9/11 Truther the Fight for Peace, Justice and Accountability
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Czuzak 1 9/11 and the AMERICAN-SAUDI ALLIANCE
9/11 AND THE AMERICAN-SAUDI ALLIANCE: A PRAGMATIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO UNLIKELY PARTNERS ©2017 By Andrew N. Czuzak A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion Of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies at the Croft Institute for International Studies The University of Mississippi University, Mississippi May 2017 Approved: Advisor: Dr. Vivian Ibrahim Reader: Dr. Yael Zeira Reader: Dr. Nicolas Trépanier Czuzak 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...3-5 SECTION 1.1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...5-9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...10-15 CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS & METHODS ...16 SECTION 3.1: STRATEGIC TIES ...17-26 SECTION 3.2: ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS ...27-35 SECTION 3.3: DIPLOMACY AND POLITICAL GESTURES ...36-40 SECTION 3.4: PUBLIC OPINION AND MEDIA EXPOSURE ...41-46 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ...47-48 REFERENCES ...49-51 Czuzak 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Since July of 2016, Saudi Arabia has been in the public eye with the release of the “28 Pages” report and former President Obama’s veto of the Congressional decision to allow the victims of the September 11th attacks to sue Saudi Arabia. Despite allegations that stem nearly fifteen years back, the Saudi connection to 9/11 remains relevant to this day. Historically, these two nations have shared a “special relationship” based off mutual strategic interests and oil wealth, but did this relationship begin to crack earlier than these recent events show? This thesis’ importance is that it helps reveal which aspects of alliances are most important to the United States and Saudi Arabia in their relationship. I hypothesized that the parts that matter most are the “pragmatic” parts of the relationship. -
Ex Post Facto
EX POST FACTO JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY STUDENTS SPRING AT SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY 2020 EX POST FACTO Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University Volume XXIV 2020 Ex Post Facto is published annually by the students of the Department of History at San Francisco State University and members of the Kappa Phi Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the national History honors society. All views of fact or opinion are the sole responsibility of the authors and may not re- flect the views of the editorial staff. Questions or comments may be directed to Ex Post Facto, Department of History, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Fran- cisco, CA 94132. Contact us via email at [email protected]. The Journal is pub- lished online at http:/history.sfsu.edu/content/ex-post- facto-history-journal. The Ex Post Facto editorial board gratefully acknowledges the funding pro- vided by the Instructionally Related Activities Committee at San Francisco State University. The board also wishes to thank Dr. Eva Sheppard Wolf for her continued confidence and support, as well as all of the Department of History’s professors who have both trained and encouraged students in their pursuit of the historian’s craft. These professors have empowered their students to write the inspiring scholarship included in this publication. In addition to support from within our own department, we have also been fortunate to receive outstanding contributions from the SFSU School of De- sign. Therein we are particularly grateful for the assistance of Dr. Joshua Singer and Aitalina Indeeva. -
Proquest Dissertations
NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI u Ottawa I,'I nivrrsilc canadirrmi' (.'iiiiiiilij's university nm FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES [,'University eanadienne Canada's university Vajmeh Tabibi AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Criminology) GRADE/DEGREE Department of Criminology FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Experiences and Perceptions of Afghan-Canadian men in the Post-September 11th Context TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Christine Bruckert ___„„„„„___„_ _.„.____„_____^ EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE/THESIS EXAMINERS Kathryn Campbell Bastien Quirion .Gar.Y_ W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Experiences and Perceptions of Afghan-Canadian men in the Post-September 11th Context Vajmeh Tabibi Thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies In partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the MA Degree in Criminology Department of Criminology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa Vajmeh Tabibi, Ottawa, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46500-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46500-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur -
Congressional Record—Senate S11939
December 8, 2004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S11939 began work immediately on this crit- that hope. We will have kept our NER, 30 minutes; Senator LEVIN, 15 min- ical project, literally hours after the charge as Members to stand on behalf utes; Senator GRAHAM of Florida, 15 9/11 Commission issued its report. of America in her defense. And we will minutes; Senator COLEMAN, 10 minutes; From beginning to end she has brought have stood and made a lasting dif- Senator CARPER, 5 minutes; Senator her talents and skill to an extremely ference that is a fitting capstone to the SPECTER, 20 minutes, and his comments difficult issue. Chairman SUSAN COL- 108th Congress. will follow Senator LIEBERMAN’s com- LINS demonstrated tremendous leader- I thank all Members for their pa- ments this morning. ship. The Senate and the Nation are in tience. I appreciate them for their dili- I further ask that following the use her debt. gence and dedication since the end of or yielding back of the time, the Sen- This day cannot go by without also July, working nonstop to bring this ate proceed to a vote on the adoption thanking many other Members: Sen- bill to the floor and ultimately see it of the conference report, with no inter- ator LIEBERMAN, the ranking member; through to passage today and later sig- vening action or debate. members of the Governmental Affairs nature by the President of the United Mr. REID. Mr. President, reserving Committee, and the Senate conferees; States. the right to object, I will ask a couple of things: One, that the time for Senator WARNER, who stepped in to f lend an able hand in this last week; quorum calls run off of the time equal- INTELLIGENCE REFORM AND TER- Senator JON KYL, whose patience has ly against everybody. -
