sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ergilian, Paleogene, Sharamurunian, Whitneyan

and Time Scale of GTS 2012 Paleogene Neogene N. Vandenberghe 1, F.J. Hilgen 2 and R.P. Speijer 3 F.J. Hilgen 1, L.J. Lourens 2 and J.A. Van Dam 3

1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K. U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B - 3001 Leuven, Belgium, [email protected] 1. Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands, [email protected] 2. Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands, [email protected] 2. Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands, [email protected] 3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K. U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaal 200E, B - 3001 Leuven, Belgium, [email protected] 3. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la UAB, Mòdul ICP, E-08193 cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain, [email protected]

Of the 9 Paleogene stages, only 3 remain to be formally defined: the and stages of upper Paleogene Time Scale and the (base of upper ). Larger 18 13 AGE /Age Polarity Mega- Dinoflagellate Cysts North American O C AGE -1.0 -0.5 -0.5 Of the 8 Neogene stages, only 2 remain to be formally defined: the Burdigalian and Langhian stages of lower and middle Mio- (Ma) Chron Cycles Planktonic Benthic Calcareous Nannofossils Radiolarians NALMA MP European ALMA SALMA 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Age () (Ma) During the Paleogene, the global climate, being warm

(Stage) Northwestern Europe Mammals other zones Foraminifera ELMA R T low latitude southern high latitude until the late Eocene, shows a significant cooling trend cene. b Globoquadrina dehiscens SBZ24 Ar3 Cephalogale, Menoceras, C6B Moropus, Ysengrinia, MN2 M1 NN2 Discoaster druggi Neogene "Paragloborotalia" kugleri CN1 b Zodiolestes Neogene culminating in a sustained cool Oligocene. Superposed N4 a Invertocysta Issiodoromys Theridomyidae Spreading rate history of South Atlantic 23.0 Aq1 NN1 tabulata MN1 bransatensis 23.0 D16 RP22 MP30 Mi1 35 The biostratigraphy of marine successions is well established using several microfossil groups. Calcareous nanno- C6C Nimravinae on this general climatic trend are several short-lived Reticulofenestra bisecta Membranophoridium Issiodoromys Issiodoromys un-zoned MP29 (>10 micron) a Tuberculodinium aspinatum Cyrtocapsella pseudanoema pseudanoema Cande-Kent 1995 fossils and planktonic foraminifera are the most widely used groups for biostratigraphy in open marine deposits, especially in vancampoae Lychnocanoma tetrapera oxygen- and carbon-isotope events that are useful for Issiodoromys O7 elongata MP28 Issiodoromys GTS 2004 C7 limognensis limognensis low- and mid-latitude settings. The reversal history of the Earth’s magnetic field has been the backbone of the Cenozoic corre- "Paragloborotalia" SBZ23 Distatodinium biffii global correlation. GTS 2012 pseudokugleri Issiodoromys Issiodoromys 30 25 C7A NP25 MP27 quercyi quercyi, 25 P22 RP(SH) Ar2 Dichobunidae Oi2c lations, especially between marine and terrestrial settings. Chattian 16 Chattian C8 c I. pauffiensis, O6 Anoplotheriidae CP19 RP21 MP26 The Neogene age model has astronomical tuning “downward” relative to the Present of magnetic polarity chrons and major mi- Arvernian 25 Pentadinium laticinctum Plesiosorex, Deseadan D15 imaginatum Axoprunum? Issiodoromys pauffiensis Oi2b C9 Paragloborotalia opima Sphenolithus irregularis Paleogene Age Model crofossil and nannofossil datums. Ages for other marine biostratigraphic datums, terrestrial zones, stable isotope distentus O5 SBZ22b Svalbardella Pseudotheridomys, Plagiolophus, cooksoniae 28.1 Parvericius Nyctitheriidae, Tabenbulakian 28.1 events and sea-level trends are mainly derived from correlations to this astronomically tuned bio-magnetostratigraphic scale Ch1 P21 b MP25 B. blainvillei Oi2a 20 NP24 Dorcadospyris Poebrotherium Blainvillimys Aquitanian 20 Chiloguembelina 23.03 Mioc. C10 Globigerina Saturnodinium ateuchus blainvillei O4 cubensis (LCO) pansum angulisuturalis Ar1 25 Tristylospyris Chattian SBZ22a Enneadocysta Palaeocastor nebraskensis, Blainvillimys Oi2* Spreading rate (km/myr) triceros Oligocene Sphenolithus ciperoensis a pectiniformis Plesioisminthus, Kalobatippus MP24 heimersheimensis 28.09 Issiodoromys minor P20 O3 30 C11 CP18 Apteodinium 30 Sphenolithus distentus 30 Oligocene b spiridoides Rhombodinium RP(SH) Merycoidodon Pseudosciuridae, 33.9 15 draco 15 MP23 Blainvillimys helmeri, I. medius, Turborotalia B. helmeri 35 NP23 Viverridae Priabonian Rupelian ampliapertura CP17 Enneadocysta Oi2 Rupelian 37.8±0.5 P19 O2 arcuata RP20 B. gregarius, D14 Entelodon, 40 Bartonian Reticulofenestra Tinguirirican 41.2±0.5 Oligocene Eocene Late

