Co-Production of Light and Heavy $ R $-Process Elements Via Fission
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Chemistry 2100 In-Class Test 1(A)
NAME:____________________________ Student Number:______________________ Fall 2019 Chemistry 1000 Midterm #1B ____/ 65 marks INSTRUCTIONS: 1) Please read over the test carefully before beginning. You should have 5 pages of questions and a formula/periodic table sheet. 2) If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. 3) Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. 4) Marks will be deducted for improper use of significant figures and for missing or incorrect units. 5) Show your work for all calculations. Answers without supporting calculations will not be given full credit. 6) You may use a calculator. 7) You have 90 minutes to complete this test. Confidentiality Agreement: I agree not to discuss (or in any other way divulge) the contents of this test until after 8:00pm Mountain Time on Thursday, October 10th, 2019. I understand that breaking this agreement would constitute academic misconduct, a serious offense with serious consequences. The minimum punishment would be a mark of 0/65 on this exam and removal of the “overwrite midterm mark with final exam mark” option for my grade in this course; the maximum punishment would include expulsion from this university. Signature: ___________________________ Date: _____________________________ Course: CHEM 1000 (General Chemistry I) Semester: Fall 2019 The University of Lethbridge Question Breakdown Spelling matters! Q1 / 4 Fluorine = F Fluorene = C13H10 Q2 / 4 Q3 / 6 Q4 / 4 Q5 / 6 Flourine = Q6 / 3 Q7 / 2 Q8 / 10 Q9 / 10 Q10 / 3 Q11 / 8 Q12 / 5 Total / 65 NAME:____________________________ Student Number:______________________ 1. Complete the following table. -
Stable Isotopes of Palladium Available from ISOFLEX
Stable isotopes of palladium available from ISOFLEX Natural Chemical Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Enrichment Level Abundance Form Pd-102 46 56 101.905607 1.02% >96.00% Metal Pd-104 46 58 103.904034 11.14% 86.00-98.00% Metal Pd-105 46 59 104.905083 22.33% 94.00-98.00% Metal Pd-106 46 60 105.903484 27.33% 95.00-98.00% Metal Pd-108 46 62 107.903895 26.46% >99.00% Metal Pd-110 46 64 109.90515 11.72% >99.00% Metal Palladium was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It is named for the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at about the same time, as well as for the Greek name Pallas, goddess of wisdom. A silver-white, ductile metal, palladium has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure and does not tarnish in air. It is the least noble (most reactive) of the platinum group and can absorb up to 800 times its own volume of hydrogen. Upon doing so, the metal swells, becoming brittle and cracked. Such absorption of hydrogen decreases the electrical conductivity of the metal. Also, such absorption activates molecular hydrogen, dissociating it to atomic hydrogen. It is attacked by hot, concentrated nitric acid and boiling sulfuric acid. It is soluble in aqua regia, fused alkalis, hot nitric acid and boiling sulfuric acid, and insoluble in organic acids and water. It is a good electrical conductor. It is nontoxic and noncombustible, except as dust. The metal forms mostly bivalent compounds, although a small number of tetravalent and fewer trivalent compounds are known. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,625,731 B2 Holden Et Al
USOO8625731B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,625,731 B2 Holden et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 7, 2014 (54) COMPACT NEUTRONGENERATOR FOR (51) Int. Cl. MEDICAL AND COMMERCIAL SOTOPE G2G 4/02 (2006.01) PRODUCTION, FISSION PRODUCT G2G 4/00 (2006.01) PURIFICATION AND CONTROLLED (52) U.S. Cl. GAMMA REACTIONS FOR DIRECT USPC ............................ 376/108: 376/112:376/156 ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION (58) Field of Classification Search USPC .......................... 376/157, 108,156, 171, 172 (76) Inventors: Charles S. Holden, San Francisco, CA See application file for complete search history. (US); Robert E. Schenter, Portland, OR (US) (56) References Cited *) Notice: Subject to anyy disclaimer, the term of this U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 3,748,226 A * 7/1973 Ribe et al. ..................... 