A Native Landscape with All of the Benefits and None of the Headache -Vince Gresham

When I started my small native landscape project in my backyard in South Bend, Indiana, I did not have much of a plan. I liked native prairie plants. I liked the butterflies and the birds that were drawn to them. I didn’t want to spend all of my Saturdays mowing. I had worked on large scale native restoration projects in parks, so I thought I knew a thing or two about how to use natives.

I started with one flat of 50 plants and a bunch of seed. I couldn’t wait until my prairie grew into the inviting and attractive butterfly garden I envisioned, complete with a short winding trail. I was anxious to use my prairie to demonstrate to my neighbors the beauty and value of all things native. I looked forward to coming home from a day’s work to take a relaxing stroll through the prairie.

That is not how it turned out.

It’s not that the prairie didn’t grow; it was thick with more than a dozen species of native plants, hosting butterflies, bumblebees and hummingbirds, but none of that was enough to make the prairie as inviting as I had envisioned. The overall feel of the prairie was just… off.

There were a few attractive and inviting places along the path, but most of it felt oppressive or claustrophobic. Almost every plant stood at least five feet tall. A walk through the trail was like a walk down a narrow hallway with collapsing walls. I had to weave over, under, and around the Monarda and Ratibida that were falling onto the path. And even though the prairie seemed packed with natives, closer inspection revealed big gaps at ground level. Weeds were beginning to exploit those gaps.

My prairie was not the shining example of native landscaping I had hoped it would be, but native plants are not to blame for my results. The blame lands firmly on my design. I had approached the project in about the same way I had large scale restoration projects in parks, where I sowed mixed seed over large areas. That approach was designed to quickly improve the overall ecological value of many acres at a time. Viewed from a distance in parks, this approach can create visually appealing landscapes, but it creates a much different experience in a backyard. I wish I had understood that when I planted my prairie. I wanted it to feel “natural,” so I was focused on avoiding the typical mulched landscape approach, where each plant stands like an island in a sea of mulch. I thought these two approaches were my only options, until last year when I was lucky enough to attend the Illinois Landscape Contractors Association IMPACT conference and get an amazing glimpse into what I should have done. The keynote speaker, Thomas Rainer, who co-authored “Planting in a Post-Wild World” with Claudia West, laid out a strategy that could have prevented the mess I had. I recently picked up their book to get a more detailed look at their approach.

Rainer and West appreciate the value of native plants and they pair that appreciation with advanced design knowledge to create inviting landscapes that look and feel natural. Whether you are a homeowner looking to start a small landscape project, or a seasoned landscaper who has struggled with strategies for incorporating natives in your work, Rainer and West’s book is well worth the investment. Here are just a few ideas from their book that I will be incorporating into my landscape at my new home:

>”Plants are the best mulch.” This was the title of Rainer’s presentation at the conference. I was right to avoid the old practice of scattering plants around a landscape and surrounding them with wood mulch. It requires too much maintenance and is not visually appealing. I just didn’t know what I should do instead. A careful application of the right ground cover is one important key. If a landscape has about 50% groundcover, it not only helps suppress weeds, but it provides the support under the more showy species and allows them to stand up and be more visible in the landscape. It is also used to create space between the edge of the landscape and the taller plants, so that a person can walk along and enjoy it without feeling crowded, viewing the plants from a comfortable distance. The Monarda and Ratibida would not have been falling onto my path if I had set them back a bit, separated from the edge of the trail by Juncus tenuis or Sporobolus heterolepis.

>Consider the plants’ sociability and structural adaptations. When I planted my prairie I used, almost exclusively, plants that Rainer calls “design layer” plants. They are the showy native plants that typically contribute the most color and variety. They are an important part of the design but they create problems when crowded into a landscape. First, when too many are clustered together, the individual plants cannot stand out to be appreciated as easily. In addition, these plants don’t have the right structure to completely fill the space. Many design layer plants are relatively bare at their base. Plant two of them a foot apart and you’ll have a gap in the middle because they are not full at the bottom. If there is bare soil in that gap, weeds will find it. The old strategy was to fill that gap with mulch. The new strategy should be to fill those gaps with plants that are adapted to function as effective groundcover.

These roles of ground cover and design layer can be further understood by looking at a plant’s sociability. In its natural habitat, does the plant tend to grow individually, or does it tend to grow in large clumps? People often try to group plants that are not meant to be grouped. Plants that tend to grow in individually or in very small groups in the wild, like swamp milkweed, should be planted individually or in very small groups in a landscape. Rainer and West explain these different degrees of sociability and provide examples of plants at each level.