Plagiolophus Pleist. Plio. umbilicus (south high lat.) a Protoceras MP22 C12 SBZ21 Suevian ministri, Oi1b 10 Blainvillimys gregarius, Reticulofenestra Issiodoromys medius 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pseudohastigerina NP22 Wetzeliella Ischyromys, Bothriodon, Eocene

umbilicus (low-mid lat.) Age (Ma) 47.8±0.2 naguewichiensis gochtii Mesohippus Bothriodon Spiniferites sp. 1 Oi1a Age in Ma P18 O1 Bothriodon 50 Hypertragulus Hsandagolian CP16 Coccolithus formosus D13 Chiropteridium (Manum et al., 1989) MP21 Palaeotherium Lithocyclia Axoprunum? calcaratus, galea angusta irregularis Suoidea Brontotheriidae Rhinocerotidae, 33.9 NP21 Clausicoccus subdistichus Xiphodontidae, 33.9 Combined Age Model Ru1 (top of acme) Thalassiphora Areosphaeridium MP20 sue - fro Cricetidae, Mustersan Oi1 55 56.0 c Entelodon, Amphimerycidae C13 Hantkenina alabamensis reticulata diktyoplokum Lithocyclia Oromerycidae, E16 aristotelis medium - Castoridae Discoaster saipanensis Cylindrodontidae MP19 59.2 RP19 group Ch3 Cricetidae, curtum P. m. medium P16 / SBZ20 Glaphyrocysta Palaeotherium 60 Mustelidae m. medium 61.6 Neogene & Quaternary Time Scale 35 P17 Globigerinatheka index Discoaster semitecta 35 barbadiensis Palaeotherium P. muehlbergi Larger Mega- C15 E15 muehlbergi thaleri, Paleocene NP19- thaleri, 65 66.04±0.05 AGE Polarity Dinoflagellate Cysts Radiolarians Cycles D12 b RP(SH) Ch2 Merycoidodon, pseudo - Isoptychus I. pseudo- Planktonic Foraminifera Benthic Calcareous Nannofossils Priabonian 20 14 Nimravidae Multituberculata, Priabonian (Ma) Epoch/Age Chron MP18 thaleri pseudosiderolithicus siderolithicus Cretaceous R T CP15 RP18 Apatotheria The astronomical tuning of the Cenozoic geomagnetic time Period (Stage) Foram. Northwestern Europe C16 SBZ19 70 Thalassiphora Holoc. 0.126 Tarantian NN21 CN15 Emiliania huxleyi Spiniferites elongatus RN17 Buccinosphaera invaginata LGM Globigerinatheka Isthmolithus recurvus Hyopsodus Headonian Barrancan 0 c

