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• The state government now makes annual cash payments to all Permanent Fund Dividends Per Person, 1982-2008 residents. The state can’t spend the principal of the (Not Adjusted for In ation) ’s People and Economy, 1867-2009 Permanent Fund, but it can spend the earnings—money from $1963.86 the fund’s investments. Since the , the state has used part $1850.28 $2,069b of the fund earnings for a program that’s unique among the $1,000a $952.63 $990.30 Prepared by ISER Faculty and Staff states: annual cash payments to all Alaska residents. Those pay- $404 ments (Permanent Fund “dividends”) fluctuate a lot, depending UA Research Summary No.15 • September 2009 1982 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008 Institute of Social and Economic Research • University of Alaska Anchorage on how much the fund earns in a given period. Someone who a1982 dividend was a special legislative appropriation from the General Fund, not PF earnings. bDoes not include special had received the dividend every year from 1982 to 2008 would 2008 energy assistance payment of $1,200. Source: Corporation have collected $29,600—or about $38,000 in today’s dollars. 2008 679,700 Alaskans • Alaska Native corporations that didn’t exist in 1959 now make up 1 in Alaska Native Regional Corporations 1960 226,000 Alaskans 6 of the state’s largest 100 private employers. The 1971 Alaska Native Utterly worthless. That’s how a congressman from • Military and civilian activities of the federal government remain critical to the Claims Settlement Act awarded Alaska Native peoples land and money, Slope described Alaska in 1867, when the U.S. bought it from Russia. A economy. The federal government was a big part of Alaska’s economy before but also established for-profit regional and village corporations to man- NANA lot of agreed. For almost 100 years, hardly anyone— oil development—and today it still supports a third of all jobs for Alaskans. age those assets. Over the years a number of non-profit Alaska Native except some Alaskans—wanted Alaska to become a state. corporations have also been formed, to administer federal and state Bering Straits Doyon • Alaska now has five times more But Alaska did finally become a state, in 1959. Today, after 317,000 health and social service programs. Those for-profit and non-profit cor- jobs—and those jobs are much Alaska Wage and Salary Jobs 142 years as a U.S. possession and 50 years as a state, Alaska has more likely to be in stores, hotels, porations employ thousands of Alaskans. CCalista produced resources worth (in today’s dollars) around $670 billion. and other places that sell things • A bigger population and economy and improvements in technology The U.S. paid $7.2 million for Alaska, equal to about $106 million Bristol Bay Alaska to both residents and tourists. have reduced (but not eliminated) the conditions that increase the costs Sealaska now. For perspective, that’s roughly what the state government Fifty years ago, Alaskans had to 57,000 of doing business and make development difficult in Alaska. Those con- Koniag collected in royalties from oil produced on state-owned land in just order many items by mail and fly the month of 2009. 1961 95908580757065 2000 2007 ditions include Alaska’s huge size, its distance from markets and suppli- Outside to get some services. Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis To help mark 50 years of statehood, this publication first takes ers, and its harsh climate. • Alaska’s health-care industry a broad look at what’s changed in Alaska since 1959. That’s on • Costs of living are still very high and jobs are scarce in the state’s remote has grown enormously. In 1961 only about 1 in 100 Alaska jobs were in health this page and the back page. We’ve also put together a timeline communities. Alaska’s jobs and people are concentrated in a handful Location: care. Today it’s nearly 1 in 10. AK of political and economic events in Alaska from 1867 to the pres- of urban areas. But about 10% of Alaskans live in hundreds of small 1,500 miles by air Alaska’s People from Anchorage to ent. That’s on the inside pages. There’s an interactive version of the • Alaska’s population has tripled since 72% remote communities scattered around the state, far from roads and 1960. But with 680,000 residents, White ; 2,000 miles Canada timeline—with photos, figures, and more—on ISER’s Web site: 77% accessible only by water or air. The costs of living and doing business www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu. Alaska still has only about as many Alaska 18% by road from Alaska Native 19% in those places can be double or triple the costs in larger Alaska places. border to Lower 48 people as Memphis, . 