Lipstick on the Pig Lipstick on The
ELECTION 2008 Lipstick on the Pig Robert David STEELE Vivas Public Intelligence Minuteman Prefaces from Senator Bernie Sanders (I‐VT), Tom Atlee, Thom Hartmann, & Sterling Seagraves Take a Good Look Our Political System Today Let’s Lose the Lipstick, Eat the Pig, and Move On! ELECTION 2008 Lipstick on the Pig Robert David STEELE Vivas Co‐Founder, Earth Intelligence Network Copyright © 2008, Earth Intelligence Network (EIN) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ EIN retains commercial and revenue rights. Authors retain other rights offered under copyright. Entire book and individual chapters free online at www.oss.net/PIG. WHAT THIS REALLY MEANS: 1. You can copy, print, share, and translate this work as long as you don’t make money on it. 2. If you want to make money on it, by all means, 20% to our non-profit and we are happy. 3. What really matters is to get this into the hands of as many citizens as possible. 4. Our web site in Sweden is robust, but you do us all a favor if you host a copy for your circle. Books available by the box of 20 at 50% off retail ($35.00). $20 is possible at any printer if you negotiate, we have to pay $35 with our retail discount, but actual cost to printer is $10. Published by Earth Intelligence Network October 2008 Post Office Box 369, Oakton, Virginia 22124 www.earth-intelligence.net Cover graphic is a composition created by Robert Steele using open art available on the Internet. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
Ten Most Wanted Documents for 2004
Ten Most Wanted Documents for 2004 A Report for OpenTheGovernment.org by OMB Watch & Center for Democracy & Technology April 2004 OpenTheGovernment.org OpenTheGovernment.org Steering Committee Steven Aftergood Robert Leger Federation of American Society of Professional Scientists Journalists Carol Andress Conrad Martin** Environmental Defense Fund for Constitutional Government* Mary Alice Baish American Association of Law Elliot Mincberg Libraries People For the American Way Gary Bass* Reece Rushing OMB Watch Center for American Progress Tom Blanton* National Security Archive Peg Seminario AFL-CIO Doug Clifton** American Society of David Sobel Newspaper Editors* Electronic Privacy Information Center Lucy Dalglish Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press * Co-Chairs ** ex officio member OpenTheGovernment.org - 2 - OpenTheGovernment.org Ten Most Wanted Documents for 2004 A Report for OpenTheGovernment.org by OMB Watch & Center for Democracy & Technology April 2004 OpenTheGovernment.org 1742 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington DC 20009 Phone 202-234-8494 Fax 202-234-8584 www.OpenTheGovernment.org [email protected] - 3 - OpenTheGovernment.org OpenTheGovernment.org OpenTheGovernment.org would like to express appreciation to the following for their generous support: Bauman Foundation Fund for Constitutional Government John S. and James L. Knight Foundation OMB Watch Schooner Foundation Acknowledgements The report benefited from the contributions of the many individuals and organizations contributing information, ideas, and suggestions. In addition to the steering committee for OpenTheGovernment.org, special acknowledgement should be made to Steve Aftergood, Scott Amey, Carol Andress, Mary Alice Baish, Danielle Brian, Bruce Craig, Lucy Dalglish, Cheryl Gregory, Robert Leger, Kate Martin, Sean Moulton, Joe Onek and Celia Wexler for their contributions to the report. -
9-11 and Terrorist Travel- Full
AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 9/11 AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States By Thomas R. Eldridge Susan Ginsburg Walter T. Hempel II Janice L. Kephart Kelly Moore and Joanne M. Accolla, Staff Assistant Alice Falk, Editor Note from the Executive Director The Commission staff organized its work around specialized studies, or monographs, prepared by each of the teams. We used some of the evolving draft material for these studies in preparing the seventeen staff statements delivered in conjunction with the Commission’s 2004 public hearings. We used more of this material in preparing draft sections of the Commission’s final report. Some of the specialized staff work, while not appropriate for inclusion in the report, nonetheless offered substantial information or analysis that was not well represented in the Commission’s report. In a few cases this supplemental work could be prepared to a publishable standard, either in an unclassified or classified form, before the Commission expired. This study is on immigration, border security and terrorist travel issues. It was prepared principally by Thomas Eldridge, Susan Ginsburg, Walter T. Hempel II, Janice Kephart, and Kelly Moore, with assistance from Joanne Accolla, and editing assistance from Alice Falk. As in all staff studies, they often relied on work done by their colleagues. This is a study by Commission staff. While the Commissioners have been briefed on the work and have had the opportunity to review earlier drafts of some of this work, they have not approved this text and it does not necessarily reflect their views. -
Saudi 28 Pages & 911 Report 14.9.16