fenestrata Calocyclas bandyca Isoptychus vect - Palaeotherium 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 scale implies a considerable variation in spreading rates for b NN20 Pseudoemiliania RN16 semiinvoluta magnum, euzetensis Ch1 Entelodontidae, Ursidae, nanus Distance (km in S. Atlantic marine magnetic anomaly profile) 0.78 Ionian CN14 Gephyrocapsa lacunosa RN15 Collosphaera Stylatractus universus P15 E14 NP18 Chi. oamaruensis Heteraulacacysta Eucyrtidium MP17 b Isoptychus C1 Globorotalia tosaensis spp. reentrance Tectatodinium tuberosa (common) a Rhombodinium porosa RP17 Cryptocarpium azyx spinosum Bothriodon, Poebrotherium euzetensis the South Atlantic reference scale of marine magnetic N22 Pt1 pellitum RN14 ste-dep Lophiotherium, Ulangochuian (reemG event) 37.8 perforatum MP17 a 37.8 Calabrian Globigerinoides NN19 Discoaster Pr1 SBZ18 Quercygale a b C17 Palaeotherium fistulosus CN13 brouweri Anthocyrtidium angulare Chiasmolithus Rottnestia borussica Plesiadapiformes, anomalies. Following a slowing in the latest Cretaceous 1.81 Gephyrocapsa spp. RN13 oamaruensis castrense (=bmG event) Spiniferites Chiasmolithus b Du2 Nyctitheriidae robiacense Propalaeotherium, Discoaster (rare) Wetzeliella Ischyromys lautricense PL6 G. pseudomiocenica NN18 D21 pachyderma Pterocanium prismatium Morozovelloides grandis D11 L. stehlini, Gelasian C2 (Indo-Pac.) pentaradiatus simplex RP(SH) - Quaternary through Paleogene, spreading rates rose to a plateau for RN12b NP17 sidero- Hyrachyidae, 2.59 G. miocenica (Atl.) NN17 crassatus Heteraulacacysta? RP16 13 MP16 Leptolophus PL5 Atl. Discoaster surculus Anthocyrtidium jenghisi E13 a Rhombodinium lithicum stehlini Lophiodontidae, CN12 Invertocysta RN12a P14 porosum leptalea Du1 , Canidae, CRZ Palaeotherium N20/ PL4 Atl. tabulata Amphicyonidae, Mesohippus, late Eocene through , then have slowed to the Piacenzian D. altispira (Atl.) NN16 Bartonian Lophiodon castrense Bartonian PL5 Pac. Globorotalila Discoaster tamalis a RN11b Stichocorys peregrina Corrudinium Podocyrtis (Lampterium) Lithapium mitra N21 Orbulinoides SBZ17 b Rhombodinium Rhinocerotidae lautricense robiacense C2A miocenica (Atl.) Discoaster 40 C18 CP14 draco incompositum goetheana 40 3.6 PL4 Pac S. seminulina Spiniferites cf. beckmanni present day. A similar general conclusion was apparent asymmetricus RN11a P13 E12 Taeniodonta PL3 NN15 (FCO) Reticulofenestra pseudofurcatus Phormostichoartus fistula Orbulinoides RP15 Podocyrtis (Lampterium) Dentoglobigerina pseudoumbilicus Areoligera tauloma NN14 CN11 RN10 chalara MP15 PL2 beckmanni Chiasmolithus solitus Pseudoltinomys Lophiodon altispira (Pac.) Phormostichoartus doliolum from previous time scales, but with slighly shifted peaks. Not named Operculodinium Reticulatosphaera cosetanus leptorhynchus MECO The age-distance model for C-sequence marine magnetic Zanclean Ceratolithus Discoaster b 41.2 Podocyrtis 41.2 Sphaeroidinellopsis NN13 tricorniculatus tegillatum actinocoronata D10 N18/ PL1 seminulina (Pac.) rugosus Didymocyrtis penultima E11 Reticulofenestra (Lampterium) mitra Ui3 Robiacian 5 Globorotalia a RP(SH) C3 N19 Atl. CN10 Amaurolithus SBZ16 NP16 umbilicus (>14 ?m) anomalies in the South Atlantic incorporates astronomical 5.33 tumida (Pac.) Barssidinium C19 12 Globorotalia NN12 Ceratolithus primus P12 eocaenum acutus evangelinae RP14 - Globorotalia margaritae Me2 SBZ15 MP14 tuning for Chrons C6C through C13n, a bridging polynomial for M14 tumida (Atl.) D. quinqueramus D20 Lu4 Guembelitrioides nuttalli Colodon, Soricidae, rhino- RN9 Glaphyrocysta Mytonomeryx cerodes N17b Globoturborotalita E10 Nannotetrina Eusyringium Messinian nepenthes Nicklithus a Reticulofenestra fulgens intricata fistuligerum CRZ amplificus Nicklithus umbilicus Podocyrtis (Lampterium) Chron C15n, a spline-fit to radioisotope dates for Chrons C3A Globorotalia alt SBZ14 mitra Omomys, Globoquadrina amplificus Cleistosphaeridium Hyrachyus eximius, Palaeotherium, miotumida NN11a CN9 Globigerinatheka Blackites gladius 7.25 dehiscens Amaurolithus Selenopemphix P11 E9 kugleri Morozovella diversisphinosum Podocyrtis (L.) sinuosa Eobasileus cornutus, Pseudosciuridae, C15r-C23r, and astronomical tuning for Chrons C24n-C29r. primus armageddonensis Stichocorys RP13 