DOCSLIB.ORG

MONOTERPENE METABOLISM of MENTHA and ITS CELL CULTURES by MICHAEL JOHN HUDSON a Thesis Submitted in Part Fulfillment for The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MONOTERPENE METABOLISM of MENTHA and ITS CELL CULTURES by MICHAEL JOHN HUDSON a Thesis Submitted in Part Fulfillment for The MONOTERPENE METABOLISM OF MENTHA AND ITS CELL CULTURES BY MICHAEL JOHN HUDSON A thesis submitted in part fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, and for the Diploma of Membership of the Imperial College. Department of Pure and Applied Biology Imperial College of Science and Technology London, SW7 -2- ABSTRACT The production and modification of monoterpenes has been studied using cell cultures of Mentha piperita, and comparison drawn with # the intact plant whenever possible. In vegetative plants the accumulation of an essential oil; containing many related forms of monoterpenes; was shown to be associated with morphological differentiation; leaf and shoot tissues bearing distinct oil glands. More than 85% of the total plant monoterpenes were found to be located in the leaf epidermal glands. The parenchyma of vegetative plants was shown to contain the 5-carbon compounds; 2-methyl butan-l-ol and 2-methyl butan-l-al; possibly derived from progenitors of monoterpenes; together with trace amounts of alpha-terpinene, 1-menthol, menthyl acetate, and menthyl-glucoside. Light was not a prerequisite for monoterpene biosynthesis since these materials were also detected in etiolated shoots. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the oil occurring during leaf development have been documented, indicating substained active metabolism of these compounds. Callus and cell suspension cultures exhibited a similar "monoterpene profile" as parenchymatous cells of the intact plant. In an attempt to stimulate the accumulation of monoterpenes, the primary growth of cell cultures was restricted by gibberellic acid, chlorocholine chloride and colchicine or exposure to stress factors such as paraquat, ethephon and abscisic acid, all with negative results. Potential precursors of monoterpenes were actively metabolised by cell cultures, but did not lead to an increase in the yield or diversity of monoterpene end-products, even when applied in * conjunction with beta-ionone or retinol. Cultures were capable of interconverting certain exogenously applied monoterpenes, but were unable to accumulate the monoterpene products from this activity. « 4 -3- « Mentha cell cultures proved particularly recalitrant towards shoot regeneration; limiting an assessment of the genetic stability of cultures, and the direct control of differentiation as a means of increasing the accumulation of monoterpenes. The implications of this work have been discussed in relation to the possible commercial exploitation of plant tissue cultures for the production and modification of scarce or complex natural materials. % * ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented herein owes much to the encouragement and interest shown by my friends and colleagues. In particular I should like to thank Dr. A. Goldsworthy of Imperial College for his lively discussion and attentive supervision, and the Science and Engineering Research Council for supporting my work under the CASE scheme. Bush Boake Allen Ltd sponsored this research and Dr. W.D. Fordham introduced me to the world of flavours and fragrances. My thanks are extended to the Trustees of "The Spencer Industrial Arts Trust", in Coventry, whose support enabled me to make an academic visit to fellow workers in North America. W.D. Loomis (Oregon State University), R. Croteau (Washington State University) P.M. Townsley (University of British Colombia), B.M. Lawrence (R.J. Reynolds Ltd) and R. Carrington (Mint Industry Research Council) have all guided my thoughts at one time or another. Finally, my wife, Diane, who has shown patience and encouragement during my studies. I dedicate this thesis to her and our family. -5- CONTENTS Title ^ Ab s t rac t Acknowledgement s Contents List of tables List of figures List of plates Abbreviations 1. INTRODUCTION % 2. MONOTERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS - literature review 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3. 1 Plant material 3.2 Growth conditions • 3.3 Isolation of Terpenoid Compounds 3.3. 1 Steam distillation 3.3.2 Direct volatilisation gas liquid chromatography 3.3.3 Terpene - glycosides 3.4 Analytical Procedures • 3.4. 1 Analysis of reference materials 3.4.2 Gas-liquid chromatography - working method 3.4.2 Data storage system 3.5 Intact Plant Studies 3.3. 