional period 2009–2012 SSC, working in intertwined and mutually supportive, and so no effort is collaboration with members, other IUCN Commissions made to separate them in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Carduncellus-Carthamus Complex (Asteraceae) Based on ITS Sequences
    Plant Syst. Evol. 221:89-105 (2000) Plant Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 2000 Printed in Austria Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the Carduncellus-Carthamus complex (Asteraceae) based on ITS sequences R. Vilatersana, A. Susanna, N. Garcia-Jacas, and T. Garnatje Institut Botfinic de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain Received August 18, 1999 Accepted October 21, 1999 Abstract. Within the Mediterranean complex 50 species (Dittrich 1977). These two genera Carduncellus-Carthamus, taxonomic classification share a native distribution ranging from the has proven problematic. Numerous attempts to Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to West Asia, clarify the relative systematic boundaries have but the core of Carduncellus centers in the included splitting Carduncellus and Cartharnus western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and into several genera, but none of these proposed North Africa, eastward to Greece and Egypt), classifications have been generally accepted. For a comprehensive resolution of the relationships while Carthamus centers in the eastern Medi- within this group, we used sequences of the terranean Basin, except for a small section Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of nuclear endemic to southern Spain and Morocco ribosomal DNA. The results indicate that the (Fig. 1). complex should be classified into four genera: In addition, some species such as Car- Carduncellus, Carthamus, Ferneniasia and Phonus. tharnus lanatus L., probably of hybrid origin, The relationship between the western group and Carthamus leucocaulos Sibth. & Sm. are (Carduncellus, Femeniasia and Phonus) and the widely naturalized as noxious weeds in the eastern genus Carthamus are not resolved by western Mediterranean region, as well as in analysis of ITS sequences, but the two groups Mediterranean climatic regions of Argentina, are probably not close relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae
    horticulturae Review Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo 1, José Javier Martín-Gómez 2 , Ángel Tocino 3 and Emilio Cervantes 2,* 1 Departamento de Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre (CYMVIS), Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA), Carretera Tena a Puyo Km. 44, Napo EC-150950, Ecuador; [email protected] 2 IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1–4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923219606 Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 7 October 2020 Abstract: Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification. We propose a method for seed shape quantification based on the comparison of the bi-dimensional images of the seeds with geometric figures. J index is the percent of similarity of a seed image with a figure taken as a model. Models in shape quantification include geometrical figures (circle, ellipse, oval ::: ) and their derivatives, as well as other figures obtained as geometric representations of algebraic equations. The analysis is based on three sources: Published work, images available on the Internet, and seeds collected or stored in our collections. Some of the models here described are applied for the first time in seed morphology, like the superellipses, a group of bidimensional figures that represent well seed shape in species of the Calamoideae and Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Ornamental Palms
    1 Ornamental Palms: Biology and Horticulture T.K. Broschat and M.L. Elliott Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA D.R. Hodel University of California Cooperative Extension Alhambra, CA 91801, USA ABSTRACT Ornamental palms are important components of tropical, subtropical, and even warm temperate climate landscapes. In colder climates, they are important interiorscape plants and are often a focal point in malls, businesses, and other public areas. As arborescent monocots, palms have a unique morphology and this greatly influences their cultural requirements. Ornamental palms are over- whelmingly seed propagated, with seeds of most species germinating slowly and being intolerant of prolonged storage or cold temperatures. They generally do not have dormancy requirements, but do require high temperatures (30–35°C) for optimum germination. Palms are usually grown in containers prior to trans- planting into a field nursery or landscape. Because of their adventitious root system, large field-grown specimen palms can easily be transplanted. In the landscape, palm health and quality are greatly affected by nutritional deficien- cies, which can reduce their aesthetic value, growth rate, or even cause death. Palm life canCOPYRIGHTED also be shortened by a number of MATERIAL diseases or insect pests, some of which are lethal, have no controls, or have wide host ranges. With the increasing use of palms in the landscape, pathogens and insect pests have moved with the Horticultural Reviews, Volume 42, First Edition. Edited by Jules Janick. 2014 Wiley-Blackwell. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 2 T.K. BROSCHAT, D.R. HODEL, AND M.L.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update to the African Palms (Arecaceae) Floristic and Taxonomic Knowledge, with Emphasis on the West African Region
