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2003 Report on the Health of Colorado's Forests

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2003 Report on the Health of Colorado's Forests January 12, 2004 The 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests is the third installment in a series of publications intended to expand Coloradans’ knowledge of and interest in our state’s forest resources. Beginning in 2001, each of these Reports has presented valuable information on the diversity of our forests and highlighted some of the key issues that shape their current condition. At the heart of these documents is a challenge: What do we want from our forests and what do they need in order to continue to provide our desired benefits? The members of Colorado’s Forestry Advisory Board have presented this question to numerous audiences, ranging from local civic groups to state officials and various professional associations. A number of communities have taken-up our challenge and begun engaging their residents in a dialogue about the condition and stewardship of their forests. With the passage of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (H.R. 1904) in Congress, the need for local involvement in forest management becomes even more acute. Provisions in the bill give priority for funding and assistance to communities with a wildfire protection plan in place. While hazardous fuels are only one component of a forest’s condition, this new law should give local governments additional incentive to consider and plan for the health of their forest resources. Beginning in 2004, each annual Report will focus on the status of, research on, and management issues related to a particular forest type or combination of types. This series will commence with an exploration of the pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests that characterize much of the state’s high-risk wildland-urban interface. These focused reports will build on the foundation of previous editions by providing readers with a more detailed look at the particular forests that surround them, that characterize their watersheds, or that sustain important wildlife habitat. With this information we can begin working toward strategies that address the unique needs and opportunities of particular forest ecosystems. Thank you for taking time to consider these important issues. I hope you will find this Report a valuable resource for stimulating dialogue and promoting action in your own communities. Sincerely, Nancy Fishering Chairperson, Colorado Forestry Advisory Board Colorado Forestry Advisory Board Members: Don Ament Commissioner of Agriculture Tom Stone Tom Borden Commissioner, Eagle County, Colorado Private Landowner, Fort Collins, Colorado Greg Walcher Nancy Fishering Director, Colorado Dept. of Natural Resources Colorado Timber Industry Association Al Yates Doug Robotham Former President, Colorado State University Director, Trust for Public Land - Colorado 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests 1 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests Executive Summary Mild winters, warm, dry summers, and consecutive years of severe drought continue to place added pressure on Colorado’s already stressed forests. The outbreak of pinyon ips beetles that took much of the state by surprise last year expanded and began to reveal its true impact on the pinyon-juniper landscape of southern and southwestern Colorado. Infestations of mountain pine beetle have reached epidemic proportions in some locations and are dramatically increasing throughout the ponderosa and lodgepole pine forests of the state’s central mountains. Spruce beetle activity continues to intensify in the northcentral region affected by the 1997 Routt Divide blowdown, despite nearly two-thirds of the blowdown being consumed by fires in 2002. And the discovery of a previously unknown Eurasian elm bark beetle gave urban foresters new cause for concern. The summer of 2003 did not bring a repeat of the previous year’s dramatic wildfires, but the challenge of addressing fire-related impacts remained. Large fire incidents burned approxi- mately 675,000 acres in 2002, leaving many critical watersheds in need of both emergency and long-term rehabilitation. This year’s relatively mild fire season gave landowners and managers some breathing room to strengthen the public and resource protection treatments they initiated in the wake of last year’s events. The Colorado General Assembly expressed their concern for the state’s forest resources during their 2003 session by passing legislation that directs state land management agencies to work with the Colorado State Forest Service in actively managing all state-owned forests to meet a range of public values. This legislation facilitates the expansion of several already successful partnerships between the State Forest Service and the Department of Natural Resources. Sig- nificant new projects are underway that will set a standard for landscape-scale fuels reduction in the state. Change is natural in forested ecosystems. Even stand-replacing events can be part of the normal cycle of regeneration for forest types such as lodgepole pine and spruce-fir. But in lower elevation forests such as