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Pereira Danilonogueiraalbergar UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DANILO NOGUEIRA ALBERGARIA PEREIRA Tantos sóis, tantos mundos, tantas hipóteses: a história das teorias de formação do sistema solar e os progressos da ciência CAMPINAS 2020 DANILO NOGUEIRA ALBERGARIA PEREIRA Tantos sóis, tantos mundos, tantas hipóteses: a história das teorias de formação do sistema solar e os progressos da ciência Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Filosofia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Silvio Seno Chibeni Este trabalho corresponde à versão final da tese defendida pelo aluno Danilo Nogueira Albergaria Pereira e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Silvio Seno Chibeni. CAMPINAS 2020 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau - CRB 8/3387 Albergaria, Danilo, 1980- AL14t Tantos sóis, tantos mundos, tantas hipóteses : a história das teorias de formação do sistema solar e os progressos da ciência / Danilo Nogueira Albergaria Pereira. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2020. Orientador: Silvio Seno Chibeni. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Ciência - Filosofia. 2. Ciência - História. 3. Sistema solar. 4. Astrofísica. 5. Cosmogonia. I. Chibeni, Silvio Seno, 1958-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: So many suns, so many worlds, so many hypotheses : the history of the theories of formation of the Solar System and the progress of science Palavras-chave em inglês: Science - Philosophy Science - History Solar system Astrophysics Cosmogony Área de concentração: Filosofia Titulação: Doutor em Filosofia Banca examinadora: Silvio Seno Chibeni [Orientador] Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Junior Cibelle Celestino Silva Valter Alnis Bezerra Rodolfo Valentim da Costa Lima Data de defesa: 18-03-2020 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Filosofia Identificação e informações acadêmicas do(a) aluno(a) - ORCID do autor: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8337 - Currículo Lattes do autor: http://lattes.cnpq.br/3390986971402979 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 18 de março de 2020, considerou o candidato Danilo Nogueira Albergaria Pereira aprovado. Prof. Dr. Silvio Seno Chibeni Prof. Dr. Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Junior Profa. Dra. Cibelle Celestino Silva Prof. Dr. Valter Alnis Bezerra Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Valentim da Costa Lima A Ata de Defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertações/Teses e na Secretaria do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. À Tê de Tereza, por tornar tudo possível. Agradecimentos Devo muito a meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Silvio Seno Chibeni, por não me deixar desistir, por me encorajar sempre, e por me ajudar tanto a compreender as questões espinhosas que encarei nesse trabalho. Os membros da banca de qualificação, Prof. Dr. André Koch Torres Assis e Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Valentim da Costa Lima, contribuíram com valiosas críticas e sugestões, que ajudaram muito a melhorar esse trabalho e pelas quais sou muito grato. Agradeço desde já aos membros da banca de defesa da tese, por aceitarem compô-la: Prof. Dr. Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Jr., Prof. Dr. Valter Alnis Bezerra, Profa. Dra. Cibelle Celestino Silva, e novamente ao Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Valentim. Agradeço a todos os membros da minha família, meu pai, minha mãe, meus irmãos, Tereza e Tio, a todos os meus tios e primos, por tudo. Agradeço à Vanessa Prates por ter me acompanhado durante a maior parte de realização desse trabalho. Agradeço aos meus amigos, em especial ao Duilio, ao João e à Letícia, e ao Rica, por terem me motivado tanto, fazendo com que eu acreditasse que podia escrever algo decente. Agradeço ao Valter pelas conversas antigas sobre ciência nos churrascos e a todos os membros do Tirafaca – em especial, também, ao André, que sempre me motivou a escrever. Agradeço ao Rafa, ao Tiago, ao Big, ao Pajé, ao Guilherme e à Maíra, pelo encorajamento para terminar o trabalho. Agradeço ao Sasqua, ao Luis Fernando e ao Rodolpho, por terem tantos interesses em comum comigo e por servirem de modelo para mim, cada um à sua maneira. A Anita Benine me ajudou de todas as maneiras possíveis e imagináveis, provavelmente muito mais do que consigo compreender, durante os estágios finais de realização desse trabalho, quando muita coisa importante foi feita. Anita aturou ouvir minhas explicações e angústias, interessantíssimas exposições sobre filosofia da ciência, me dando sempre a esperança