Saudi Arabia and 9/11: Establishing the Truth Behind the Release of the 28 Pages and the “Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act” By Anthony H. Cordesman Update: September 14, 2016 Please provide comments to [email protected] Cover: DoD photo by Master Sgt. Ben Bloker, U.S. Air Force Saudi Arabia and the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Attack 14/9/16 2 Saudi Arabia and the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act President Obama has made it clear that he intends to veto the legislation the House passed on September 9, 2016 that would allow families of those killed in the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for any role its officials played in the terrorist attack. He should veto the bill and the Congress should pause and not override that veto. It is all too easy to understand anger the families and survivors of those who were victims on 9/11 feel, and the desire they have to find someone to punish and blame and for some compensation for their losses. It is equally easy to understand the mixed motives of a Congress caught up in the politics of tenth anniversary of the attack, an election year, and the desire not to seem soft on terrorism. Saudi Arabia is also one of America’s most difficult strategic partners for Americans to understand, and its progress, reforms, and strategic importance are often badly understated. It is easier to focus on the fact it is an Islamic state at a time when extremist threats like ISIS, Al Qaida, and the Taliban, than deal with the complicated security issues in the Gulf region and the fact the U.S. -
Lessons Learned—The Inspector General’S Report on the 9/11 Detainees
S. HRG. 108–257 LESSONS LEARNED—THE INSPECTOR GENERAL’S REPORT ON THE 9/11 DETAINEES HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 25, 2003 Serial No. J–108–19 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 91–288 DTP WASHINGTON : 2004 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:48 Jan 19, 2004 Jkt 090303 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\HEARINGS\91288.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah, Chairman CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts JON KYL, Arizona JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware MIKE DEWINE, Ohio HERBERT KOHL, Wisconsin JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin LARRY E. CRAIG, Idaho CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN CORNYN, Texas JOHN EDWARDS, North Carolina BRUCE ARTIM, Chief Counsel and Staff Director BRUCE A. COHEN, Democratic Chief Counsel and Staff Director (II) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:48 Jan 19, 2004 Jkt 090303 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\HEARINGS\91288.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC C O N T E N T S STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Page Feingold, Hon. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 108 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 108 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 150 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2004 No. 139 House of Representatives The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Tuesday, January 4, 2005, at 12 noon. Senate WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2004 The Senate met at 9:30 a.m. and was generations. Thank You for Your pro- ple with issues and wisdom to seek called to order by the President pro tection. You make wars to cease, de- Your guidance. tempore (Mr. STEVENS). stroying the weapons of those who Bless and strengthen the many staff- fight against Your purposes. Today, ers who provide the wind beneath the PRAYER guide our lawmakers with Your justice wings of our leaders. Bring to them a The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, of- and keep them as the apple of Your bountiful harvest for their many fered the following prayer: eye. Instruct them in Your wisdom and months of faithful toil. Let us pray. hide them under the shadow of Your Bless all who mourn the loss of Stan Faithful God, who stretches out the wings. Help them to find light in Your Kimmitt. He will be greatly missed. Earth above the waters, Your Name is laws and knowledge in Your instruc- We pray this in Your holy Name. great and Your goodness extends to all tions. Give them patience as they grap- Amen. NOTICE If the 108th Congress, 2d Session, adjourns sine die on or before December 10, 2004, a final issue of the Congres- sional Record for the 108th Congress, 2d Session, will be published on Monday, December 20, 2004, in order to permit Members to revise and extend their remarks. -
Nomination of Ambassador John D. Negroponte to Be Director of National Intelligence
S. HRG. 109–79 NOMINATION OF AMBASSADOR JOHN D. NEGROPONTE TO BE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION APRIL 12, 2005 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 22–581 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 03-FEB-2003 14:52 Sep 23, 2005 Jkt 020732 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 D:\DOCS\22581.TXT SSC1 PsN: SSC1 SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE [Established by S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess.] PAT ROBERTS, Kansas, Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Vice Chairman ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah CARL LEVIN, Michigan MIKE DEWINE, Ohio DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri RON WYDEN, Oregon TRENT LOTT, Mississippi EVAN BAYH, Indiana OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska JON S. CORZINE, New Jersey SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia BILL FRIST, Tennessee, Ex Officio HARRY REID, Nevada, Ex Officio JOHN WARNER, Virginia, Ex Officio BILL DUHNKE, Staff Director and Chief Counsel ANDREW W. JOHNSON, Minority Staff Director KATHLEEN P. MCGhee, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate 03-FEB-2003 14:52 Sep 23, 2005 Jkt 020732 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\22581.TXT SSC1 PsN: SSC1 CONTENTS Page Hearing held in Washington, DC: April 12, 2005 ..................................................................................................