in American

by

StoneThrower

Issues in America

THE 331

Eric Brandt

25 July 2011 Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 2

In this paper I will attempt to introduce the reader to the various facets of the Pentecostal movement, taking a look at when and how it surfaced in evangelical church history in America and its theology, and try to determine, is there any Biblical support for it, or is this is just a device of the spirit of the age? There is definitely something at work, but is there any proof it’s of ?

In my initial attempts to determine an official start date for Pentecostalism on the web, one writer said “ask any Pentecostal and they will tell you 33 AD” (A.F.P), referring of course to

Pentecost in the book of Acts. This would imply an uninterrupted and long established movement from then, till now, which history shows no record of. This paper however, is only concerned with when it emerged on the scene of the American Evangelical landscape.

There are basically two camps, Cessationist: those that believe that the gifts were given to the early church as proof, for the establishment of the church, and that they are no longer need, as we have all the revelation we need in word. Timothy 3:16–17: “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.” and the Continuationist; which believe that the gifts were introduced in the book of Acts, and have always been available for use. “It is important to distinguish between Charismatics and

Pentecostals. The Pentecostal movement began around 1900 and until 1960 was contained in denominations such as the Assemblies of God, Foursquare and United Pentecostal.” (Macarthur

13) Then in 1960 it bled over into most of the other denominations, (IE Charismatics) and Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 3 currently has made a home for itself in the Roman Catholic Church as well. The Pentecostal movement is credited as starting at Azusa Street in the US in 1906 when it gained world attention, but “can be traced to Parham’s Bible School in Topekia, Kansas in 1901.” (Synan 3)

So starting off we have two problems defining when it started, and what defines it. Donald

Dayton divides Pentecostal churches and movements into three groups, I am only going to list the first two as the Oneness Pentecostals are not a church, they are a cult, and are not part of

American Evangelical Christianity.

1. “Those teaching a doctrine of in the Wesleyan Holiness tradition (the

“three works of grace”- Pentecostals who maintain that Christian experience normally

finds expression in a pattern of conversion, “entire sanctification” as a distinct

subsequent experience, and a further baptism in the Holy Spirit empowering the believer

for witness and service, evidenced by );

2. Those reducing this pattern to” two works of grace” by collapsing the first two into one

“” supplemented by a process of gradual sanctification (thus advocating a

pattern focusing on conversion and a subsequent baptism in the Holy Spirit as just

defined) (Dayton 18)

Theologically one must ask, when a man is converted if he is justified and becomes indwelt with the Holy Spirit, he has the Holy Spirit ruling and reigning in his thoughts and desires, and Christ is his Lord. John 14:16-17 “And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 4 with you forever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.” (e-Sword)

So why would he desire and unknown external force to come upon Him? How could one possibly get more than what he already has been given? Isn’t desiring something more, the sin of covertness or the sin of Satan? 1Co 13:8 Love never ends. As for prophecies, they will pass away; as for tongues, they will cease; as for knowledge, it will pass away. (e-Sword)

Robert Lightner makes a good point “finally, no command is ever given to any believers to be baptized by the Spirit. An exhortation would be expected, it would seem, if it were not a universal work among all the regenerated.” (Lightner 120) 1Co 2:12 Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God. The assumption being, we don’t have to seek after them, but that they are imparted to us freely. It’s very Gnostic to be seeking after special powers or gifts or abilities.

“Pentecostalism represents an even greater dependence on Gnostic tendencies.” (Horton 29)

“The spread of Pentecostalism as a force, according to this writer, is a key indicator of where religion is headed: That place is in the ecstatic. That place is in the elevated and celebratory state of awareness in which the self escapes its own confines in worship and joins others like itself in a universal and wordless glory” While Pentecostalism may express Gnostic tendencies more explicitly, it would be wrong to conclude that this is a case of us verses them,” typical of many critiques of Charismatic or Pentecostal excess. Were all in this together and we will have to help each other extricate ourselves from the tentacles of a non Biblical world-views” (Horton 33)

Lets step back and perhaps blending the lines on the label even more, if that’s even possible, and look earlier at the American Evangelical landscape, and see how we got to Azusa