ponderosa pine and mixed conifer, the impacts of landscape- scale change can be devastating. For Coloradans, the central challenge remains one of informa- tion and choice. What do we want from our forests and what do they need in order to continue to provide our desired benefits? The goal of this and previous Reports on the Health of Colorado’s Forests is to inform and promote public dialogue regarding the management of our state’s forest resources. Beginning in 2004, the format for these Reports will change to one that focuses on the status of and issues related to a particular forest type or combination of types. This series will begin with an explo- ration of the lower elevation pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests that characterize much of the state’s high-risk wildland-urban interface. These forests have been most affected by previous decades of fire exclusion and changing land management objectives. They also offer the greatest opportunity for diverse stakeholders to work together at the local level on projects that increase community protection while improving forest conditions on the ground. 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests 1 Insect and Disease Activity Insect and disease activity during 2003 continued to reflect the heavy hand of long-term drought. Even normally drought-hardy trees such as juniper show signs of extreme distress in several parts of the state. Both native and non-native insects are taking full advantage of this vulnerable forest condition to feed and reproduce at extraordinary levels. Relatively mild weather in recent years has further compounded the situation by allowing bark beetles and other insects to survive in greater numbers through the winter, begin their annual move- ments earlier in the spring, and continue their activity longer into the fall. A graphic indicator of the state’s abnormally dry conditions occurred in southwestern Colorado where selected aspen forests took the unusual step of producing prolific amounts of seed in mid-summer. Though still alive, these trees redirected their energy toward “emergency” seed production that would provide for continuation of the spe- cies. Visible impacts of low water levels are also evident in widespread mortality of cot- 1. An aspen forest in southwest Colorado displays tonwoods throughout the San Luis Valley, on extreme drought stress by “going to seed” in the eastern plains and in the southwestern midsummer. corner of the state. Although most of Colorado’s insect and disease activity involves native species, the discov- ery of an exotic elm bark beetle in many parts of the state reveals the far-reaching impacts of international commerce and highlights the importance of vigilant detection and treatment of non-native pests. The observation of white pine blister rust cankers in previously unaffected locations and species also gave Colorado forest managers additional cause for concern. Natural cycles of insect and disease outbreaks are an important component of a functioning forest ecosystem.1 The most effective way to reduce large-scale damage in areas of high public value is to reduce stress or alleviate competition, thereby restoring natural forest resilience, prior to insect or disease attack. Once infestation has begun, management options are limited. Pinyon Ips Beetle (Ips confusus) The native pinyon ips beetle continues to decimate pinyon pines throughout the southern Front Range and southwestern Colorado, killing an estimated 1 million trees and causing up to 80 percent mortality in some areas of the state. Although it is not regarded as an aggressive beetle, the insect is taking advantage of ideal conditions created by long-term drought and overly dense pinyon-juniper landscapes. 1 For additional information on Colorado’s forest types, historic conditions, and current forest health issues, see The 2001 Report on the Condition of Colorado’s Forests and The 2002 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests, available on the Web at http://forestry.state.co.us. 2 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests 2003 Report on the Health of Colorado’s Forests 3 For the first time, the United States Forest Service (USFS) is conducting special aerial surveys to delineate the range and severity of this infestation. Although the project is not yet complete, early results from the Cortez area are indicative of the larger problem. Along the Front Range, pinyon ips beetles are now affecting native pinyon stands as far north as Poncha Springs and the Garden of the Gods near Colorado Springs. The explosion of pinyon ips in areas of the southeastern plains caps a long-term trend in pinyon pine decline that has resulted in forests characterized by mostly dead-standing and deadfall pinyon. Mortality is increasingly evident in Huerfano and Las Animas Counties. La Junta and surrounding communities report that the beetles have moved out of the forest and into town killing up to 80 percent of the pinyon along streets and in neighborhoods. Land managers and volunteers are working at Lathrop State Park near La Veta to harvest and remove heavily infested pinyon stands in an effort to slow the beetle’s expansion.
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