    Webbia Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography ISSN: 0083-7792 (Print) 2169-4060 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tweb20 An update to the African palms (Arecaceae) floristic and taxonomic knowledge, with emphasis on the West African region Fred W. Stauffer, Doudjo N. Ouattara, Didier Roguet, Simona da Giau, Loïc Michon, Adama Bakayoko & Patrick Ekpe To cite this article: Fred W. Stauffer, Doudjo N. Ouattara, Didier Roguet, Simona da Giau, Loïc Michon, Adama Bakayoko & Patrick Ekpe (2017): An update to the African palms (Arecaceae) floristic and taxonomic knowledge, with emphasis on the West African region, Webbia To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2017.1313381 Published online: 27 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tweb20 Download by: [Université de Genève] Date: 27 April 2017, At: 06:09 WEBBIA: JOURNAL OF PLANT TAXONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2017.1313381 An update to the African palms (Arecaceae) floristic and taxonomic knowledge, with emphasis on the West African region Fred W. Stauffera, Doudjo N. Ouattarab,c, Didier Rogueta, Simona da Giaua, Loïc Michona, Adama Bakayokob,c and Patrick Ekped aLaboratoire de systématique végétale et biodiversité, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland; bUFR des Sciences de la Nature (SN), Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Ivory Coast; cDirection de Recherche et Développement (DRD), Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Ivory Coast; dDepartment of Botany, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The present contribution is the product of palm research on continental African taxa started Received 15 March 2017 7 years ago and represents an update to our taxonomic and floristic knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Medemia Argun and Nubian Desert Oases Biodiversity in Egypt
    Conservation of Medemia argun and Nubian Desert Oases Biodiversity in Egypt 2008/2010 Final report Conservation of Medemia argun and Nubian Desert Oases Biodiversity in Egypt Conservation Leadership Programme, CLP Project ID: 080208 Project period: 2008-2010 Grant amount: 12.254 $ Team leader: Haitham Ibrahim 1 Team members: Khaled Noby 1, Mohamed Ezat 1, Ahmed Ebaid 1, Abeer Hassan 2, Walaa Saied 3, Samar Abd Elazim 1 and Hatem Mekki 1 1 Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency 2 South Valley University, Aswan 3 Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Regional Branch of Aswan, Organization: Protected Area of Aswan, Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental affairs Agency EEAA Report Editor and Correspondence person: Haitham Ibrahim Protected Areas of Aswan, Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Elsadat Road, Aswan 81111, Egypt Tell. +2012 2616 4277 Fax. +2097 2335 818 Email: [email protected] 2 CONTENTS Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Project personals 9 Aims and objectives 10 Study area 11 Fieldwork and research 15 Background 15 Planning and preparing 16 Aims 17 Methodology 18 Results 20 Discussion and conclusions 29 Education, awareness & community work 33 Conclusion 39 The completion of objectives 41 Outputs/outcomes 45 Recommendations 46 Acknowledgements 47 Address list and web links 48 Bibliography 52 Distribution list 55 3 ABSTRACT Medemia argun is a mysterious and little known palm. It has a cultural significant in Ancient Egypt. Fruits were discovered in Pharaonic tombs before the palm was discovered in a living state in the Nubian Desert of Sudan in 1837. It was presumed globally extinct until one female and a small number of juveniles were discovered in Dungul Oasis in 1963.
    [Show full text]
  • Palmtraits 1.0, a Species-Level Functional Trait Database of Palms Worldwide
    www.nature.com/scientificdata OPEN PalmTraits 1.0, a species-level Data Descriptor functional trait database of palms worldwide Received: 3 June 2019 W. Daniel Kissling 1, Henrik Balslev2, William J. Baker 3, John Dransfeld3, Bastian Göldel2, Accepted: 9 August 2019 Jun Ying Lim1, Renske E. Onstein4 & Jens-Christian Svenning2,5 Published: xx xx xxxx Plant traits are critical to plant form and function —including growth, survival and reproduction— and therefore shape fundamental aspects of population and ecosystem dynamics as well as ecosystem services. Here, we present a global species-level compilation of key functional traits for palms (Arecaceae), a plant family with keystone importance in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. We derived measurements of essential functional traits for all (>2500) palm species from key sources such as monographs, books, other scientifc publications, as well as herbarium collections. This includes traits related to growth form, stems, armature, leaves and fruits. Although many species are still lacking trait information, the standardized and global coverage of the data set will be important for supporting future studies in tropical ecology, rainforest evolution, paleoecology, biogeography, macroecology, macroevolution, global change biology and conservation. Potential uses are comparative eco- evolutionary studies, ecological research on community dynamics, plant-animal interactions and ecosystem functioning, studies on plant-based ecosystem services, as well as conservation science concerned with the loss and restoration of functional diversity in a changing world. Background & Summary Most ecosystems are composed of a large number of species with diferent characteristics. Tese characteristics (i.e. traits) refect morphological, reproductive, physiological, phenological, or behavioural measurements of spe- cies that are usually collected to study intraspecifc trait variation (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Arecaceae 1 Arecaceae