2007 border Lower 48 laska hat s hanged Asian/ 6% 1960 A 1959-2009: W ’ C ? • Many more Alaskans are now Asian, Pac. Isl. 1% Where Do Alaskans Live? • Oil now pays the bills. At first, the new state government had , orBlack. Black 4% Rural communities in Southeast and a small income, mostly from a personal and various 3% • The federal government is still the Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis 12% smaller taxes. Then, in 1968, oil companies discovered a huge oil Remote rural communities biggest land owner, but its share is 9% field, on lands the state owned on the North Slope. Income from in , , and If superimposed on Lower 48, Alaska would cover 20% of land down from 99% to 60%. Most federal land in Alaska today is in parks, wildlife 79% Urban areas (Anchorage, oil production made the state wealthy and has paid almost all its Fairbanks, Mat-Su, and stretch from coast to coast. Road system covers only general expenses for 40 years. refuges, and other conservation units. , Juneau) a small of the state. Hundreds of communities are Alaskans now pay no state income State General Revenues, In Billions of 2007 Dollars • Alaska’s state government now owns 28% of the accessible only by water or air. or sales taxes. $7 land. The 1958 granted the Source: Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Research and Analysis • Alaska has built a very big sav- Revenues new state 105 million acres. • Alaska Native ings account. In 1976 Alaskans $4 Land Before Statehood What Might Be Ahead? voted to put part of the state’s oil Other corporations own Non-Federal • Alaska faces big challenges in the coming years—but fortunately, it revenues into a special account Revenues about 12% of the 0.5% now has many assets it didn’t have 50 years ago. Oil production, which the legislature couldn’t spend. $1 land (44 million supports so much of the state’s government and economy, is half of With that decision, Alaskans 1959 69 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 2008 acres), under terms Federal what it once was and is still dropping. There is still a lot of oil in Alaska, used temporary oil revenues to Sources: Scott Goldsmith, ISER data base; Alaska Department of Administration, Division of Finance of the 1971 Alaska 99.5% create a permanent asset. The but it will be harder to get, and much of it isn’t on state-owned land— What Generates Jobs for Alaskans? Native Claims Set- so the state’s revenue share will be smaller. Also, the federal govern- Permanent Fund had a balance of about $30.5 tlement Act (ANCSA). That’s Land Today Individual Private/ ment, another mainstay of Alaska’s economy, is dealing with serious About ISER: ISER is part of the University of Alaska Anchorage. It billion in May 2009. most of the privately owned Petroleum Federal Municipal/ Federal 31% 35% University/ 59% budget problems that could affect its activities in Alaska. was established in 1961, soon after Alaska became a state, and it is • The petroleum sector now directly and indirectly sector government land in Alaska. 1% To help deal with those problems, Alaska today has a bigger and more the oldest public policy research institute in Alaska. To learn more supports a third of all jobs for Alaskans. And 34% • Individuals, local govern- diverse economy, more people, and improved infrastructure. And be- about ISER and its nearly 50 years of research, go to: an upcoming ISER analysis will show that the Other resources ments, and the University of cause Alaskans decided more than 30 years ago to save some of the petroleum sector—which was very small in State 28% www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu (Tourism, seafood, mining, timber, Alaska together own around Alaska Native state’s oil revenues, the state government also has the Permanent Fund, 1959—has been responsible for most of Alaska’s air cargo, income of retirees, personal assets) 1% of Alaska lands. Corporations 12% which is capable of earning tens of billions of dollars over time. Editor: Linda Leask • Graphics: Clemencia Merrill economic growth in the past several decades. Source: Scott Goldsmith, ISER (Continued on page 4) An interactive version of this timeline is on ISER’s Web site. It shows in colorful detail how the people, the economy, and the government (territorial and then state) have changed over time. While navigating the timeline you’ll find historic photos, figures, maps, and text explaining major events, as well links to ISER publications and Web sites. Go to: www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu

1950s 1980s 1989 - in , largest ever on U.S. shores; world’s largest zinc mine, Red Dog, starts production Alaska Population Growth and Major Political and Economic Events, 1867 - 2009 1986 - Alaska recession begins, following crash in oil prices Gold line shows population change 1986 - Federal homesteading program in Alaska ends 1985 - Commercial fur sealing on ends 1982 - State pays rst Permanent Fund dividends 1980 • High oil prices, big state oil revenues start economic boom 1918 1959 - On , President Eisenhower signs statehood act. Inuenza epidemic reportedly kills At 375 million acres, Alaska becomes the largest state. It • State abolishes personal income tax a third of Alaska Native people and in immediately does what Alaskans have wanted for half a • Congress passes Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), adding 104 million acres to national some villages virtually the entirely population century: bans sh traps. conservation units and giving subsistence users priority on , with subsistence users dened as 1958 - Congress passes Alaska Statehood Act, rural residents. But the state constitution prohibits allocating sh and game on the basis of residence, setting 1912-1913 1916 awards new state rights to select 105 million acres up an ongoing dispute between the federal and state governments over who qualies as a subsistence user. Congress approves territorial government for Alaska. Alaska delegate 1957 - Oil discovered in Cook Inlet to Congress 1924 1867 First legislature meets; grants women right to vote • Congress passes Indian 1955 -56 - Delegates to constitutional convention 1969 - State collects $900 million from oil lease introduces rst Citizenship Act, recognizing U.S. buys Alaska from Russia statehood bill write proposed state constitution and Alaska sales on state-owned land on North Slope and other Native voters ratify it. Supporters argue that as a 1968 - U.S. government pays and Haida for $7.2 million, or about $106 million 2009 in today’s dollars. One U.S. Americans as U.S. citizens state, Alaska could ban sh traps and people $7.5 million in compensation for 1915 • Congress passes White Act to control sheries. land claims led in the 1930s Alaska celebrates describes Alaska as “the most worthless 50 years of statehood. territorial acquisition with which any Territorial legislature protect salmon from overshing 1953 - Major timber harvesting and 1968 - Discovery of Prudhoe Bay oil eld, largest government was ever a icted.” enacts law allowing Alaska processing start in in , on state-owned land Resources produced in that “worthless Natives to become citizens, but only 1945 1967 - Major ood in Fairbanks acquisition” since then have been on the condition that they “adopted Territorial legislature passes Alaska Civil Rights Act, prohibiting 1965 - U.S. government begins underground the habits of a civilized life.” discrimination by race; recognizes Elizabeth Peratrovich for her worth in the range of $670 billion—more testing of atomic bomb on Island 2000-2008 than 6,000 times what the U.S. paid. leadership in ghting discrimination against Alaska Natives in the Aleutians; testing ends in 1971 1911 1964 - Largest in U.S. history 2008 • Oil prices climb to historic U.S. and other nations sign treaty to stop high-seas shing 1942 hits Southcentral Alaska highs, then drop sharply; for fur seals, which was destroying Pribilof seal population • linking Alaska and contiguous U.S. is built future price uncertain • Japanese troops bomb Dutch , invade Aleutians, occupy Attu and , 1970s • State government agrees to and take Aleut residents of Attu to Japan as prisoners. U.S. moves other 1977 - Oil begins owing through trans-Alaska provide up to $500 million to to camps in southeast Alaska for remainder of war. pipeline, but end of construction brings 1990s advance gas pipeline project 1900-1906 Congress enacts civil code for Alaska; • U.S. troops defeat Japanese on Aleutians in 1943, in only land battles fought economic slowdown • Increased federal 2006 - Alaska elects rst woman 1870 opens homesteading program to Alaskans; approves in North America in World War II 1976 - Alaska