Uintatherium Propalaeotherium C3B b peregrina aragonensis Theridomyidae s.s., G. lenguaensis C20 anceps MP13 Amphimerycidae, isselanum N17 Discoaster P10 CP13 Podocyrtis (Podocyrtoges) Ui2 Hystrichosphaeropsis Plagiolophus quinqueramus Stichocorys Chiasmolithus e ampla Beginning of each anomaly/chron is shown as a blue dot. M13 Globorotalia obscura Lutetian RP(SH) Lutetian C4 plesiotumida b RN8 delmontensis gigas Bunomeryx, NN11 Discoaster Barssidium E8 Podocyrtis 11 Quercygale, Lophiotherium evangelinae Diartus hughesi 45 Chiasmolithus (Podocyrtoges) Mesomeryx 45 berggrenii RN7 Diartus hughesi NP15 gigas Guembelitrioides Enneadocysta RP12 phyxis GSSP of the Aquitanian Stage of the Miocene Series NN10 CN8 nuttalli MP12 Neoglobo- Palaeocystodinium Eocene arcuata Orohippus N16 a Diartus Eusyringium lagena Propalaeotherium at Lemme-Carrosio, . C4A quadrina Globorotalia golzowense SBZ13 Nannotetrina Eusyringium lagena Eobasileus cornutus, isselanum Tortonian acostaensis lenguaensis D19 petterssoni fulgens d Phthanoperidinium Camelidae, (Atl.only) Wetzeliella articulata Geiseltalian la Centuriona regalis Merycoidodontoidea 10 Discoaster Discoaster c brevicornuta Casa Campagnola NN9 CN7 hamatus a D9 RP(SH) Ui1 Propalaeotherium Ricoi N15 M12 hamatus MP11 hassiacum, 10 b Dracodinium RP11 Anoplotheriidae GSSP of the Danian Stage of the Paleogene Catinaster C21 L Paragloborotalia NN8 CN6 RN6 Blackites pachydermum Dictyoprora N e Amiculosphaera P9 m C5 N14 M11 mayeri coalitus inflatus mongolfieri m umbraculum Lu1 Dictyoprora mongolfieri at El Kef, e 47.8 NP14 CP12 Phenacodus, Donrussellia, 47.8 Globoturborotalita Turborotalia R NN7 ? Vacan ? (Casamayoran) ? Vacan iv B. Camporeso 11.61 nepenthes E7 frontosa Hyrachyus eximius, Propachynolophus gaudryi Casa Sciotra er b N13 M10 Palaeocystodinium sp. A Tor1 Discoaster RP10 Theocotyle cryptocephala Br3 Uintatherium anceps Phenacodus, 0 100km Casa Carezzani SBZ26 Discoaster SBZ12 Palaeosyops Discoaster (Costa&Downie, 1979) sublodoensis Bergamo Fohsella CN5 kugleri c Bizerte Milano 375 Fohsella fohsi kugleri Gramocysta (5-rayed) Notharctus pugnax, Mediterranean b verricula Theocotyle Br2 N. tenebrosus, C5A robusta Dracodinium nigriniae MP10 Novara A Carrosio Serravallian N12 M9 NN6 dda a pachydermum RP9 Smilodectes gracilis Casa Rocchetta Fohsella b Achomosphaera Achomosphaera alcicornu Yp10 Tunis D18 andalousiensis C22 Acarinina Charlesdowniea Theocorys anaclasta Br1b Grauvian Po C5AA a fohsi cuneicamerata NP13 CP11 Areosphaeridium Smilodectes Canavila River SBZ11 a diktyoplokum columna C5AB Unipontidinium Neogene N11 M8 50 mcgrewi Choeropotamidae, Gliridae, 50 N Alessandria 13.82 Fohsell El Kef Piacenza Sphenolithus aquaeductum RN5 P8 E6 c Charlesdowniea Membranilarnacia Coryphodon Propachynolophus gaudryi C5AC N10 M7 "praefohsi" a compressa RP(SH) Eotitanops NN5 CN4 heteromorphus Unipontidinium aff. clathrata Bridgerian GSSP Tribrachiatus borealis GSSP Fohsella aquaeductum Morozovella 9 Lophiodon C5AD peripheroacuta orthostylus D.simile Br1a Sousse N9 M6 Dorcadospyris alata subbotinae b Ochteodinium Propachynolophus Elles Praeorbulina Palaeosyops, PE V levei EECO Genova Miocene Langhian D8 romanum Omomys, Donrussellia, 15 Orbulina sicana Cousteaudinium C23 P7 E5 Kalaat suturalis Helicosphaera RP8 Eotitanops borealis, Propachynolophus A B C5B b aubryae Ypresian Morozovella SBZ10 Charlesdowniea Ypresian Senan ampliaperta Labyrinthodinium Hyrachyidae PE IV levei Multituberculata Algeria b aragonensis NP12 CP10 coleothrypta Dracodinium N8 M5 Praeorbulina a politum Calcareous Planktonic & 15.97 truncatum Lophiodontidae Plesiadapis, Tunisia glomerosa s.str. Dorcadospyris Dracodinium Wa7 Brontotheriidae Lemme-Carrosio Section Nanno- Benthonic Dinoflagellates a dentata varielongitudum Coryphodon, Praeorbulina sicana Apteodinium RN4 Discoaster Dracodinium Buryella clinata Oxyaenidae, Sfax fossils Foraminifera b NN4 CN3 spiridoides lodoensis Hyrachyidae ETM3 C5C c Dracodinium solidum Wa6 Heptodon Hyopsodus A B SBZ9 MP8-9 N4.1 20 N7 Fohsella birnageae D17 D7 solidum 13 M4 Calocycletta P6b E4 Tribrachiatus Deflandrea PE III El Kef Ni-rich spinel Planktonic C6Bn m Sphenolithus a Pterocodon (?) Wa5 Chiroptera, δ C Bloom of Globigeriantella (Calocyclissima) costata