de que o que eu estava escrevendo não era em vão. Faltou pouco para Anita virar especialista em discos protoplanetários e supernovas. Vou guardar pra sempre na memória o momento em que ela entendeu por que diachos os astrônomos falam que somos poeira de estrelas. Por fim, agradeço tanto, tanto, aos felinos Choco Chocão, Cefreida e Marechal Ronron, por me amarem e deixarem-se amar. [N]o scientist who has lived through the last thirty years is likely to be too dogmatic either as to the future course of the stream or as to the direction in which reality lies: he knows from his own experience how the river not only for ever broadens but also repeatedly winds, and, after many disappointments, he has given up thinking at every turn that he is at last in the presence of the murmurs and scents of the infinite sea. James Jeans (1877-1946), The Mysterious Universe (1930) Os temores, as ansiedades, as angústias, os desânimos não são prerrogativas dos poetas. Frequentemente atingem também os cultores das ciências exatas e naturais. Paolo Rossi (1923-2013), Naufrágios Sem Espectador (1996) Resumo As teorias de formação do sistema solar têm uma longa história. A partir de Descartes, passando por Kant e Laplace, vários filósofos naturais e cientistas propuseram teorias que partiam de um estado inicial primitivo e chegavam às características do sistema solar atualmente observadas. Na segunda metade do século XX, o problema passa a ser investigado por uma crescente comunidade científica especializada. Um consenso se formou no final do século XX, tornando-se ainda mais coeso no século XXI, em torno da concepção de que os planetas são subprodutos da formação do Sol e de que o processo de formação planetária se dá num disco circunstelar (protoplanetário), uma consequência natural da formação de estrelas. No entanto, apesar de muitos avanços na solução de problemas específicos, a área ainda não chegou a uma teoria consistente sobre a formação de sistemas planetários. Traço uma história desse campo de investigação científica para refletir sobre seu desenvolvimento. Essas reflexões são propostas à luz das discussões filosóficas sobre o progresso científico (se existe e, se sim, de que natureza é), das mais influentes metateorias da filosofia da ciência (como as de Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos e Larry Laudan) e das contribuições filosóficas de Alan Chalmers e Susan Haack. Apesar das idas e vindas, becos- sem-saída e impermanências teóricas que marcam essa história, é possível identificar pistas de progresso científico no campo das teorias de formação do sistema solar a partir das últimas décadas do século XX. Essa avaliação do progresso científico na área é defendida em contraposição crítica à visão cética proposta em meados da década de 1990 pelo principal historiador do tema, Stephen G. Brush. Palavras-chave: Ciência - Filosofia; Ciência - História; Sistema solar; Astrofísica; Cosmogonia. Abstract Theories on the Solar System formation have a long, centuries-old history. Starting with Descartes, going on to the works of Kant and Laplace, several natural philosophers and scientists have proposed theories that tried to explain the origin of the system from an initial primordial state moving forward to the features currently observed. In the second half of the 20th century the question began to be inquired by a growing specialized scientific community. A scientific consensus began to be formed in the last decades of this period, becoming even more cohesive in the 21st century, around the conception that planets are by-products of the formation of the Sun and that the process of planetary formation takes place in a circumstellar disc (protoplanetary), a natural consequence of the formation of stars. However, despite many advances in solving specific problems, the area has not yet reached a consistent theory about the formation of planetary systems. I draw philosophical reflections on the historical development of this field of scientific inquiry. Relevant philosophical takings on the problem of scientific progress are considered, mainly the classical metatheoretical proposals of Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos and Larry Laudan, as well as the more recent contributions of Alan Chalmers and Susan Haack. Although the history of cosmogony is filled with theoretical dead-ends and ruptures, clues of scientific progress can be identified, especially on the last decades of the 20th century. This assessment of scientific progress in the area is formulated in opposition to the skeptical view proposed in the mid-1990s by the main historian of the topic, Stephen G. Brush. Keywords: Science - Philosophy; Science -
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