Street Theology. Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 5 James McGready in June of 1800 held a at his Red River Church “after three long days of fervent preaching by McGready, and two cooperating ministers, the congregations were exhausted and expectant. On the forth day suddenly at the close of the services, with the people at a fever pitch, the two visiting preachers began an emotional exhortation, their zeal spread to the crowd, and many practically collapsed with what was labeled conviction of sin. The startled ministers, particularly McGready, became convinced they had just witnessed a visitation of the Holy Spirit akin to that described at Pentecost. As word spread of this novel behavior, tremendous interest arose for McGready’s next services. McGready saw the opportunity, and suggested all should come prepared to stay at his Gasper River Church till the spirit descended again.” (Boles 182) The above makes it clear how the circumstances were created, and whose work it was, and who determined it a work of the Spirit. At the next meeting mentioned above “Expectation of great things was so strong it could be felt” “causing swoonings, religious ecstasy, fainting, and uncontrollable shaking.” (Boles 182) Alas the stage is set, the technique deployed which is still used today in the Word Faith Circles, which is a part of

Pentecostalism, but not the clear thinking Pentecostalism, that falls within Orthodoxy, but that’s a different paper. Justin Peters says “All in the word faith movement are Charismatics, but not all

Charismatics are not in the word faith movement.”

“One Methodist preacher reported that as he preached hundreds fell prostrate, writhing in

Spiritual agony before him. Some jerked their heads, while others uncontrollably leaped”

(Askew and Pierard 80) others yet at Cane Ridge reported laughing out loud, barking like dogs.

Barton Stone who witnessed this many times in his frontier revivals explained the behavior as such. Falling; “the subject of this exercise would generally, with a piercing scream, fall like a log on the floor of the earth, or mud and appear as dead. The Jerks; Sometimes the subject of Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 6 the jerks would be affected in some one member of the body, and sometimes in the whole system. When the head alone was affected, it would be jerked backward and forward, or from side to side, so quickly that the features of the face could not be distinguished. When the whole system was affected, I have seen the person stand in one place, and jerk backward and forward in quick succession, their head nearly touching the floor behind and before. Dancing; 'The

Dancing exercise generally began with the jerks, then the jerks would cease. The smile of heaven shone on the countenance of the subject, and assimilated to angels appeared the whole person. Sometimes the motion was quick and sometimes slow. Thus they continued to move forward backward in the same track or alley till nature seemed exhausted, and they would fall prostrate on the floor or earth. Barking; The barking exercise (as opposers contemptuously called it) was nothing but the jerks. A person afflicted with the jerks would often make a grunt, or bark, if you please, from the suddenness of the jerk. Laughing; It was a loud hearty laughter, but one [that] excited laughter in no one else. The subject appeared rapturously solemnity, and his laughter excited solemnity in saints and sinners. It is truly indiscernible. Running; The running exercise was nothing more than persons [who,] feeling something of these bodily agitations, through fear, attempted to run away and thus escape from them. But it commonly happened that they ran not far before they fell or became so greatly agitated that they could not proceed any further. Singing; The singing exercise is more unaccountable than anything else I ever saw. The subject in a very happy state of mind would sing most melodiously, not from the moth or the nose, but entirely in the breast, the sounds issuing thence. Such music silenced everything, and attracted the attention of all. It was most heavenly. None could ever tire of hearing it. (Synan 33) I included this first hand sighting and explanation, one for his understanding of what was taking place, and two we see some of the same exercises today but taking a different form. Today we see the Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 7 laughing with the Holy Ghost Bartender Rodney Howard Brown that does influence others and is hysterical or barking that is literally barking and howling like a wolf.