voters establish Permanent Fund spending boosts Alaska , Pribilof Islands declared rst non-voting Alaska delegate to Congress; to save part of oil revenues; U.S. extends economy 2005 - Higher natural gas prices national wildlife refuge, to be moves capital to Juneau 1930s shery jurisdiction to 200 miles oshore • Oil prices remain low spark renewed interest in managed for commercial fur seal throughout most of decade potential gas pipeline from 1915- 1923 • Revival of gold mining 1974 -Start of construction of 800-mile trans-Alaska harvests. Acquiring Pribilof fur seal 1897- 1906 oil pipeline, at that time the largest private • Salmon prices decline North Slope • Tlingit and le rst colonies was a central reason U.S. and Nome Alaska Native land claims in U.S. Court of Claims project in U.S. history. Construction creates throughout 1990s bought Alaska. gold rushes temporarily built. Construction • Federal government begins headquarters site • Hundreds of families arrive in the Matanuska Valley to economic boom. 1884 make rst Skagway and establish a farming colony, as part of U.S. government’s 1973 - Alaska begins limiting entry to salmon major management changes in Congress makes Alaska a civil and then Nome largest cities becomes city of oshore sheries, including Anchorage New Deal program to create jobs during the sheries, in attempt to stop decline in salmon runs judicial district. Sitka designated capital in Alaska 1971 - Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) limiting access and assigning awards Alaska Natives $1 billion and 44 million acres shares of catch

1867 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 30,000 33,400 32,000 64,000 64,000 55,000 59,000 72,000 129,000 226,000 301,000 402,000 550,000 627,000 691,000* Estimated population 1880 - 1920 1911-1938 Population at statehood Projected at time of purchase 1940 - 1960 Rapid growth in commercial salmon industry. Alaska becomes world’s largest Major copper production Military build-up: population after salmon producer, and salmon remain most valuable resource through the 1960s. from Kennecott mine World War II// 50 years of statehood But the industry is dominated by Seattle canneries and sh traps are in widespread use. *Mid-range projection, Until statehood, Alaskans regularly asked the federal government to ban sh traps, arguing they depleted salmon runs and cost shermen jobs. Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis Sources: ISER publications, 1960-2009, and ISER MAP database; www.Alaskool.org (online materials about Alaska Native history, education, languages, and cultures); Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Research and Analysis section; , The State of Alaska, Random House; Alaska Digital Archives; Historical Collections; University of Alaska Anchorage, Archives and Manuscripts Department; of History and Art at the Rasmuson Center; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska and Polar Collection; Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council; Alaska Science Forum, , University of Alaska Fairbanks; Skagway, Alaska (www.skagway.com); (www.nps.gov); Amiq Institute (www.amiq.org); Wikipedia; The Great Pandemic of 1918 (www.pandemic u.gov); Aleut Regional Corporation; Explore North (explorenorth.com); Daily Alaska Empire, (Juneau, Alaska), November 30, 1945; The Northern Light, University of Alaska Anchorage, 27, 2007; U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center and Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the ; Alaska Journal of Commerce, 14, 2008; Dorothy Jones, A Century of Servitude, University Press of America; Gunnar Knapp, Cathy Roheim, and James Anderson, The Great Salmon Run, TRAFFIC North America; Alaska Blue Book, 1989-90 and 1991-92, Alaska Department of Education; Eisenhower Library and Museum; International Monetary Fund, Primary Commodity Index; Association of ANCSA Regional Corporation Presidents/CEOs; Alaska Department of Revenue, Tax Division; Alaska Department of Fish and Game; Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation; Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey; National Marine Service; The Threat of Pandemic In uenza (Workshop Summary), Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; “Resurrecting 1918 Flu Virus Took Many Turns,” Post, 10, 2005. • The state government now makes annual cash payments to all Permanent Fund Dividends Per Person, 1982-2008 residents. The state legislature can’t spend the principal of