1 Development of essential oil during ontogenesis 3.5.2 Leaf surface topography - scanning electron microscopy 3.5.3 Localisation of essential oil 3.5.4 Oil gland ultrastructure and development - Light microscopy - Vital staining - Transmission election microscopy 3.5.5 Ultrastruetural localisation of beta-D-glucosidase -6- 3.6 Plant Tissue and Cell Culture Studies 3.6.1 Initiation and maintenance 3.6.2 Basal terpenoid metabolism 3.6.3 Environmental effects 3.6.4 Inhibition of primary growth 3.6.5 Chemical and physical stress 3.6.6 Substrate availability 3.6.7 Chemical regulation 3.6.8 Enzymatic potential 3.6.9 Cellular compartmentation 3.6.10 Morphological differentiation 4. RESULTS 4.1 Development of Plant Material 4.2 Isolation of Terpenoid Compounds 4.2.1 Steam distillation 4.2.2 Direct volatilisation gas liquid chromatography 4.2.3 Quantification of terpene - glycosides 4.3 Analysis of Terpenoid Compounds 4.3.1 Reference materials 4.3.2 Gas liquid chromatography - working method 4.4 Intact Plant Studies 4.4.1 Development of essential oil during ontogenesis 4.4.2 Leaf surface topography - scanning electron microscopy 4.4.3 Localisation of essential oil 4.4.4 Oil gland ultrastructure and development - Light microscopy - Vital staining - Transmission electron microscopy 4.4.5 Ultrastructural localisation of beta-D-glucosidase 4.5 Plant Tissue and Cell Culture Studies 4.3.1 Growth kinetics 4.3.2 Basal terpenoid metabolism 4.3.3 Environmental effects 4.3.4 Inhibition of primary growth 4.3.5 Chemical and physical stress 4.3.6 Substrate availability 4.3.7 Chemical regulation 4.3.8 Enzymatic potential 4.3.9 Cellular compartmentation 4.3.10 Morphological differentiation 5. DISCUSSION 6. SUMMARY 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 8. APPENDICES * TABLES Reported Constituents of the Oil of Peppermint Major Genetic Studies in Mentha Characterisation and identification of essential oil components in Willamette and Yakima Peppermint Oils. Components isolated from M piperita essential oil by GLC working method. Development of leaf monoterpenes in M piperita Main terpenoids of isolated glands and leaf tissue identified by direct-volatilisation GLC. Main terpenoids of stem epidermis and internal tissues identified by direct-volatilisation GLC. The effect of PVA treatment on recovery of essential oil from leaf tissues of M piperita. Differential staining of M piperita tissues by toluidine blue. Basal terpenoid metabolism of M piperita suspension cultures during the growth cycle. The effect of plant cell culture conditions on the essential oil yield of regenerated M piperita plantlets. -8- 12. The effect of light intensity upon the essential oil yield of M piperita plantlets regenerated under plant cell culture conditions. 13. Monoterpene composition of essential oils from light and dark grown M piperita plantlets. 14. Biotransformation of monoterpenes by M piperita cell cultures. -9- FIGURES 1 Products of terpenoid metabolism in higher plants. 2 The biosynthesis of monoterpenes. • 3 Monoterpene interconversions in the Genus Mentha. 4 Likens - Nickerson micro distillation unit. 5 Direct-volatilisation GLC injection unit. 6 Synthesis of 1-menthyl glucopyranosides. 7 The data storage system input channel. 8 The data storage system output channel. 9 Histochemical localisation of beta-glucosidase. • 10 The effect of distillation period upon recovery of monoterpenes. 11 The effect of direct-volatilisation period upon recovery of monoterpenes. 12 Essential oil profile of midstem leaves, by direct-volatilisation GLC. 13 The effect of acid pretreatment on release and recovery of bound menthol from midstem leaves of M piperita. 14 Essential oil profile of M piperita (Yakima) by high resolution GLC. • 15 Essential oil profile of M piperita (Yakima) by working method. 16 Changes in the total monoterpene content of M piperita leaves during their development. 17 Concentration of monoterpenes during leaf • development. 18 Variation in major monoterpenes during leaf development. • Variation in "Free" and "Bound" menthol during leaf-development. Comparison of volatiles recovered from M piperita stem epidermis and internal tissues by direct-volatilisation GLC. Schematic representation of M piperita glandular triehome. The effect of 2,4-D and BAP upon initiation and dry weight gain of M piperita callus. Growth cycle (cell density mg ml“^ dry weight) of M piperita suspension cultures. Growth cycle (conductivity mMhos) of M piperita suspension cultures. The effect of PVP upon dry weight gain of M piperita suspension cultures. The effect of CCC, GA3, colchicine and regulator removal on the growth of M piperita suspension cultures. The metabolism of beta-methyl crotonic acid and dimethylallyl alcohol by M piperita suspension cultures. The metabolism of beta-ionone by M piperita suspension cultures. The biotransformation of geraniol by M piperita cell cultures. The biotransformation of pulegone by M piperita cell cultures. The biotransformation of menthone by M piperita cell cultures. The biotransformation of menthol by M piperita cell cultures. Products of geraniol biotransformation. - 11- PLATES • 1 Data storage system - recording 2 Data storage system - computation 3 Lower epidermis of M piperita illustrating variety of epidermal appendages (SEM). 4 Upper epidermis of M piperita leaf showing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Regulation of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Relation to Fragrance
