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Developing Slum Water Poverty Index

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Developing Slum Water Poverty Index DEVELOPING SLUM WATER POVERTY INDEX A Thesis Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By: Deen Maqbool Ahmed Reg. No. 2140300005 2014-2019 Supervisors Dr.Natraj Kranthi Associate Professor, SPAV Prof.Dr.Minakshi Jain Director & Professor, SPAV Department of Planning School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada July 2019 UNDERTAKING I, Mr Deen Maqbool Ahmed, the author of the thesis titled “Developing Slum Water Poverty Index”, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada. The work has not been submitted to any other organization / institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma. ……………………….………………. Deen Maqbool Ahmed Reg. No. 2140300005 2014-2019 Doctor of Philosophy Department of Planning Date:15/07/2019 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled “Developing Slum Water Poverty Index”, has been submitted by Deen Maqbool Ahmed (Reg. No. 2140300005) at the Department of Planning, towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy. This is a bonafide work of the student. RECOMMENDED ______________________________ ______________________ Signature of the Guide Signature of the Guide Dr.Natraj Kranthi Prof. Dr.Minakshi Jain Associate Professor, Department of Planning Director & Professor, SPAV (Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) ACCEPTED _______________________ _________________________ Signature of the Head Signature of the Dean Academic Dr. Adinarayanane R Dr.Lilly Rose A Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Planning Department of Architecture Space for Official Seal & Date Disclaimer The content produced in the thesis report is an original piece of work and takes due acknowledgement of referred content, wherever applicable. The thoughts expressed herein remain the responsibility of the undersigned author and have no bearing on or does not represent those of School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada. ……………………….………………. Deen Maqbool Ahmed Reg. No. 2140300005 2014-2019 Doctor of Philosophy Department of Planning Date: 15/07/2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe it all to Almighty God for granting me the wisdom, health and strength to undertake this research task and enabling me on its completion. Completion of this doctoral dissertation was possible with the support of several people. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of them. First of all, I am extremely grateful to my research guide, Dr.Natraj Kranthi, Associate Professor for his invaluable guidance, scholarly inputs, consistent encouragement and motivation that I received throughout the research work. This feat was possible only because of the unconditional support and availability during my difficult times. I also wish to acknowledge and express my gratitude and appreciation towards my research co- supervisor Prof.Dr.Minakshi Jain, Director of SPAV for her invaluable supervision, advice, guidance and unstinting support throughout my research work. Despite of her busy schedule, she was always available to discuss the research work as and when required. My doubts were immediately cleared, whenever I approached her. I wish to further acknowledge certain other persons too without whom this venture could not have achieved. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to my doctoral research committee members of SPAV, Dr. Adinarayanane R, Head, Department of Planning, Prof. Dr Razak Mohamed, Dr. Ayon K Taradar, Associate Professor, Prof.Dr.Tathagatha Chatterjee, Prof. Prem Pengotra, Head, Department of Public Policy, IIM Ahmedabad, Prof Mahavir, Dean Academic, SPA Delhi, Prof. Souvenic Roy, IISER, Prof. Ananth Maraganti, Director, UrbanLabs, Dr.IP Singh, Associate Professor, NIT Hamirpur, Dr.Faiz Ahmed for their support and advice from time to time. I would especially like to thank Shri V.Ramudu, Director, DTCP, Shri. Venkata Subbiah, JDTP, DTCP, Shri.B.Sreenevasulu, JDTP, DTCP, Municipal Commissioner, VMC, Town Planning and Engineering section, VMC, APCRDA for their unconditional assistance in procurement of crucial data for my research. No research is possible without the library, the centre of learning resources. I take this time to express my gratitude to Dr. Y.S.Rao, Deputy Librarian, SPAV and his staff for providing services and support in extracting and accessing papers during the research. I would like to thank non-teaching staff and administration of SPAV for their support during my research. The heaviest burden involved in accomplishing my study was held by my kinsfolk and I owe deep gratitude to my mother, sisters, wife, daughter, brothers-in-law, uncles and aunties for their love, encouragements, guidance and prayers. I deeply miss my father Late.D Yousuf Hussain who is not with me to share this happiest moment with him. I am very much indebted to my uncle Prof. Dr.Zameeruddin, Retd. Professor of Physics, MJCET who supported me in every possible way throughout my personal, professional, academic front. Special thanks to my friends Ms Divyalatha Karlapudi, Mr.Manoj, Mr. M Doulath, Mr. Yousuf Mohammad, Mr.Mehar for their encouragement and support. ABSTRACT It is estimated that by 2030 world’s economic growth scenario of global water requirements would grow from 4500 billion cu.m today to 6900 billion cu.m i.e. 40% current accessible reliable water supply. By 2050, the world's urban population will increase to 6.25 billion, with 5.1 billion people i.e. 82% living in cities in the developing world. Of these, as many as 2 billion people (i.e. 39%) will live in slums. Realistic water assessments to determine the water situation plays a vital role in the development process of the city. For policy makers, it is essential to determine which geographic areas or groups are at risk of water scarcity. Distributional dimensions refers to groups within the population of a given geographic area are extremely important. In this context, water poverty assessments were reviewed and it is observed that assessments are done at various scales. However, in developing countries like India, water poverty assessments are must required considering the rapid population growth, infrastructure, and investment requirement. Water approached in developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar were reviewed to understand the water shortage issues across globe. In fact, empirical evidence shows that throughout the world, conflicts are already occurring as a result of dissatisfaction among large group of societies, especially the poor. Urban slums are most disadvantaged and more prone to access issues and remain as water poor. It is estimated that by 2025, one third of the developing population will live in basins where the water deficit is larger than 50%. It is because of lack of legal tenure status, norms in quality and quantity, spatial location, affordability, availability. In order, to provide policy makers with a pulse check of this performance, indicators needs to be established specific to the slums which measures the efficiency levels such as access to clean drinking water, duration, dependency on taps etc. The multi-deprivation level of poverty in India is still acute and needs more focused especially in water sector. There is an urgent need to look into the issues pertaining to the water access issues of different user groups especially in slums and their impact of water poverty at slum level. Developing water index at slum level of the settlement is an unexplored area which will prioritise the deprivation levels at community level. In this research, primarily the review of terms and terminologies related water poverty has been done. Further, existing Water Poverty Index (WPI) model developed was studied to assess the water poverty situation of the settlement. Various research studies and WPI models to analyse the situation of water poverty at various scales is reviewed. Applicability of the models, indicators, parameters used to analyse the water poverty situation at country, regional, city, community levels in the developed countries is understood. The critiques of the WPI model is developed in terms of its applicability, weighting methods, selection of parameters, statistical methods applied to generate the results. Since the research focus is to develop Slum specific water poverty index (SWPI), the parameters were extracted from various studies and policies related to slum and water. Further, to develop a scientific rationale, Delphi method was applied to identify and prioritize the parameters that are specific to slums. Further, the weighting of indicators, detail calculations of each parameter is done. National water stress levels, percentage of slum population to urban population, slum population density were taken to identify the city for conducting the research. Within the city, ward level analysis was conducted by using Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) data of water supply to identify the critical wards with no service coverage, high percentage of slum population, ward wise water deficit(less than 135 lpcd), slum water deficit, Total dissolved solids (TDS) levels at ward level is analysed. The overlay of this maps helped in identifying the critical slums in the city. The research was carried out based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Semi- structured interviews and questionnaire
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