So we see this behavior starting in 1800 and 1803 coming out of the /

Wesleyanism, which segues us into the . had been a false convert for some time according to himself, but had been preaching for a years. He wrestled with his salvation and even after “Wesley had a radical conversion experience at a meeting house at

Aldersgate Street on May 24, 1738 after hearing a reading of Martin Luther’s preface to the book of Romans. Wesley, however, would come to disagree with the London Moravian insistence that justification had to be accompanied by instantaneous full and that the means of grace had to be withheld from those who did not have that full assurance.” (Grateful To the Dead)

Actually in his Journal it says ” The moment I awakened, “Jesus, Master”, was in my heart and my mouth; and I found all my strength lay in keeping my eye fixed upon Him, and my soul waiting on Him continually.” (Parker 138) The point in this is that one he was self deceived as a false convert for years, but more importantly is he rejected the concept of assurance of salvation, besides believing that one could loose their salvation, which is a rejection of the Anglican churches doctrine that he was ordained under. Just like McGready, here is another instance of someone outside of the protection of the church embracing strange new ideas; ideas based on feelings and where his subjective truth became others doctrinal reality.

The Holiness Movement started with “Wesley’s “doctrine of Perfect love” (perfection).

The early Methodist maintained a goal of entire sanctification, or , which they believed could be had by faith during a supernatural “second blessing” from God. After conversion, Wesley taught, God continues to work within us, putting to death the deeds of the Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 8 flesh and consecrating our lives for Him. However, there comes a point for many when, dissatisfied with incremental progress in faith they seek and receive a second work of uniquely supernatural grace that lifts them to a new level of evangelical piety. Now entirely sanctified, they no longer want to commit sin.” (Sweeny 135) First not only is this not taught in scripture, it’s contrary to scripture. Jesus told Paul 2Co_12:9 “But he said to me, " My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness." Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me.”(e-Sword) This shows not only a discontentment, but that I know better than God and his time table for my sanctification, also what he suggest comes latter, that “they no longer want to commit sin” if you don’t have this heart attitude when coming to Christ, you wont be saved, your not a new creature in Christ and your not , but perhaps have participated in decisional regeneration, which is a work apart from the Holy Spirit!

The Holiness movement embraces that “Holiness or the second Blessing is: A process of loving the Lord God with all one's heart, soul, and mind, and it results in the ability to live without conscious or deliberate sin. However, to achieve and then remain in this blessed state requires intense, sustained effort, and one's life must be marked by a constant self-renunciation, careful observance of the divine ordinances, a humble, steadfast reliance on God's forgiving grace in the atonement, the intention to look for God's glory in all things, and an increasing exercise of the love which itself fulfils the whole law and is the end of the commandments.”

(Elwell 517)

“Revivalists, in the early 1800s, such as Asa Mahan (president of Oberlin College) and evangelist Charles Finney advanced Wesley's theology. They taught "that sinners had the natural ability to believe, and that evangelistic methods could overcome their 'moral' inability through Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 9 the persuasive power of the Gospel." [1] "Finney and Mahan applied this same understanding to the Christian's growth toward spiritual maturity… To be sanctified, they insisted, required only the same kind of simple, instantaneous faith one exercised to be converted." [2] In 1836 both men experienced what they called "baptisms of the Holy Ghost" which they believed not only freed them from committing sin but also removed their tendency toward sin. Contributing to the spread of this "Holiness" doctrine were the popular camp meeting revivals of the first half of the

1800s, the ministry of (1807-1874) (who taught that sanctification could be reached instantaneously by an act of faith) and the "Prayer Revival" of 1857-1858 (sometimes called the Third Great Awakening). There was also much unrest in Methodist circles as many felt the denomination had lost its fervor. The Wesleyan Methodist (in 1843) and the Free Methodist

(in 1860) left the denomination to form the first Holiness denominations. Until the 1890s the

Holiness Movement was largely a Methodist phenomenon, but as the Methodists settled more into mainstream Christianity tensions escalated into a schism which resulted in new, non-

Methodist, and Holiness denominations. These included the Church of God, Anderson, Indiana

(1880), Church of the Nazarene (1908) and (1897).” (Gilley)

“Pentecostalism is a twenty century revival movement in the church. The American version largely responsible for its spread throughout the world is rooted in revival movements of the nineteenth century. Notable among the ancedents were the Holiness movement and the