orthostylus b oebisfeldensis Section in crystals and foraminifera C6B neoabies NP11 Dracodinium anteclinata Lychnocanium Orohippus (Keller & Deflandrea spp. insueta s.str. a Morozovella Neustrian N6 SBZ8 a simile in ng/g R-3 C5D formosa auxilla ETM2 Lindinger, 1989) C6Br Catapsydrax CP9 Discoaster b Cerodinium Wa4 Eucosmodontidae (Robin & 25 Sphenolithus Tribrachiatus D6 Wetzeliella wardenense dissimilis NN3 belemnos RN3 diastypus contortus RP(SH) Oxyaena gulo Rocchia, 1998) Sphenolithus Burdigalian Stichocorys wolffii Oxyaena gulo C24 P6a E3 SBZ7 a meckelfeldensis Wa3 Oxyaena gulo conicus C5E M3 SBZ25 CN2 Sphenolithus 8 Oxyaena gulo kugleri 55 NP10 55 belemnos Triquetro- Sumatradinium Pseudohastigerina Tribrachiatus bramlettei Wetzeliella Wa2 Dipsalidictis Sphenolithus dehiscens rhabdulus druggi SBZ6 Phelodinium Podocyrtis transiens PE II Dipsalidictis Globigerinatella E2 wilcoxensis b astra Dipsalidictis Dipsalidictis transiens N-3 Globoquadrina