    Molecular Regulation of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Mazen K. El Tamer Promotor: Prof. Dr. A.G.J Voragen, hoogleraar in de Levensmiddelenchemie, Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren: Dr. ir. H.J Bouwmeester, senior onderzoeker, Business Unit Celcybernetica, Plant Research International Dr. ir. J.P Roozen, departement Agrotechnologie en Voedingswetenschappen, Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Dr. M.C.R Franssen, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. J.H.A Kroeze, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. A.J van Tunen, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Prof. Dr. R.G.F Visser, Wageningen Universiteit Mazen K. El Tamer Molecular Regulation Of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 27 november 2002 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Mazen K. El Tamer Molecular Regulation Of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Proefschrift Wageningen Universiteit ISBN 90-5808-752-2 Cover and Invitation Design: Zeina K. El Tamer This thesis is dedicated to my Family & Friends Contents Abbreviations Chapter 1 General introduction and scope of the thesis 1 Chapter 2 Monoterpene biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon) cDNA isolation 21 and functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases Chapter 3 Domain swapping of Citrus limon monoterpene synthases: Impact 57 on enzymatic activity and
    [Show full text]
  • And Their OH Reactivity in Various Agro-Ecosystems Sandy Bsaibes
    Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and their OH reactivity in various agro-ecosystems Sandy Bsaibes To cite this version: Sandy Bsaibes. Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and their OH reactivity in various agro-ecosystems. Global Changes. Université Paris-Saclay, 2019. English. NNT : 2019SACLV093. tel-02614381 HAL Id: tel-02614381 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02614381 Submitted on 20 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their OH reactivity in various : 2019SACLV093 agro-ecosystems NNT Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Saclay Préparée à l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Ecole doctorale n°129 Sciences de l’Environnement d’île-de-France (SEIF) Spécialité de doctorat : chimie atmosphérique Thèse présentée et soutenue à Gif-sur-Yvette, le 12 Décembre 2019 par Sandy Bsaibes Composition du Jury : Didier Hauglustaine Directeur de Recherche, LSCE, CNRS Président Agnès Borbon Chargée de Recherche, LaMP, CNRS Rapporteur Jonathan Williams Senior Scientist, MPIC Rapporteur Corinne Jambert Maître de conférences, LA Examinateur Benjamin Loubet Directeur de Recherche, Ecosys, INRA Examinateur Valérie Gros Directeur de Recherche, LSCE, CNRS Directeur de thèse Contents Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hinokitiol Production in Suspension Cells of Thujopsis Dolabrata Var
    55 Original Papers Plant Tissue Culture Letters, 12(1), 55-61(1995) Hinokitiol Production in Suspension Cells of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai Makino Ryo FUJII, Kazuo OZAKI, Migifumi INO and Hitoshi WATANABE Integrated Technology Laboratories, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. 11, Ichijoji-takenouchi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606 Japan (Received May 19, 1994) (Accepted October 8, 1994) Suspension cells of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai Makino were used as the material for studying the culture conditions by a two-step culture method (cell growth step and secondary metabolite production step) for the production of hinokitiol (Q-thujaplicin). Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing N03-N and NH4-N in the ratio 3-5:1 (total nitrogen 30-75 mM) with 1.0mg/l NAA and 0.2mg/l TDZ was most desirable for cell growth (MS-O medium). The growth showed 14-fold increase after 30 days of culture in this medium. A higher ratio of NH4-N to total nitrogen resulted in hinokitiol accumulation in the cells. When the cells were transferred to the modified MS-O medium with the ratio of N03-N:NH4-N changed to 1:2 (MS-PC medium), an increase of hinokitiol level was observed. Also feeding acetates to the medium enhanced hinokitiol accumula- tion considerably. The highest hinokitiol content of 422tg/g FW was obtained when the cells were cultured in MS-O medium supplemented with 4.3mM acetic acid. Introduction An irregular monoterpene hinokitiol (B-thujaplicin) is widely present in the heartwood of the families Cupressaceae1). Hinokitiol has antimicrobial properties, and recently it has been indicated that hinokitiol suppresses ethylene synthesis and respiration of some fruits and vegetables.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Broad Leaved and Coniferous Trees in Turkey