African -American church. Pentecostalism’s chief doctrine teaches that the necessary initial evidence of the spirit baptism is speaking in tongues”, (glossolalia). “It is taught that this speech, not produced by the powers of human reason and intellect, occurs by the direct inspiration of the

Spirit and is the distinctive sign that the spirit has taken full control of the believers life”

(Willimon and Lischer 369) Here we need to stop! “Gal 5:22-23 But the fruit of the Spirit is Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 10 love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law. “(e-Sword) The fruit of the Spirit is self control, not abandonment to another spirit! One writer said that the Hermeneutics of the Pentecostal is to interpret the New

Testament through Luke and Acts, and that the rest of us interpret it through Paul. I am not sure how they came up with that, as they very well may use that technique, as the Church of Rome uses allegory and tradition, but whether you use a grammatical, historical, theological approach, or not, at a minimum, any honest student of the Bible would at a minimum use scripture to validate scripture and use the panoply principle or also know as synthetic principles.

“Charismatic teachers and writers rather than “cutting it straight” often interpret Scripture in such away as to make it support their Charismatic teaching and practice. Their interpretations of these passages have no solid hermeneutical foundation. When the historically tested principles of good interpretation are applied, the Charismatic interpretations break down” (MacArthur 57)

“Applying the historical and synthetic principles we see that these signs were true of one certain group- the apostolic community. The apostles did these things, as the book of Acts clearly reports in many places. All these wondrous signs (expect the drinking of poison) can be scripturally verified as happening during the apostolic era but not thereafter. It is incorrect to assert these signs should be the norm for all believers today. Further more it is cruel to make

Christians believe that if someone in their family cannot get well, is because he or she does not have enough faith or is not “spiritual enough” to claim the signs listed in Mark 16. The whole thing adds up to a tremendous guilt syndrome, and it is all based on misinterpretation of scripture. Either all five signs are valid for today for everybody or none are valid. They were given as a unit for use during the apostolic age to confirm the gospel message and it messengers.” (MacArthur 55) God has revealed himself in rational revelation that makes a Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 11 person think, that demands the use of reason and the understanding of historic objective truth…

The whole of Gods revelation is geared to thinking, knowing and understanding. Once we know

Christ we are to use our minds to apprehend what God has already penned as the truth.

(MacArthur 66) Pentecostal preaching “is a spirit filled, Spirit-charged event that is not grounded in the proclamation of objective truth alone” (Willimon and Lischer 371) When“ we look for the new, the miraculous, the secret formula, and we completely… ignore the Holy Spirit who has been given to us freely and who wants to overflow our lives. We do not need to have more of

Him, but we do desperately need to know more of Him, and with the increase of knowledge will come added faith, power, and control in our lives.” (Ryrie 9-10) “Also, one should remember that the fruit of the Spirit does not include tongues” (Ryrie 89) undoubtedly modern

Pentecostalism is a reaction to the sterility that began to characterize the established churches in the modern era. It emphasizes the baptism of the Spirit as a second work of grace for the enduement with power, and it promotes a return to experiencing all the gifts which were given and used in the New Testament times. The Orthodox doctrine concerning the person of the Holy

Spirit is assumed; it is the reality of the work of the Spirit in the lives of that is promoted, and not always correctly….With Every surge toward defining or developing the truth, there have been movements away from it, either in the form of rationalistic coldness or unbalanced enthusiasm and mysticism. (Ryrie 120)

Roots of Pentecostalism are found in the following ancedents:

Catholic & Anglican Mystics

Methodist (1739)

Irvingites (1831)

Holiness Movement (1867) Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 12 Keswick Movement (1875)

United Holy Church (1886)

Fire Baptized Holiness Church (1895)

Church Of God in Christ (1897)

Pentecostal Holiness Church (1898)

Church of God (1902)

Pentecostal doctrine focuses more on Pneumatology than Christology, now although God is triune, all three parts equal in power, there is still a headship of God the Father over the Son, and the Son over the Holy Spirit, we can pray to any of the three, but to seek or desire gifts

(charisma) as a component to your worship is to seek the gifts, and not the giver of the gifts which is really idolatry. “The work of God the Spirit in the world and in the believer’s life is christocentric. Everything he does and wants to do exalt the son of God. When we exalt him, we may be sure we are being ministered to by the spirit of God and being used by him.” (Lightner