Morozovella Paragloborotalia magnificum papalis fransiens 30 delphix sp. carinatus velascoensis Wa1 transiens Uvigerina spinicostata 56.0 SBZ5 Rhomboaster spp. D5 RP7 Wa0-M Arfia junnei MP7 PE I 56.0 Aquitanian C6 N5 Exochosphaeridium RN2 Perissodactyla, C6Cn2n Chiropteridium E1 Acarinina Apectodinium Iridium M i o c e n CP8 PETM N e o g n insigne P5 sibaiyaensis a augustum Apectodinium Primates, Artiodactyla, Artiodactyla, background spp. Campylosphaera eodela Cf3 Perissodactyla Arctostylopida, Oxyaenidae, Liotomus, 10 level 20 augustum Hainina, <0.02ng/g P5 NP9 Plesiadapis Coryphodon GSSP C6Cn 35 M2 Apectodinium RP(SH) Cf2 Coryphodon, Neoplagiaulax, R-2 Sphenolithus 20.44 Discoaster multiradiatus c homomorphum MP6 Primates, Riochican c Theocyrtis Th5 Phormocyrtis Clark- Adapisorex, capricornutus C6A NN2 Acarinina SBZ4 (common) 7 forkian Rodentia Rodentia annosa striata Cf1 P. gingerichi Arctocyon soldadoensis Globanomalina CP7 Discoaster nobilis Liotomus Ectosphaeropsis RN1 c Cernaysian

