A New Industrial Age

What impact did scientific discoveries and manufacturing processes have on the nature of work, the American labor movement and American businesses?

______You will each choose the name of an American invention, year of invention, and inventor. Rate your invention on a scale of 1-10 in terms of the impact that your invention had on American life. Make sure and consider all of the consequences of your invention: political, social and economic.

1 = had very little or no impact on American life 10 = had a very significant impact on American life.

Make sure that you can justify your answer! (Why did you assign your invention the number that you did?) Make sure that you can put your invention within the greater historical context of the time period: what other events or developments at the same time may have impacted the development of your invention? U. S. Patents Granted

A patent protects an invention for 20 years from the date the patent is applied for with the patent office. The patent number, or the term "patent pending," is placed somewhere on the product or the packaging.

1790s à 276 patents issued. 1990s à 1,119,220 patents issued. What kept these inventors from obtaining patents on their own?

• Chelsea Lannon invented a diaper with a pocket to hold a baby wipe and baby powder, but she couldn’t get a patent without some help.

• The Thompson sisters, Theresa and Mary, invented a solar tepee and called it a “Wigwarm.” Pretty clever name, but the sisters weren’t able to get a patent on their own.

• Suzanna Goodin invented an edible spoon-shaped cracker. She even won a grand prize for her invention yet she, too, needed some help to get a patent.

Why couldn't’t these young women get patents on their own? Was it because property laws prevented women from owning property, including patents, during part of the 1700’s and 1800’s?

It was because they weren’t even 10 years old yet! Young Ms. Lannon was only 8 years old when she invented the diaper with a pocket in 1994, and the Thompson sisters were only 8 and 9 when they invented their solar teepee in 1960. Ms. Goodin was only 6 when she invented her prize-winning edible spoon-shaped cracker. ______Thomas Edison was 21 when he received his first patent, which was for a vote counter intended to speed things up in Congress. Margaret Knight was 30 when she invented the machine that makes the square-bottom paper bags in 1871, and that type of bag is still being used today. Alexander Graham Bell was 29 when he invented the telephone in 1876. Mattel co-founder Ruth Handler was 43 years old when she introduced the world to the Barbie Doll in 1959. You will form a team of entrepreneurs who will develop an invention. This invention will be either brand new or represent an improvement of an existing invention. Your team will make a pitch to the “sharks” (ie: me and your classmates) in an effort to secure funds for your project.

You MUST be persuasive! Your invention must make everyday life easier! Your invention MUST be unique! Growth in Industrialization was fueled Abundant supply of by several factors: natural resources promised fuel for industrial factories Improved transportation methods expanded trade from coast to coast

Opening of international markets Late 1800s, US experienced a population shift from rural to urban areas

Immigrants were entering the country in record numbers C 6 sec 1: The Expansion of Industry

Every SUITCASE Tells a Story…………… November 16/ December 16

Issac Singer 1851 sewing machine George Pullman 1857 railroad sleeping car William Blackstone 1857 washing machine 1794 Cotton Gin Elisha Otis 1861 elevator 1797 Interchangeable Linus Yale 1861 cylinder lock Parts Dr. Richard Gatling 1862 machine gun 1803 Spray Gun Alexander Parkes 1862 plastic 1806 Coffee Pot Christopher Sholes 1867 typewriter 1807 Steamboat Joseph Glidden 1873 barbed wire 1813 Armored Warship Alexander Graham Bell 1876 telephone 1814 Iron Plough Melville Bissell 1876 carpet sweeper 1817 Erie Canal Thomas Edison 1877 cylinder phonograph 1836 Revolver E Muybridge 1877 first moving picture 1840 Paint Tube Thomas Edison 1879 incandescent light bulb 1842 Ether Anesthesia Gustavus Swift 1880 refrigerated RR car 1843 Vulcanized Rubber John Pemberton 1886 Coca-Cola 1844 Telegraph Cyrus Field 1886 transatlantic cable 1845 False Teeth Adolph Frick 1887 first contact lenses 1846 Cylinder Printing Press George Eastman 1888 first lightweight camera 1859 Oil well Joshua Pusey 1889 matchbook C & J. Frank Duryea 1893 gasoline powered car W. L. Judson 1893 zipper Edwin Prescott 1893 roller coaster Horatio Alger?? Willis Carrier 1902 air conditioner Mary Anderson 1903 windshield wipers Orville &Wilbur Wright 1903 airplane Benjamin Holt 1904 tractor Lester Wise 1912 (red/green) electric traffic light Oil and Steel Production 1865 = Steel production = 15,000 tons 1910 = Steel production = 25-28 million tons Henry Bessemer (US) and William Kelly (GB): perfected hot air pressure method for transforming iron ore to steel- making steel easy and cost effective. $100/ ton in 1873 $12/ ton in 1890s Bessemer Process = 89% of all RR track by 1897. 90% of all steel by 1890 Uses for Steel? Oil Production = Edwin Drake 1. Railroads (“Drake’s Folly”) 2.Industry 1859 Titusville, PA 3.Bridges Drilled down 69 ½ ft 4.Construction World’s first commercial oil well

Elijah McCoy?

• Born in 1844 • Parents were fugitive slaves who escaped to Canada

• Settled in Ypsilanti, MI • Held 57 patents most having to do with improving the lubricating systems in railroad engines which made trains run faster and more efficiently

• First patent issued in 1872

“The Real McCoy!”

Flatiron Building (1902) 23rd St, 5th Ave, Broadway in May 1854, at the Crystal Palace in New York City, Elisha Otis created public interest with a daring demonstration. He was hoisted high in the air on a platform fitted with his safety feature. When he called for the rope to be cut, the safety device stopped his fall.

Otis received a patent on January 15, 1861 for an "Improvement in Hoisting Apparatus," which is considered the first patent for a modern elevator. He died later that year. Impact of these Inventions on American Life?

Nikolaus A. Otto

Charles and J. Frank Duryea (Henry Ford)

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Samuel Morse

Alexander Graham Bell

Christopher Shoales

Thomas Alva Edison

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla “I have not failed. I have merely found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Vote Recorder (1868) Printing Telegraph (1869) Stock Ticker (1869) Automatic Telegraph (1872) Electric Pen (1876) Carbon Telephone Transmitter (1877) Phonograph (1877) “I will deliver a Dynamo (1879) minor invention Incandescent Electric Lamp (1879) every ten days Electric Motor (1881) and a big thing Talking Doll (1886) every six months ” Projecting Kinetoscope film projector (1897) or so Storage Battery (1900) The Phonograph (1877)

Thomas Alva Edison

1,093 U.S. patents

“To invent, you need a good imagination and a pile of junk.” – Thomas Alva Edison

The Motion Picture Camera (1888) Alternate Current

Westinghouse Lamp ad

AC systems overcame the limitations of the direct current system used by Thomas Edison to George Westinghouse distribute electricity efficiently over long distances. “Model T” Prices & Sales

“Model T “introduced October 1, 1908

I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product! - Henry Ford Telephone 1876

Alexander Graham Bell

New York- Chicago long distance line 1892 How do these inventions affect the growth of cities and the development of industry?

• Office work changes; by 1910, women are 40% of clerical workers • Inventions impact factory work, lead to industrialization — clothing factories hire many women • Industrialization makes jobs easier; improves standard of living — by 1890, average workweek 10 hours shorter — as consumers, workers regain power in market

BUT…….. Homework

questions Section 1?

• Some laborers think mechanization reduces value of human worker