    Environmental Impact II 647 Comparison of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from broad leaved and coniferous trees in Turkey Y. M. Aydin1, B. Yaman1, H. Koca1, H. Altiok1, Y. Dumanoglu1, M. Kara1, A. Bayram1, D. Tolunay2, M. Odabasi1 & T. Elbir1 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey 2Department of Soil Science and Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Turkey Abstract Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from thirty-eight tree species (twenty broad leaved and eighteen coniferous) grown in Turkey were measured. BVOC samples were collected with a specialized dynamic enclosure technique in forest areas where these tree species are naturally grown. In this method, the branches were enclosed in transparent nalofan bags maintaining their natural conditions and avoiding any source of stress. The air samples from the inlet and outlet of the bags were collected on an adsorbent tube containing Tenax. Samples were analyzed using a thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system. Sixty-five BVOC compounds were analyzed in five major groups: isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpens, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other oxygenated VOCs. Emission factors were calculated and adjusted to standard conditions (1000 μmol/m2 s photosynthetically active radiation-PAR and 30°C temperature). Consistent with the literature, broad leaved trees emitted mainly isoprene while the coniferous trees emitted mainly monoterpenes. Even though fir species are coniferous trees, they emitted significant amounts of isoprene in addition to monoterpenes. Oak species showed a large inter-species variability in their emissions. Pine species emitted mainly monoterpenes and substantial amounts of oxygenated compounds. Keywords: BVOC emissions, dynamic enclosure system, emission factor, Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Applications of Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry for Homeland Security: Trace Detection of Explosives
    DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF PROTON TRANSFER REACTION-MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR HOMELAND SECURITY: TRACE DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES by Ramón González-Méndez, MSc A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Physics and Astronomy The University of Birmingham, UK February 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis investigates the challenging task of sensitive and selective trace detection of explosive compounds by means of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). In order to address this, new analytical strategies and hardware improvements, leading to new methodologies and analytical tools, have been developed and tested. These are, in order of the Chapters presented in this thesis, the switching of reagent ions, the implementation of a novel thermal desorption unit, and the use of an ion funnel drift tube or fast reduced electric field switching to modify the ion chemistry. In addition to these, a more fundamental study has been undertaken to investigate the reactions of picric acid (PiA) with a number of different reagent ions. The novel approaches described in this thesis have improved the PTR-MS technique by making it more versatile in terms of its analytical performance, namely providing assignment of chemical compounds with high confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-Gc Analysis
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 January 2016 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00002 Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-GC Analysis Anne E. Harman-Ware1* , Robert Sykes1 , Gary F. Peter2 and Mark Davis1 1 National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, 2 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Terpenoids, naturally occurring compounds derived from isoprene units present in pine oleoresin, are a valuable source of chemicals used in solvents, fragrances, flavors, and have shown potential use as a biofuel. This paper describes a method to extract and analyze the terpenoids present in loblolly pine saplings and pine lighter wood. Various extraction solvents were tested over different times and temperatures. Samples were analyzed by pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry before and after extractions to monitor the extraction efficiency. The pyrolysis studies indicated that the optimal extraction method used a 1:1 hexane/acetone solvent system at 22°C for 1 h. Extracts from the hexane/acetone experiments were analyzed using a low thermal mass modular accelerated column heater for fast-GC/FID analysis. The most abundant terpenoids from Edited by: the pine samples were quantified, using standard curves, and included the monoter- Subba Rao Chaganti, University of Windsor, Canada penes, α- and β-pinene, camphene, and δ-carene. Sesquiterpenes analyzed included Reviewed by: caryophyllene, humulene, and α-bisabolene. Diterpenoid resin acids were quantified in Yu-Shen Cheng, derivatized extractions, including pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabi- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan etic, abietic, and neoabietic acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (Bvocs)