Plesiadapis gingerichi C6C CN1 Danian Thanetian exquisita Ti6 Thanetian C6Cn2r burdigalenesis Cyrtocapsella pseudomenardii 5 40 SBZ24 Bekoma bidartensis Paleocene N-2 C6AA "Paragloborotalia" Sumatradinium tetrapera P. simonsi Cenozoic D16 Plesiadapis simonsi C25 NP8 Paleogene kugleri soucouyantae CP6 D4 b Aquitanian b Heliolithus riedelii Ti5 Ni-rich Globoquadrina Stylotrochus nitidus, Guembelitria alabamensis M1 dehiscens RP6c Probathyopsis Ples. churchilli Itaboraian spinels C6B Discoaster Discoaster mohleri Areoligera gippingensis Pterocodon (?) poculum max: 200/mg 45 N4 Deflandrea P4 NP7 Racemiguembelina fructicosa Plummerita hantkeninoides druggi Invertocysta P4 RP(SH) "Paragloborotalia" b phosphoritica 59.2 b 59.2 0 R-1 R i g o r s F m a t n a tabulata RP22

C6Cr SBZ23 NP6 CP5 Heliolithus kleinpellii Palaeocystodinium 6 Plesiadapis Arctocyon, Taizicun GSSP Sphenolithus 23.03 kugleri NN1 SBZ3 a Ti4 Rupelian Aq1 Alisocysta margarita bulliforme churchilli Adapisorex, LF ELPE - MPBE delphix C6C Reticulofenestra bisecta RP6b Walbeck LF Iridium NP25 CP19 (>10 micron) a Membranophoridium aspinatum Sel2/Th1 Pantolestidae El Haria Formation max: 18ng/g Paleogene 60 Buryella Dinocerata, 60 50 Isabelidium? pentadica Tiupampan O l i g o c e n Globanomalina a l e o g n P viborgense Ti3 Oxyaenidae, Ples. rex Sino- Selandian pseudomenardii Plesiadapis rex Selandian 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 N-1 C26 a NP5 CP4 stylops -5 C7 C Parasubbotina Fasciculithus b Peritiviator (?) Plesiadapis IZ 13 RP6a Bekoma dumitricai δ C b Igorina albeari variospira tympaniformis D3 RP(SH) Plesiadapis anceps Peligran Cerodinium campechensis Ti2 anceps Menat LF Global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the P3 SBZ2 Pantolambda, Plesiadapis Asio- -1 0 1 61.6 P3 depressum 5 Catopsalis, Nongshanian 61.6 Clay Sel1 Morozovella Fasciculithus 2nd radiation Damassadiniium stylops Plesiadapis, Paromomys Aquitanian Stage and Paleogene/Neogene boundary at a Buryella tetradica MP 1-5 Paleocene angulata Ti1 IZ Alterbidinium californicum Phenacodus Cretaceous -10 Marl a tetradica m NP4 CP3 circulum To3 Pantolestidae, Tetraclaenodon, Upper Cretaceous Lemme-Carrosio, Italy, showing section (A), location (B) and P2 P2 Spiniferites Mixodectes LDE Shale Praemurica Ellipsolithus b cf. supparus Nyctitheriidae Hainin LF C uncinata Palaeocystodinium Adapisoriculidae log and magnetobiostratigraphic data (C). C27 macellus D2 bulliforme RP(SH) a Alisocysta To2 Pantolambda, Deltatherium c Globanomalina Spiniferites reticulata 4 Deltatherium, The base Danian GSSP located at El Kef in Tunisia (B). Photograph (A) in Ogg et al. (2008) compressa cryptovesiculatus Buryella foremanae Mixodectes and stratigraphic data (C) from Molina et al. (2006). Danian SBZ1 Senoniasphaera Danian P1 P1 NP3 CP2 inornata To1 C28 Chiasmolithus c RP(SH) Paromomys,

Xenicodinium unzoned b danicus 3 Buryella granulata Tetraclaenodon Subbotina D1 lubricum Archaeolambda IZ For details see: 65 triloculinoides Cruciplacolithus Spongodinium Shanghuan 65 NP2 b Tectadodinium RP(SH) 2 Protungulatum, tenuis rugulatum delitiense Amphisphaera kina Pu2/3 Purgatorius, a Parvularugoglobi- CP1 Periptychus Purgatorius C29 gerina eugubina P. eugubina Biantholithus sparsus; Carpatella Hainina Bema- DAN-C2 NP1 Calcisphere FLOOD a RP(SH)1 Amphisphaera aotea Fontl- lambda IZ 66.0 Pa Pa Carpatella cornuta cornuta Pu1 Catopsalis, Protungulatum longa 3 LF 66.0 "The 2012" by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, P0 P0 Micula murus, K/Pg impact Cretaceous Globotruncana other Cret. nannos Palynodinium grallator Cretaceous M. D.Schmitz and G. M.Ogg (2012, published by Elsevier).

Poster prepared by Gabi Ogg.