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“A Sweet Plant”. of This Plant Have Been Used As a Dietary Supplement Since the Sweet Substances Are Found in the Leaves Which Feature Steviosides1995

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“A Sweet Plant”. of This Plant Have Been Used As a Dietary Supplement Since the Sweet Substances Are Found in the Leaves Which Feature Steviosides1995 Pol. J. Appl. Sci., 2018, 4, 65-71 SWEET NUTRACEUTICALS IN PLANTS Klaudia Kulik1, Bożena Waszkiewicz-Robak2 1 Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Faculty of Computer Science and Food Science Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Lomza, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The paper discusses the natural substances of plant origin – nutraceuticals – characterized by varying intensity of sweet taste and classified into different chemical compounds such as glycosides, terpenoids, proteins, acids, or aldehydes. Among them, it discusses the main characteristics and origin of the following: steviosides, mogrosides, osladin, glycyrrhizin, thaumatin, mirakulin, monelin, mabinlin, pentadin, brazzein, curculin, sweet acid, A, cynarine, and perillaldehyde. It presents the characteristics of products containing these sweet nutraceuticals, such as stevia (stevia rebaudiana), Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey (also known as Luo Han Guo), polypody ordinary (Polypodium vulgare), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth, Richardella dulcifica, Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, Capparis masaikai, Pentadiplandra brazzeana, Cur- culigo latifolia, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), artichoke (Cynara scolymus), and color perilla (Perilla nankinensis). Key words: plants, nutraceuticals, natural substances, intensive sweeteners. DOI: 10.34668/PJAS.2018.4.2.05 Introduction The term “nutraceuticals” has been known for over 25 years and was initially defined as food additives of specific dietary significance, later as bioactive constituents isolated from various plant and animal resources, and more recently – as constituents that are naturally present in food which is labelled as “functional food”. In any case, nutraceuticals are perceived as having a beneficial influence on health, resulting from: a) the direct influence on certain functions of the organism, b) the enabling of the modification of content or the ways of producing food, due to which the product acquires specific nutritional properties and, as a result, can be recommended in special nutritional cases. This group features food products used in order to reduce body mass, Photo 1. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana [2]. labelled as low calorie. Products from this group with a sweet taste profile require the use of a sugar replacement, which is eliminated from their content. Instead of synthetic sweetening constituents, an alternative solution could be in the form of plants that include sweet nutraceuticals, which can be used in a minimally processed form (dried, extracts) or as clean derivatives – isolated, sweet substances. Fig. 1: TheIn leaves South of Stevia rebaudiana [2].America, the plant is known under the names: Caa-che, Azuca-caa and Cua- Plants as sources of sweet glycosides sweet diterpene glycosides. Stevia leaves are gathered twice eh,a year. Outmeaning of a single hectare of the“a plants, sweet about 1200 kgplant”. The sweet substances are found in the leaves which feature sweet The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana – Bertoni – a pe- of dried leaves can be collected, which yield from 60 to 70 kg rennial shrub from the Astraceae family (Fig. 1), sometimes diterpeneof steviosides [3]. glycosides. Stevia leaves are gathered twice a year. Out of a single hectare of the called the “sweet herb of Paraguay”, originating in Brazil In Brazil, Korea and Japan, stevia leaves, stevioside and and Paraguay [1]. the highly refined extracts are officially used as a low-calorie In South America, the plant is known under the names: plants,sweetener. In the USA,about powdered stevia 1200 leaves and extractskg of dried leaves can be collected, which yield from 60 to 70 kg of Caa-che, Azuca-caa and Cua-eh, meaning “a sweet plant”. of this plant have been used as a dietary supplement since The sweet substances are found in the leaves which feature steviosides1995. In 2000, the European Commission[3]. rejected the pro- c Copyright by the Lomza State University of Applied SciencesIn Brazil, Korea and Japan, stevia leaves, stevioside and the highly refined extracts are officially used as a low-calorie sweetener. In the USA, powdered stevia leaves and extracts of this plant have been used as a dietary supplement since 1995. In 2000, the European Commission rejected the proposal to classify stevia or stevioside as a new food product (Novel Food) due to the lack of sufficient, critical scientific data regarding the possible toxic effects of stevioside, particularly its main aglycone – steviol. In summer 2009, French health authorities issued permission to use a sweetener acquired from the stevia plant in the version containing 97% of rebaudioside A. The fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Luo Han Guo). Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae. It is a perennial climbing vine. Its leaves are in the shape of a heart and are 10-20 cm long. The fruit is round, 5-7 cm in diameter. The fruit’s smooth surface is yellow-brown or green-brown and delicately fuzzy (Photo 2). Photo 2. The plant and fresh fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii [2]. This is one of four species of Siraitia. Botanic synonyms include Momordica grosvenorii and Thladiantha grosvenorii. The flower and fruit develop in early spring. The plant can effectively produce fruit for 8 years. Ripe Lu Han fruit is collected in late autumn. The fruit (Photo 3) is one of several kinds that were believed to be plants of longevity. They feature fleshy, sweet fruit pulp and numerous seeds [4]. Photo 3. The dried fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii [2]. Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle (also known as Luo Han Guo) is a traditional plant cultivated mainly in the autonomous region of Guangxi in China (mostly in the area of Guilin 2 Photo 1. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana [2]. In South America, the plant is known under the names: Caa-che, Azuca-caa and Cua- eh, meaning “a sweet plant”. The sweet substances are found in the leaves which feature sweet diterpene glycosides. Stevia leaves are gathered twice a year. Out of a single hectare of the Photo 1. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana [2]. plants, about 1200 kg of dried leaves can be collected, which yield from 60 to 70 kg of steviosides [3]. In SouthIn Brazil, America, Korea the plant and isJapan, known steviaunder the leaves, names: stevioside Caa-che, Azuca and- caathe and highly Cua- refined extracts are eh,officially meaning “a used sweet as plant”. a low The-calorie sweet substancessweetener. aremountains). Infound the in USA, the leaves powderedFor which hundreds feature stevia sweet leavesof years, and extractsthe fruit of has been used in China as a natural sweetener in Kulikditerpene K. et al.: glycosides. Sweet Nutraceuticals Stevia in Plantsleaves are gathered twicethe a year.form Out o off drieda single Pol. fruithectare J. Appl. used Sci.,of the2018 ,in4, 65-71the preparation of soups and hot drinks. The fruit of Siraitia plants,this aboutplant 1200have kg beenof dried used leaves as cana bediet collected,ary supplement which yield sincefrom 601995. to 70 Inkg of2000, the European grosvenorii is rich in mogrosides, which constitute about 1% of the content of the pulp. This is posalsteviosidesCommission to classify [3] stevia. rejected or stevioside the as proposal a new food product to classifyconstitute stevia about or 1% stevioside of the content as of a the new pulp. food This isproduct a (Novel (NovelFood) Food)In dueBrazil, due to to Koreathe the lacklack and of sufficient,ofJapan, sufficient, stevia critical leaves, scienti- critical steviosidegroupa scientific group of and triterpene the ofdata highly glycosides.triterpene regarding refined Five extracts mogrosides theglycosides. possible are were acqu- toxic Five effects mogrosides of were acquired from the plant and labelled ficofficiallystevioside, data regarding used asparticularly the a low possible-calorie toxic its sweetener. effects main of stevioside,aglycone In the USA, ired– powderedsteviol. from the plant Instevia summer and leaves labelled and2009, from extracts 1 to French 5, but of the health main authorities particularlythis plant itshave main been aglycone used – steviol.as a Indiet summerary supplement 2009, constituentfrom since 1 1995. oftoS. 5, grosvenorii In but 2000, theis the mogroside-5main European constituent called esgo- of S. grosvenorii is mogroside-5 called esgoside [4, 5]. issued permission to use a sweetener acquired from the stevia plant in the version containing FrenchCommission health authorities rejected issuedthe proposal permission to toclassify use a sweete- stevia orside stevioside [4, 5]. The as a new common food product polypody (Novel (Polypodium vulgare) (Photo 4) – is a source of sweet nerFood)97% acquired due of to fromrebaudioside the the lack stevia of plantsufficient, A. in the versioncritical containing scientific dataThe regarding common the polypodypossible toxic (Polypodium effects of vulgare) 97%stevioside, of rebaudioside particularly A. its main aglycone – steviol. In(Fig.substances summer 4) – is 2009, a source includedFrench of sweet health substances in authorities the included rhizomes in the of the plant. This is a perennial plant that grows in Europe, The fruitThe of Siraitia fruit grosvenorii of Siraitia (Luo grosvenorii Han Guo). (Luo Han Guo). Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. issued permission to use a sweetener acquired from rhizomesthe stevia of theplant plant. in Thisthe version is a perennial containing plant that grows SiraitiaJeffrey grosvenorii belongs(Swingle) to the C. Jeffreyfamily belongs of Cucurbitaceae to the fa- inAsia Europe,. andIt Asia is a andAmerica perennial America along alongclimbing with mosses with vine. in shadedmosses Its leaves in areshaded in forests and on rocks [6]. It achieves the height 97% of rebaudioside A. milythe of shapeCucurbitaceae of a. heart It is a perennialand are climbing 10-20 vine. cm Its long.forestsof The45 and cmfruit on rocks and is [6]. round, can It achieves also 5- the7 cm heightbe infound of diameter. 45 cm andin Pol Theand. fruit’s leaves areThe in thefruit shape of ofSiraitia a heart andgrosvenorii are 10-20 cm(Luo long. Hancan Guo). also beSiraitia found ingrosvenorii Poland. (Swingle) C.
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