    1 Estimation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) 2 emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem in China using real-time 3 remote sensing data 4 M. Li, X. Huang, J. Li and Y. Song* 5 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, 6 Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 7 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 8 Abstract 9 Because of the high emission rate and reactivity, biogenic volatile organic 10 compounds (BVOCs) play a significant role in the terrestrial ecosystems, human health, 11 secondary pollution, global climate change and the global carbon cycle. Past 12 estimations of BVOC emissions in China on the national scale were based on outdated 13 empirical algorithms suggested around 10 years ago and coarsely-resolved 14 meteorological data, and there have been significant aging of the land surface 15 parameters in dynamic meteorological models and BVOC estimation models, leading 16 to large inaccuracies in the estimated results. To refine BVOC emission estimations for 17 China, we used the latest algorithms of MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and 18 Aerosols from Nature), with modified MM5 (the Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model) 19 providing highly resolved meteorological data, to estimate the biogenic emissions of 20 VOCs for China in 2006. Real-time MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging 21 Spectroradiometer) land-use and vegetative cover data were introduced in MM5 to 22 replace the land surface parameters and to improve the simulation performance of 23 MM5. Highly-resolved 8-day MODIS leaf area index (LAI) data were also used to 24 determine the influence of LAI and leaf age deviation from standard conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (Ptr-Ms)
    28 PROTON TRANSFER REACTION MASS SPECTROMETRY ( PTR - MS ) Yujie Wang , Chengyin Shen , Jianquan Li , Haihe Jiang , and Yannan Chu 28.1 INTRODUCTION is measured. If a chromatographic separation method is not used prior to MS, then the resulting mass spectra Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry ( PTR - MS ) from EI may be so complicated that identifi cation and was fi rst developed at the Institute of Ion Physics of quantifi cation of the compounds can be very diffi cult. In Innsbruck University in the 1990s. Nowadays, PTR - MS PTR - MS instrument, the hollow cathode discharge is is a well - developed and commercially available tech- served as a typical ion source [1] , although plane elec- nique for the on - line monitoring of trace volatile organic trode direct current discharge [2] and radioactive ion- compound s ( VOC s) down to parts per trillion by volume ization sources [3] recently have been reported. All of (ppt) level. PTR - MS has some advantages such as rapid the ion sources are used to generate clean and intense + response, soft chemical ionization ( CI ), absolute quan- primary reagent ions like H3 O . Water vapor is a regular tifi cation, and high sensitivity. In general, a standard gas in the hollow cathode discharge where H2 O mole- PTR - MS instrument consists of external ion source, cule can be ionized according to the following ways [4] : drift tube, and mass analysis detection system. Figure 28.1 illustrates the basic composition of the PTR - MS + ee+→++HO22 H O 2, (28.1) instrument constructed in our laboratory using a quad- +→+++ rupole mass spectrometer as the detection system.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Comparison of Essential Oil Components Extracted from the Heartwoods of Leyland Cypress, Alaska Yellow Cedar, and Monterey Cypress
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Xinfeng Liu for the degree of Master of Science in Wood Science presented on March 17, 2009. Title: Analysis and Comparison of Essential Oil Components Extracted from the Heartwoods of Leyland Cypress, Alaska Yellow Cedar, and Monterey Cypress. Abstract approved: ___________________________ Joseph J. Karchesy The essential oil components of cedar heartwoods play an important role in the durability of these trees. Yet, the composition of these oils and identity of many of the compounds remains unknown, or incompletely know for some commercially important cedar heartwoods. The essential oil extracts of Alaska Yellow Cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), and Leyland Cypress (xCupressoparis leylandii ) which is an intergenetic hybrid of the first two species is such a case. GC-MS analyses were carried out on the heartwood essential oil extracts of these three species in order to determine the chemical composition of each essential oil and to compare the composition of the intergenetic hybrid (Leyland Cypress) with its parent species. Analyses were carried out on both steam distilled (6 and 12 hour) and solvent extracted oils. For example in the 6 hour distilled oils, Carvacrol was the major component of all three oils, 27% (Alaska Cedar), 67% (Leyland Cypress) and 82% (Monterey Cypress). Terpinen-4-ol and nootkatin were also found in all three oils, but in lesser amounts (3-6%). Only the oils from Alaska cedar and Leyland cypress contained the eremophilane sesquiterpenoids valencene, nootkatene, epinootkatol, nootkatol, 13-hydroxy valencene and nootkatone. This family of compounds was completely absent in Monterey cypress oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Process-Based Modelling of Biogenic Monoterpene Emissions Combining Production and Release from Storage