    Arecaceae 1 Arecaceae Arécacées Cocos nucifera Classification de Cronquist Règne Plantae Sous-règne Tracheobionta Division Magnoliophyta Classe Liliopsida Sous-classe Arecidae Ordre Arecales Famille Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, 1820 Synonymes Palmae Juss., 1789 Classification APG III Arecaceae 2 Classification APG III Clade Angiospermes Clade Monocotylédones Clade Commelinidées Ordre Arecales Famille Arecaceae Les palmiers, palmacées (Palmae) ou arécacées (Arecaceae) - les deux noms sont reconnus - forment une famille de plantes monocotylédones. Facilement reconnaissables à leur tige non ramifiée, le stipe, surmonté d'un bouquet de feuilles pennées ou palmées, les palmiers symbolisent les déserts chauds et les côtes et paysages tropicaux. Botanique La famille des arécacées comprend (selon Watson & Dallwitz) plus de 2 500 espèces réparties en plus de 200 genres, dans les régions tropicales, subtropicales et tempérées chaudes, de l'Afrique aux Amériques et à l'Asie : • Liste alphabétique des genres de la famille des Arecacées Conformément aux règles de la nomenclature scientifique, le nom de la famille découle de celui du genre le plus représentatif (dans le cas d'espèce, il s'agit du genre Areca, qui comprend notamment Areca catechu L., l'aréquier ou palmier à bétel). D'un point de vue botanique, les palmiers sont des monocotylédones et ne sont donc pas des arbres, mais des « herbes géantes » : ils ne possèdent pas de vrai bois au sens botanique, l'épaississement du stipe résultant de l'addition répétée de faisceaux appelée « croissance secondaire diffuse », processus différent de celui à l'origine de la formation du bois des dicotylédones et des gymnospermes. Cela n'empêche pas les Ceroxylon des Andes de posséder les plus hauts stipes du monde (40 à 60 m).
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Management in Complex Social Landscapes: a Case Study in Coastal New South Wales in Australia Mohammed Jahangir Alam University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Invasive plant management in complex social landscapes: a case study in coastal New South Wales in Australia Mohammed Jahangir Alam University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Alam, Mohammed Jahangir, Invasive plant management in complex social landscapes: a case study in coastal New South Wales in Australia, Master of Science thesis, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2012. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3703 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Wollongong Invasive plant management in complex social landscapes: a case study in coastal New South Wales in Australia Mohammed Jahangir Alam BSc. (H) in Forestry & Environmental Sciences University of Chittagong, Bangladesh Master of Professional Accounting University of Wollongong, Australia This thesis is submitted as part of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong MARCH, 2012 Thesis certification I, Mohammed J. Alam, declare that this thesis, submitted as part of the requirements for the award of Master of Science, in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This document has not been submitted for any qualifications at any other academic institution. Mohammed Alam March, 2012 ii Abstract Climate change, landowner diversity, human socio-cultural and political attitudes, the biological and ecological characteristics of invasive plants and the nature of the communities they invade are the major drivers of plant invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • Safflower {Carthamus Tinctorius L.)
    University of Alberta Environmental biosafety of field scale plant molecular farming with safflower {Carthamus tinctorius L.) by Marc Alexander McPherson © A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Edmonton, Alberta Spring, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45565-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45565-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Raphides in Palm Embryos and Their Systematic Distribution
    Annals of Botany 93: 415±421, 2004 doi:10.1093/aob/mch060, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org Raphides in Palm Embryos and their Systematic Distribution SCOTT ZONA* Fairchild Tropical Garden, 11935 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables (Miami), FL 33156-4242, USA Received: 25 July 2003 Returned for revision: 25 November 2003 Accepted: 18 December 2003 Published electronically: 23 February 2004 d Background and Aims Raphides are ubiquitous in the palms (Arecaceae), where they are found in roots, stems, leaves, ¯owers and fruits. Their occasional presence in embryos, ®rst noticed over 100 years ago, has gone lar- gely unexamined. d Methods Embryos from 148 taxa of palms, the largest survey of palm embryos to date, were examined using light microscopy of squashed preparations under non-polarized and crossed polarized light. d Key Results Raphides were found in embryos of species from the three subfamilies Coryphoideae, Ceroxyloideae and Arecoideae. Raphides were not observed in the embryos of species of Calamoideae or Phytelephantoideae. The remaining subfamily, the monospeci®c Nypoideae, was not available for study. d Conclusions Within the Coryphoideae and Ceroxyloideae, embryos with raphides were rare, but within the Arecoideae, they were a common feature of the tribes Areceae and Caryoteae. ã 2004 Annals of Botany Company Key words: Anatomy, Arecaceae, calcium oxalate, embryology, embryos, Palmae, raphides. INTRODUCTION lineages within the palm family. The purpose of this survey Raphides, bundles of needle-shaped crystals of calcium was to determine if raphides are con®ned to certain lineages and if they could be used as additional evidence of oxalate monohydrate in specialized cells, are found phylogenetic relationships.
    [Show full text]