the (Not Adjusted for In ation) Alaska’s People and Economy, 1867-2009 Permanent Fund, but it can spend the earnings—money from $1963.86 the fund’s investments. Since the 1980s, the state has used part $1850.28 $2,069b of the fund earnings for a program that’s unique among the $1,000a $952.63 $990.30 Prepared by ISER Faculty and Staff states: annual cash payments to all Alaska residents. Those pay- $404 ments (Permanent Fund “dividends”) fluctuate a lot, depending UA Research Summary No.15 • September 2009 1982 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008 Institute of Social and Economic Research • University of Alaska Anchorage on how much the fund earns in a given period. Someone who a1982 dividend was a special legislative appropriation from the General Fund, not PF earnings. bDoes not include special had received the dividend every year from 1982 to 2008 would 2008 energy assistance payment of $1,200. Source: Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation have collected $29,600—or about $38,000 in today’s dollars. 2008 679,700 Alaskans • Alaska Native corporations that didn’t exist in 1959 now make up 1 in Alaska Native Regional Corporations 1960 226,000 Alaskans 6 of the state’s largest 100 private employers. The 1971 Alaska Native Utterly worthless. That’s how a congressman from Missouri • Military and civilian activities of the federal government remain critical to the Claims Settlement Act awarded Alaska Native peoples land and money, Arctic Slope described Alaska in 1867, when the U.S. bought it from Russia. A economy. The federal government was a big part of Alaska’s economy before but also established for-profit regional and village corporations to man- NANA lot of Americans agreed. For almost 100 years, hardly anyone— oil development—and today it still supports a third of all jobs for Alaskans. age those assets. Over the years a number of non-profit Alaska Native except some Alaskans—wanted Alaska to become a state. corporations have also been formed, to administer federal and state Bering Straits Doyon • Alaska now has five times more But Alaska did finally become a state, in 1959. Today, after 317,000 health and social service programs. Those for-profit and non-profit cor- jobs—and those jobs are much Alaska Wage and Salary Jobs Ahtna 142 years as a U.S. possession and 50 years as a state, Alaska has more likely to be in stores, hotels, porations employ thousands of Alaskans. CCalista Cook Inlet produced resources worth (in today’s dollars) around $670 billion. and other places that sell things • A bigger population and economy and improvements in technology Chugach The U.S. paid $7.2 million for Alaska, equal to about $106 million Bristol Bay Alaska to both residents and tourists. have reduced (but not eliminated) the conditions that increase the costs Sealaska now. For perspective, that’s roughly what the state government Fifty years ago, Alaskans had to 57,000 of doing business and make development difficult in Alaska. Those con- Aleut Koniag collected in royalties from oil produced on state-owned land in just order many items by mail and fly the month of March 2009. 1961 95908580757065 2000 2007 ditions include Alaska’s huge size, its distance from markets and suppli- Outside to get some services. Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis To help mark 50 years of statehood, this publication first takes ers, and its harsh climate. • Alaska’s health-care industry a broad look at what’s changed in Alaska since 1959. That’s on • Costs of living are still very high and jobs are scarce in the state’s remote has grown enormously. In 1961 only about 1 in 100 Alaska jobs were in health this page and the back page. We’ve also put together a timeline communities. Alaska’s jobs and people are concentrated in a handful Location: care. Today it’s nearly 1 in 10. AK of political and economic events in Alaska from 1867 to the pres- of urban areas. But about 10% of Alaskans live in hundreds of small 1,500 miles by air Alaska’s People from Anchorage to ent. That’s on the inside pages. There’s an interactive version of the • Alaska’s population has tripled since 72% remote communities scattered around the state, far from roads and 1960. But with 680,000 residents, White Seattle; 2,000 miles Canada timeline—with photos, figures, and more—on ISER’s Web site: 77% accessible only by water or air. The costs of living and doing business www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu.) Alaska still has only about as many Alaska 18% by road from Alaska Native 19% in those places can be double or triple the costs in larger Alaska places. border to Lower 48 people as Memphis, Tennessee. 