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3409–3423, 2009 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3409/2009/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Chemistry the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions combining production and release from storage G. Schurgers1, A. Arneth1,2, R. Holzinger3, and A. H. Goldstein4 1Lund University, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Solvegatan¨ 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden 2University of Helsinki, Department of Physical Sciences, Helsinki, Finland 3Utrecht University, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA Received: 25 September 2008 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 6 January 2009 Revised: 3 April 2009 – Accepted: 7 May 2009 – Published: 27 May 2009 Abstract. Monoterpenes, primarily emitted by terrestrial Applied on a global scale, the first algorithm resulted in vegetation, can influence atmospheric ozone chemistry, and annual total emissions of 29.6 Tg C a−1, the second algo- can form precursors for secondary organic aerosol. The rithm resulted in 31.8 Tg C a−1 when applying the correction short-term emissions of monoterpenes have been well stud- factor 2 between emission capacities and production capac- ied and understood, but their long-term variability, which ities. However, the exact magnitude of such a correction is is particularly important for atmospheric chemistry,
    [Show full text]
  • Menthol: a Simple Monoterpene with Remarkable Biological Properties ⇑ Guy P.P
    Phytochemistry xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Molecules of Interest Menthol: A simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties ⇑ Guy P.P. Kamatou a, Ilze Vermaak a, Alvaro M. Viljoen a,b, , Brian M. Lawrence c a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia c Winston-Salem, NC 27104, USA article info abstract Article history: Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol which possesses well-known cooling characteristics and a resid- Received 8 June 2013 ual minty smell of the oil remnants from which it was obtained. Because of these attributes it is one of the Accepted 9 August 2013 most important flavouring additives besides vanilla and citrus. Due to this reason it is used in a variety of Available online xxxx consumer products ranging from confections such as chocolate and chewing gum to oral-care products such as toothpaste as well as in over-the-counter medicinal products for its cooling and biological effects. Keywords: Its cooling effects are not exclusive to medicinal use. Approximately one quarter of the cigarettes on the Biological activity market contain menthol and small amounts of menthol are even included in non-mentholated cigarettes. Cooling effects Natural menthol is isolated exclusively from Mentha canadensis, but can also be synthesised on industrial Flavour Mentha canadensis scale through various processes. Although menthol exists in eight stereoisomeric forms, (À)-menthol Mentha piperita from the natural source and synthesised menthol with the same structure is the most preferred isomer.
    [Show full text]
  • Age and Body Condition of Goats Influence Consumption of Juniper and Monoterpene-Treated Feed
    Age and Body Condition of Goats Influence Consumption of Juniper and Monoterpene-Treated Feed Item Type text; Article Authors Frost, Rachel A.; Launchbaugh, Karen L.; Taylor, Charles A. Citation Frost, R. A., Launchbaugh, K. L., & Taylor, C. A. (2008). Age and body condition of goats influence consumption of juniper and monoterpene-treated feed. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 61(1), 48-54. DOI 10.2111/06-160R1.1 Publisher Society for Range Management Journal Rangeland Ecology & Management Rights Copyright © Society for Range Management. Download date 23/09/2021 16:50:36 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642924 Rangeland Ecol Manage 61:48–54 | January 2008 Age and Body Condition of Goats Influence Consumption of Juniper and Monoterpene-Treated Feed Rachel A. Frost,1 Karen L. Launchbaugh,2 and Charles A. Taylor, Jr.3 Authors are 1Post Doctoral Research and Extension Associate, Animal and Range Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; 2Associate Professor, Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844; and 3Professor, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Sonora, TX 76950. Abstract Redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii Sudworth) is an invasive, evergreen tree that is rapidly expanding throughout western and central Texas. Goats will consume some juniper on rangelands; however, intake is limited. The objective of our research was to determine how the age and body condition of goats influence their consumption of juniper and an artificial feed containing 4 monoterpenes. Two separate experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the intake of redberry juniper foliage and used 39 goats either young (2 yr) or mature (.
    [Show full text]