127)

Elements of Pentecostal worship can include:

• Baptism of the Spirit

• Speaking in tongues

• Feelings of euphoria

• Visions

• Emotional outburst

• Influences on the Church Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 13 The influence the has had on Evangelical Christianity is it is

“becoming a collection of fantastic experiences. The Bible is twisted around to fit the experience or just ignored altogether. The result is sub-Christian mysticism. There are only two basic approaches to biblical truth: (1) the historical objective approach, which emphasizes God’s action toward man as recorded in scripture; (2) the personal subjective approach, which emphasizes mans experience of God” (MacArthur 61) Objective historic theology is reformation theology. It is historical evangelicalism . It is historical orthodoxy . We begin with Gods Word and anybody’s thoughts, or ideas or experiences are validated or invalidated on the basis of how they compare with that Word. On the other hand, the subjective view is methodology of the historic Roman Catholicism. Intuition, experience, and mysticism have always played a big role in the Roman Catholic theology. The subjective view has also been at the heart of liberalism and neo-orthodoxy. The truth is what you think and feel and then claim. The truth is what happens to you. The subjective view is historic Charismaticism, or more correctly,

Pentecostalism, which began at the turn of the century. (MacArthur 62) The Pentecostal movement and the Charismatic (neo-Pentecostal) movement we have today are based on experience, emotion, phenomena, and feelings. As Dale Bruner has written: “Pentecostalism wishes in brief, to be understood as experiential Christianity, with its experience culminating in the baptism of the believer in the Holy Spirit… It is not the doctrine (that is important to them), it is the experience that they wish to stress.”” “2Pe 1:19-21 And we have something more sure, the prophetic word, to which you will do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts, knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone's own interpretation. For no prophecy was Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 14 ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the

Holy Spirit” (e-Sword)

The Influences on Evangelicalism, In case you missed the obvious, and the impact has been huge both on the church and on evangelicalism. The focus of worship has shifted from the sovereign to the self. The worship is designed to meet the felt needs of the worshiper and their experience. Holy hands have found there way into almost every church with its contemporary worship, never knows if this is purely in praise or the hand raiser is waiting in expectation to be filled with the spirit. Its impacted our personal theology were people react because they felt that an uneasiness meant they were do something when it was the pizza they had for breakfast, guilt, or self justification. Contemporary worship has now become an inescapable norm, the 1970’s

Rock Church minus the exercising of gifts, has replaced the traditional worship, suddenly we have all become rebellious flower children seeking to meet God on our terms. We see this in our

Bible studies where we hear things like, well what does that passage mean to you, truth has become relativized. “All beliefs have become only relatively true and only relatively valuable, whether you're talking about sociology, psychology, philosophy, economics, education or whatever you're talking about. And, of course, to the world, religion is the most subjective of all because they believe it's just some personalized experience, not a divine revelation. And so the culture is becoming more and more relativistic and the church is catching the disease.“

(Macarthur) Martyn Lloyd-Jones in his Biography said "There's a very obvious reaction at the present time against intellectualism. This is found among the students in America and increasingly in this country. Reason is being distrusted and set on one side. Following D.H.

Lawrence, many are saying that our troubles are due to the fact that we have over developed our cerebrum. We must listen more to our blood and go back to nature. And so turning against Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 15 intellectualism and deliberately espousing the creed of irrationality, they yield themselves to the desire for experience and place sensation above understanding. What matters is feeling and enjoyment, not thought, pure thought leads nowhere," “Instead of seeing the danger of the trend, and heeding his words, evangelicals accommodated themselves to the trend as if it was some kind of boon to their cause.” (MacArthur) “Pentecostalism –as conveyed by Charismatics- has given the one, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic church a facelift, rendering its features more evangelical in the process” (Sweeney 153)

A historical sketch of events capturing the Pentecostal/Charismatic movement, include:

1739 Wesley defines second 1901 Agnes Ozman 1909 Luigi Franceson 1948 Healing crusades 1977 The Kansas City blessing “instantaneous” speaks in Chinese in and Giacomo Lombardi started by William General Ecumenical sanctification. Topeka Kansas Charles start Italian Pentecostal Branham and Oral Conference is held. Parham says tongues are movements in US, Italy, Roberts. “Bible evidence”. Brazil, and Argentina. 1771 John Fletcher calls the 1902 Church Of God is 1909 Apostolic Faith 1951 Full Gospel 1978 C.B.N. second blessing a baptism of started at Camp Creek Church in Portland Business Men University now know the Holy Spirit. N.C. Oregon started by Fellowship International as Regent was started Florence Crawford. created by Demos by Pat Robertson. Shakarian in La. Calif. 1867 National Holiness 1905 William Seymore 1910 W.H. Durham starts 1953 Oral Roberts starts 1981 A Third Wave Association forms in Vineland embraces Pentecostal the Finished Work his TV Ministry in Ok. starts a Fuller NJ Holiness Movement starts Doctrine from Parham in Movement in Chicago by Theological Seminary adopting Pentecostal Huston TX. attacking the Second in CA by John terminology. Blessing Sanctification. Wimber. 1879 Formation of the Iowa 1906 First General 1914 The Assemblies Of 1959 Pat Robertson start 1987 the new Orleans Holiness Association by Assembly of the Church God formed under E.N. Christian Broadcasting Congress on the Holy Isaiah Reed. of God in Cleveland Tenn. Bell in Hot Springs Ark. Network in Portsmouth Spirit and World Va. Evangelism is held. 1887 CMA founded by AB 1906-1909 Azusa Street 1916 The Oneness 1959 Episcopalian 1993 The Toronto Simpson to promote Four Revival goes global under Movement started by Dennis Bennentt speaks Blessing begins at the Fold Gospel. William Seymore Glenn Cook & Frank in tongues in Van Nuys Toronto Vineyard Ewart splits The Ca. Giving Birth to the under John Arnott Assemblies of God. Neo Pentecostal movement. 1895 Iowa Holiness 1907 G.B. Cashwell 1927 International 1965 Oral Roberts 1995 Revival begins Association splits due to B.H. spreads Pentecostalism Church Of The Four University is started. under John Kilpatrick Irwin teaching a 3rd baptism throughout the South Square Gospel is created & Steve Hill at of fire. The Iowa Fire by Aimee McPherson in Brownsville Assembly Baptized Holiness LA Calif. of God in Pensacola Association forms. Fl. 1896 Schearer Schoolhouse 1907 Pentecostalism 1930 Kathryn Kulman 1967 The Catholic 2000 Celebrate Jesus Fire Baptized Holiness of NC splits the Church of God comes to fame starting Charismatic Renewal 2000 Charismatic revival experiences tongues. in Christ the Denver Revival starts in the Duquesne Congress takes place . weekend in Pittsburg Pa. in St. Louis Mo. 1897 Church Of God In 1908 Fire Baptized 1942 American 1973 Trinity 2000 Pentecostal Christ formed by C.P. Jones Holiness Church, and Pentecostal Churches Broadcasting Network is centennial celebration & C.H. Mason in Lexington Church of God Cleveland as charter members of started by Paul Crouch takes place at Topeka Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 16

Mississippi. Tenn, accept the National and Jim Bakker Kan. Pentecostalism Association of Evangelicals 1898 First congregation of 1908 John G Lake begins 1945 Several merges 1975 Charisma 2001 Pentecostal the Holiness Church formed South African Apostolic create the United magazine is created. World Conference in Goldsboro NC. by A.B. Faith Mission Pentecostal Church of takes place in La. Ca. Crumpler. Mo. (Table adapted from Synan pullout)

In summary this paper this paper was an introduction to the historicity of the Pentecostal movement and to the theology that shaped it and its impact it has had on the American

Evangelicalism and the church. For an in-depth study at 4 views of gifts I would recommend

“Are Miraculous Gifts For Today” by Stanley N Gundry and Wayne Grudem. Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 17 Use "Update Page Layout" to Change the Running Head 18

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