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Economic Benefits of Ponds in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas-Kolkata

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Economic Benefits of Ponds in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas-Kolkata Economic Benefits of Ponds In Urban And Peri-Urban Areas Mohit Ray, PhD (Engineering) Vasundhara Foundation, Kolkata [email protected] Regional workshop on ‘Water Resources Conservation: Village Ponds and Lakes’ Venue: Magnolia Hall, India Habitat Centre (IHC), Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 25-26th February 2014 Organised by Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi Sponsored by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Govt. of India • India is fast getting urbanized. Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census • The growth rate of population in rural and urban areas was 12.18% and 31.80% respectively. Bihar (23.90%) exhibited the highest decadal growth rate in rural population. • This increase is mostly not a planned one. Thus, Urban India depends heavily upon various types of waterbodies to meet its daily requirement of water. World - People living in Urban Area 100.0 90.0 A peri-urban area is a mix of 80.0 70.0 village and town. A tranquil 60.0 village pond is suddenly 50.0 Percent 40.0 exposed to turbulent urban 30.0 chaos. It needs proper 20.0 10.0 management approach — before it gets degraded for 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 any use. Year World More developed regions Less developed regions India - Urban Population In case of developing countries like 35 30 India, this urbanization is mainly a 25 product of demographic explosion 20 15 and poverty induced rural - urban Percent migration. Hence it is urbanization 10 5 without urban functional 0 characteristics. 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Year Kolkata Kolkata is the 3rd largest metropolis in India with a population of 4.54 million (2011) It is densely populated, 24700 person per sq.km with an area of 185 sq. km 4 The City and Its Ponds HOW MANY PONDS IN KOLKATA? The actual number of ponds within KMC area is still a guess. The KMC list of ponds showed 3874 ponds in 2006, 1736 ponds in 1997 A detailed map book of Kolkata containing 284 plates by NATMO in 2006 showed 8731. Counted from Google’s satellite imagery of Kolkata was 4889. It may vary upto 10%, so the number of ponds would vary between 4400 to 5400. This means about 44% of the waterbodies have been filled up in last two decades. 6 Bathing & Washing Fish Cultivation Culture Biodiversity, Water Harvesting 100 90 Direct Uses 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bathing Piscicultue Washing Cleaning Ut Clothes Other Uses 100 80 60 40 Percent 20 0 Tree Garden Temple Club Benches 8 Valuing Natural Resources • Natural resources can be characterized in terms of their ecological characteristics, social uses and economic value. A pond, like many environmental assets, can be used for consumption purposes (bathing, washing, recreation) as well as an input for productive activities (fish production). • The economic value of environmental goods like ponds has a composite nature. We will initially classify it into two categories -1) use value and 2) non -use value • Use values are defined as those benefits which are derived from the actual use of the environment. • Non use values are also called existence values e.g aesthetic feelings, moral conviction etc. Can we value all these components? Use Value • Market price valuation: Many goods and services from natural resources are traded in the market, e.g., fish in the case of ponds. These can be valued in terms of their market prices. • Indirect Valuation approach: This approach takes into account services or benefits obtained from natural resources that are not marketed but a reasonable assessment of their value is undertaken through an indirect approach. Price of a Pond • On an average the yearly rates at which ponds were leased out for fishing rights in the year 2009 varied from Rs 5000 to Rs 8000 per bigha (1 bigha = 1337.8 square metres) with leases generally being given for a 3 year period at a time. Or Rs 3.75 – Rs 6 per sq.m. Information from Lease owners Source: Five Thousand Mirrors – Understand Urban Waterbodies – Mohit Ray - Jadavpur University Press (In Print) How much fish can be obtained • On an average, 400 kg of fish can be produced per bigha or 300 gram per square meter. Source: (Mukherjee Madhumita), 2000 Ekus shatak, Nijer Maachh nije utpadan karun (Produce your own fish in 21st Century, p 10 (Fisheries Department, Govt of West Bengal; http://www.nabard.org/modelbankprojects/fisheries.asp on 1 May 2011 § Production of fish up to 500 kg per bigha has also been reported in field investigation Fish Cultivation Income and Expenditure for a 1000 sq.m pond for the year 2009 Fish Expenditure Net Sale Rs Income Rs Rs Fish Netting Fish Food Total Purchase 11000 - 2250 - 3000 1900 - 2600 2500 - 3500 6000- 5000- 16500 8250 8250 Source: Five Thousand Mirrors – Understand Urban Waterbodies – Mohit Ray - Jadavpur University Press (In Print) Other Earnings from Pond • Angling - In 2009, the average rate charged for angling was between Rs 150-200 per day for one person. • Charges for Idol Immersion • Selling fruits and trees planted at the bank of the pond Comparison of Two Ponds in Kolkata Income in Rs Pond Angling Sale of Fish Immersion Other Total 144915 0 20152 Baghajatin* (75%) 27451(14%) (11%) 192518 Viveknagar 83473(45% Jheel 0 91467 (49%) ) 11058 (6%) 185998 Expenditure in Rs Immersion Fish Angling Office Exp Development Other Savings 0 Baghajatin* 54369 12964 29219 27720 16993 51250 Jheel 48730 0 14516 52532 17313.5 15193 37500 Road*** Source: Five Thousand Mirrors – Understand Urban Waterbodies – Mohit Ray - Jadavpur University Press (In Print) Viveknagar Jheel - Income Pattern Donation 10% Immersion Sale of Fish Charity Viveknagar - Expenditure 34% 56% 7% Office 7% Fish 32% Programme 12% Development 18% Immersion 9% Supervision 15% Baghajatin - Income Pattern Sale 21% Angling 79% Baghajatin-Expenditure Reserve Fish 31% 39% Charity 7% Development Supervision Office 9% 5% 9% Real Worth of the Ponds of Kolkata Bagha Jatin Lake (BJ) Jheel at Jheel Road (JR) Size of Ponds About 9000 m2 About 8000 m2 Surrounding locality Similar Similar Pond Committee Community Group Community Group Use by people Yes Yes Fish Cultivation Yes Yes Environmental No Yes Management Pond beautification No Yes Annual Audited Yes Yes Accounting Annual Valuation of Flow of Utility of Bagha Jatin Lake (BJ) Service Basis of valuation Total Annual Valuation Rs. Fish Sale: Here fish cultivation is Angling: Rs. 144915 105033.00 done by renting out to the anglers Sale of fish: Rs.27451 and direct fish catch Direct expenses:Rs.67333 Use of Water: Considering 261 Rs. 6 per month for 32832.00 bathers and 65 other users bathers and Rs. 18 for (Source: Survey) other users Total 137865.00 Source: Five Thousand Mirrors – Understand Urban Waterbodies – Mohit Ray - Jadavpur University Press (In Print) Annual Valuation of Flow of Utility of Jheel of Jheel Road Service Basis of valuation Total Annual Valuation Rs. Fish Sale: Here fish cultivation by Sale of fish: Rs. 91467 42737.00 direct fish catch Direct Exp: Rs.48730 Use of Water: Considering 861 Rs. 6 per month for bathers 61992.00 bathers (Source: Survey) Charges for Idol Immersion: Immesrsion earning: Rs. 68957.00 Charges for immersion of idol 83473.00 depends on size of idol Direct Exp : Rs.14516 (Source: Annual Audit Report 2001) Recreational Value: Considering Rs. 20 per month & Rs.10 20400.00 50 morning walkers and 70 per month respectively evening users Total 194086.00 Thank You.
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