I left Rainer’s presentation inspired, but I lacked a list of plants that can specifically serve these different roles in a landscape. The book is not specific to any one region in the US, and Rainer encouraged people to find the plants that best fit their site and region. I’ve been working on such a list for Northern Indiana, but many of these species are appropriate for most of the Upper Midwest. This list was developed using plant information from the Cardno Native Plant Nursery Resource Catalog, along with years of field observations of plant growth and habitat. This list is not comprehensive, but provides a good start for a variety of site conditions.

Native plants are becoming more popular with landscape designers, who recognize their beauty, their ecological significance and their hardiness. Some designers may have the knowledge to avoid the kind of mistakes I made in my prairie. For the rest of us, “Planting in a Post Wild World” is a great, comprehensive guide. When used with the plants on the attached list, the strategies in the book can help create an inviting, natural-looking, ecologically productive, native landscape.

Ground cover Elements >Approximately 50% of the area of the landscape >Spreading, or clump-forming to suppress weeds Design Elements >25-40% of the area of the landscape >Many of the most well-known species in prairies are in this layer >Provides much of the color and changes through the growing season Structural Elements >10-15% of the area of the landscape >Tend to have stems that endure the cold months, so are a more permanent part of the landscape

Native Plant Nursery Groundcover (Approximately 50%) Sunlight Moisture Sporobolus heterolepis- Prairie Dropseed Full Dry, Moist Allium cernuum- Nodding Onion Partial, Full Moist Anemone canadensis- Meadow Anemone Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Juncus Tenuis- Path Rush Partial, Full Dry, Moist Schizachryium scoparium - Little Bluestem Partial, Full Dry, Moist Conoclinium coelestinum-Blue Mistflower Partial, Full Moist Fragaria virginiana - Wild Strawberry Partial, Full Dry, Moist Asarum canadense - Wild Ginger Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Carex pensylvanica- Common Oak Sedge Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Carex blanda - Common Wood Sedge Shade, Partial Dry, Moist Blephilia hirsuta - Hairy Wood Mint Shade, Partial Dry, Moist Carex plantaginea- Plantain-leaved Sedge Shade, Partial Dry, Moist Carex muskingumensis-Swamp Oval Sedge Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Geum laciniatum- Northern Rough Avens Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Mertensia virginica - Virginia Bluebells Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Onoclea sensibilis - Sensitive Fern Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Geranium maculatum - Wild Geranium Shade Moist

Design Layer (Approximately 25-40%) Sunlight Moisture Liatris spicata-Marsh Blazing Star Full Moist, Saturated Ratibida pinnata-Yellow Coneflower Full Dry, Moist Liatris aspera- Rough Blazing Star Partial, Full Dry Asclepias incarnata- Swamp Milkweed Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Asclepias tuberosa- Butterfly Weed Partial, Full Dry, Moist Black-eyed Susan- Rudbeckia hirta Partial, Full Dry, Moist Echinacea purpurea- Purple Coneflower Partial, Full Dry, Moist Euphorbia corollata - Flowering Spurge Partial, Full Dry, Moist Lupinus perennis- Wild Lupine Partial, Full Dry Mimulus ringens- Monkey Flower Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Monarda fistulosa - Wild Bergamot Partial, Full Dry, Moist Oligoneuron rigidum- Stiff Goldenrod Partial, Full Dry, Moist Solidago juncea- Early Goldenrod Partial, Full Dry, Moist Symphotrichum novae-angliae -N.E. Aster Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Agastache foeniculum-Lavender Hyssop Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Solidage caesia- Blue-stemmed Goldenrod Shade, Partial Dry, Moist Smilacina racemosa- False Solomon's Seal Shade, Partial Dry, Moist

Structural Layer (Approximately 10-15%) Sunlight Moisture Eryngium yuccifolium -Rattlesnake Master Full Dry, Moist (Continued on next page) Structural Layer (continued) Sunlight Moisture Sorghastrum nutans- Indian Grass Full Dry, Moist Andropogon gerardii- Big Blue Stem Partial, Full Dry, Moist Eutrochium maculatum- Spotted Joe Pye Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Panicum virgatum- Switch Grass Partial, Full Dry, Moist, Saturated Senna hebacarpa- Wild Senna Partial, Full Moist, Saturated Veronicatrum virginicum- Culver's Root Partial, Full Dry, Moist Corylus americana- American Hazelnut Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Viburnum dentatum- Arrowwood Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Viburnum prunifolium- Blackhaw Shade, Partial, Full Dry, Moist Asimina triloba- Pawpaw Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Lindera benzoin- Spicebush Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Verbesina alternifolia- Wingstem Shade, Partial Moist, Saturated Helianthus strumosus- Pale-Leaved Sunflower Shade, Partial Dry, Moist

Cardno Native Plant Nursery 128 Sunset Drive Walkerton, Indiana 46574 www.cardnonativeplantnursery.com 574-586-2412