2007 border Lower 48 laska hat s hanged Asian/ 6% 1960 A 1959-2009: W ’ C ? • Many more Alaskans are now Asian, Pac. Isl. 1% Where Do Alaskans Live? • Oil now pays the bills. At first, the new state government had Pacific Islander, orBlack. Black 4% Rural communities in Southeast and Southcentral Alaska a small income, mostly from a personal income tax and various 3% • The federal government is still the Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Research and Analysis 12% smaller taxes. Then, in 1968, oil companies discovered a huge oil Remote rural communities biggest land owner, but its share is 9% field, on lands the state owned on the North Slope. Income from in Western, Northern, and If superimposed on Lower 48, Alaska would cover 20% of land down from 99% to 60%. Most federal land in Alaska today is in parks, wildlife Interior Alaska 79% Urban areas (Anchorage, oil production made the state wealthy and has paid almost all its Fairbanks, Mat-Su, and stretch from coast to coast. Road system covers only general expenses for 40 years. refuges, and other conservation units. Kenai Peninsula, Juneau) a small area of the state. Hundreds of communities are Alaskans now pay no state income State General Revenues, In Billions of 2007 Dollars • Alaska’s state government now owns 28% of the accessible only by water or air. or sales taxes. $7 land. The 1958 Alaska Statehood Act granted the Source: Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Research and Analysis Petroleum • Alaska has built a very big sav- Revenues new state 105 million acres. • Alaska Native ings account. In 1976 Alaskans $4 Land Before Statehood What Might Be Ahead? voted to put part of the state’s oil Other corporations own Non-Federal • Alaska faces big challenges in the coming years—but fortunately, it revenues into a special account Revenues about 12% of the 0.5% now has many assets it didn’t have 50 years ago. Oil production, which the legislature couldn’t spend. $1 land (44 million supports so much of the state’s government and economy, is half of With that decision, Alaskans 1959 69 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 2008 acres), under terms Federal what it once was and is still dropping. There is still a lot of oil in Alaska, used temporary oil revenues to Sources: Scott Goldsmith, ISER data base; Alaska Department of Administration, Division of Finance of the 1971 Alaska 99.5% create a permanent asset. The but it will be harder to get, and much of it isn’t on state-owned land— What Generates Jobs for Alaskans? Native Claims Set- so the state’s revenue share will be smaller. Also, the federal govern- Permanent Fund had a balance of about $30.5 tlement Act (ANCSA). That’s Land Today Individual Private/ ment, another mainstay of Alaska’s economy, is dealing with serious About ISER: ISER is part of the University of Alaska Anchorage. It billion in May 2009. most of the privately owned Petroleum Federal Municipal/ Federal 31% 35% University/ 59% budget problems that could affect its activities in Alaska. was established in 1961, soon after Alaska became a state, and it is • The petroleum sector now directly and indirectly sector government land in Alaska. 1% To help deal with those problems, Alaska today has a bigger and more the oldest public policy research institute in Alaska. To learn more supports a third of all jobs for Alaskans. And 34% • Individuals, local govern- diverse economy, more people, and improved infrastructure. And be- about ISER and its nearly 50 years of research, go to: an upcoming ISER analysis will show that the Other resources ments, and the University of cause Alaskans decided more than 30 years ago to save some of the petroleum sector—which was very small in State 28% www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu (Tourism, seafood, mining, timber, Alaska together own around Alaska Native state’s oil revenues, the state government also has the Permanent Fund, 1959—has been responsible for most of Alaska’s air cargo, income of retirees, personal assets) 1% of Alaska lands. Corporations 12% which is capable of earning tens of billions of dollars over time. Editor: Linda Leask • Graphics: Clemencia Merrill economic growth in the past several decades. Source: Scott Goldsmith, ISER (Continued on page 4)