Women and Men in Norway What the Figures Say Revised Edition 2010
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Women and men in Norway What the figures say Revised edition 2010 © Statistics Norway, 2010 When using material from this publication, Statistics Norway shall be quoted as the source. ISBN 978-82-537-7805-1 Printed version ISBN 978-82-537-7806-8 Electronic version Who are the women and men in Norway? Statistics Norway presents similarities and differences between women and men in Norway within areas of society we can describe with statistics in Women and men in Norway. The publication is easy to read and under- stand, and each chapter contains links to more information on the relevant topic. The first edition of Women and men in Norway was published in 2006 and was written by Jan Erik Kristiansen and Toril Sandnes. This edition is largely based on the previous publication but also includes a new chapter on culture and media use. The publication has been compiled by Agnes Aaby Hirsch (ed.), Gro Flatebø, Ingrid Modig, Toril Sandnes, Vebjørn Aalandslid, Lotte Rustad Thorsen and Reid Jone Stene. Marit Vågdal and Siri Boquist were responsible for design and layout. Oslo/Kongsvinger, January 2010 Øystein Olsen Director General Population: More elderly women 2 Family and household: Single or cohabiting? 4 Births and children: From generation to generation 6 Health: Women are sicker, men die quicker 8 Education: Thirsty for knowledge 10 Work: Still male and female professions 12 Wages: A woman’s worth 14 Income and wealth: Mind the gap! 16 Culture and media use: Women are culture vultures 18 Time use: Around the clock 20 Crime: Few female criminals 22 Power and influence: Breaking the glass ceiling? 24 Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents: Piotr and Gunilla 26 Gender equality index 2009: Regional differences in gender equality 28 Population More elderly women More boys born Number of men per 100 women. 2009 More boys than girls are born each 120 year – approximately 105 boys per 100 100 girls. However, because of a higher 80 death rate among men this ratio evens out eventually. At the age of 60, there 60 are almost as many men as women, 40 but the difference between the sexes 20 then increases considerably as women 0 1009080706050403020100 begin to outnumber men. At the age of Age/years 85, there are about 50 per cent more Source: Population statistics. women than men. Life expectancy at birth for women and men Women live almost five years Year longer 90 A lower death rate among women 85 means that they live almost five years Women 80 longer than men. Today a newborn 75 boy can expect to live to 78.3 years of Men age, whereas a girl can expect to reach 70 83.0 years of age. 65 Life expectancy at birth in selected countries. 2007 0 1946- 1956- 1966- 1976- 1986- 1996- 2008 Women Men After World War II, the difference 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Japan1 85.8 79.0 in life expectancy between women Source: Population statistics. France 84.8 77.6 and men was slightly more than Switzerland 84.4 79.5 three years. It then increased, especially because deaths from cardiovascular Spain 84.3 77.8 diseases among men increased. At the beginning of the 1980s, the age gap Italy1 84.2 78.5 had widened to almost seven years, but it has now narrowed to less than five Iceland 83.4 79.6 years. One reason for this is the decline in the death rate for cardiovascular Sweden 83.1 79.0 diseases among men. Finland 83.1 76.0 Austria 83.1 77.4 According to population projections from 2009, life expectancy will also Norway 82.9 78.3 increase markedly in the years to come: based on the alternative where we Germany 82.7 77.4 assume a medium increase, a boy born in 2060 will have a life expectancy Belgium 82.6 77.1 of 87.1 years and a girl 90.3 years. In other words, the gender gap will be Netherlands 82.5 78.1 further reduced to around three years. Portugal 82.2 75.9 Greece 81.8 77.1 Norwegian women no longer live longest United Kingdom 81.8 77.6 Up to the early 1980s, Norwegian women had the highest life expectancy in Denmark 80.6 76.2 the world. Today women in a number of countries can expect to live longer: Poland 79.8 71.0 Japanese women top the list with a life expectancy of almost 86 years, com- Estonia 78.8 67.2 pared with 83 for Norwegian women. Other women too, for example those Lithuania 77.2 64.9 from the south of Europe and other Nordic countries, can expect to live longer Latvia 76.5 65.8 than their Norwegian counterparts. Russia1 73.2 60.4 1 2006. Source: Eurostat. Japan: Japan Statistical The difference between men and women’s life expectancy varies between Yearbook. Russia: OECD Factbook. the different countries. Life expectancy of men and women in Iceland and 2 Statistics Norway Sweden is most similar among the European countries, with women living Ageing population: Women and 1 four years longer than men. Finland has a bigger gap in life expectancy com- men aged 67 or over pared with other Nordic countries, which is the same as in some of the south Mill. 1.6 European countries – seven years. The Baltic States have the greatest differ- 1.4 ences in life expectancy in the EU, where the women live 11 and 12 years 1.2 longer than the men. Russian women and men have a shorter life expectancy 1.0 than women and men in the EU countries, and the gap is also somewhat Women 0.8 greater than in the Baltic States. 0.6 0.4 Men Ageing population: women in majority 0.2 Much has been said about the expected growth in the number of elderly 0.0 people. In some respects we can say that it has already started. In 1950, only 1970 1990 2010 2030 2060 8 per cent of the population were aged 67 or over, while today the share is 13 1 Projection based on medium national growth (Alternative MMMM). per cent. Not until 2020 will this proportion increase further, reaching 15 per Source: Population statistics. cent in 2020 and 22 per cent in 2060. With diminishing differences in life expectancy, the future population of elderly people will be less dominated by women, although women will still be in the majority. Mobile women If we take the country as a whole, there are slightly more men than women up to the age of 60, but there are major regional differences in some age groups. This is due to the fact that women and men have different migration pat- terns: young women move and men stay behind. Women move from the least central municipalities to urban settlements and cities, which results in a lack of young women in the central municipalities. Norway as a whole has a 4 per cent deficit of women in the 20-39 age group (104 men per 100 women). This ratio varies considerably from region to region, however. Whereas the ratio in 2009 was around 108 men per 100 women in municipalities where agriculture or fisheries is the main indus- try, the figure was more balanced in central municipalities dominated by the service industry, with 102 men per 100 women. Number of men per 100 women aged 20-39. 2009 The differences are even greater when we look at individual 67 - 102 municipalities: in one municipality there are twice as many 103 - 109 men as women in the 20-39 age group (207 men per 110 - 207 100 women), while at the other end of the spectrum Source: Population statistics. one municipality has a large deficit of men, with only 68 men per 100 women. However, these are special cases. Most other municipalities vary between 90 and 130 men per 100 women. More information: Because of the natural surplus of males, municipali- http://www.ssb.no/folkemengde_en/ ties with a surplus of men clearly outnumber munici- http://www.ssb.no/dode_en/ palities with a surplus of women. http://www.ssb.no/folkfram_en/ Statistics Norway 3 Family and household Single or cohabiting? Percentage of men and women More elderly women than men live alone aged 20 and over in one-person households. 2009 The post-war period was the great era of the nuclear family. Large numbers of people were getting married and the proportion of one-person households Per cent 100 decreased slightly. From the beginning of the 1970s, there were fewer mar- riages, while the number of divorces increased. This has resulted in more 80 than twice as many one-person households: 40 per cent of households are Women 60 now one-person households, and persons living alone accounted for 18 per 40 cent of the entire population as of 1 January 2009. 20 Men In the population as a whole, roughly as many women as men live alone. 0 However, more men than women are living alone in the age group up to and 9080706050403020 Age/years including 44, while single women are in the majority in the oldest part of Source: Population statistics. the population. Roughly as many women as men live alone in the 45-66 age group. Average age at marriage Single life in the city Age One-person households are more common in cities and central municipalities 40 than in more remote municipalities, both for men and women. In the most 35 Men central municipalities, 27 per cent of men aged 20-59 live alone, and the cor- 30 25 responding figure for women in the same municipalities is 17 per cent.