376,124 U.S.C. 154(b) by 961 days. 3,778,627 A * 12/1973 Carpenter ...... ... 376, 192 4,749,540 A * 6/1988 Bogartet al. .. ... 376/133 (21) Appl. No.: 12/296,844 4,997,619 A * 3/1991 Pettus ............ ... 376,288 2004/02284.33 A1* 1 1/2004 Magill et al. ... 376/347 (22) PCT Filed: Apr. 13, 2007 2005/022O248 A1* 10, 2005 Ritter ...... ... 376/190 2008/O144762 A1* 6/2008 Holden et al. ..... ... 376/416 (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2OOTAO66668 * cited by examiner S371 (c)(1), (2), (4) Date: Oct. 10, 2008 Primary Examiner — Jack W Keith Assistant Examiner — Sean P Burke (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2008/060663 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Craig M. Stainbrook; PCT Pub. Date: May 22, 2008 Stainbrook & Stainbrook, LLP (65) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT A neutron generator and isotope production apparatus and US 2011 FO268237 A1 Nov. -
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions PRACTICING SKILLS Atoms:Their Composition and Structure 1. Fundamental Particles Protons Electrons Neutrons Electrical Charges +1 -1 0 Present in nucleus Yes No Yes Least Massive 1.007 u 0.00055 u 1.007 u 3. Isotopic symbol for: 27 (a) Mg (at. no. 12) with 15 neutrons : 27 12 Mg 48 (b) Ti (at. no. 22) with 26 neutrons : 48 22 Ti 62 (c) Zn (at. no. 30) with 32 neutrons : 62 30 Zn The mass number represents the SUM of the protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number represents the # of protons, so (atomic no. + # neutrons)=mass number 5. substance protons neutrons electrons (a) magnesium-24 12 12 12 (b) tin-119 50 69 50 (c) thorium-232 90 142 90 (d) carbon-13 6 7 6 (e) copper-63 29 34 29 (f) bismuth-205 83 122 83 Note that the number of protons and electrons are equal for any neutral atom. The number of protons is always equal to the atomic number. The mass number equals the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons. Isotopes 7. Isotopes of cobalt (atomic number 27) with 30, 31, and 33 neutrons: 57 58 60 would have symbols of 27 Co , 27 Co , and 27 Co respectively. Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions Isotope Abundance and Atomic Mass 9. Thallium has two stable isotopes 203 Tl and 205 Tl. The more abundant isotope is:___?___ The atomic weight of thallium is 204.4 u. The fact that this weight is closer to 205 than 203 indicates that the 205 isotope is the more abundant isotope. -
The Discoverers of the Ruthenium Isotopes
•Platinum Metals Rev., 2011, 55, (4), 251–262• The Discoverers of the Ruthenium Isotopes Updated information on the discoveries of the six platinum group metals to 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106711X592448 http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ By John W. Arblaster This review looks at the discovery and the discoverers Wombourne, West Midlands, UK of the thirty-eight known ruthenium isotopes with mass numbers from 87 to 124 found between 1931 and 2010. Email: [email protected] This is the sixth and fi nal review on the circumstances surrounding the discoveries of the isotopes of the six platinum group elements. The fi rst review on platinum isotopes was published in this Journal in October 2000 (1), the second on iridium isotopes in October 2003 (2), the third on osmium isotopes in October 2004 (3), the fourth on palladium isotopes in April 2006 (4) and the fi fth on rhodium isotopes in April 2011 (5). An update on the new isotopes of palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum discovered since the previous reviews in this series is also included. Naturally Occurring Ruthenium Of the thirty-eight known isotopes of ruthenium, seven occur naturally with the authorised isotopic abun- dances (6) shown in Table I. The isotopes were fi rst detected in 1931 by Aston (7, 8) using a mass spectrograph at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, UK. Because of diffi cult experimental conditions due to the use of poor quality samples, Aston actually only detected six of the isotopes and obtained very approximate Table I The Naturally Occurring Isotopes of Ruthenium Mass number Isotopic Abundance, % 96Ru 5.54 98Ru 1.87 99Ru 12.76 100Ru 12.60 101Ru 17.06 102Ru 31.55 104Ru 18.62 251 © 2011 Johnson Matthey http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106711X592448 •Platinum Metals Rev., 2011, 55, (4)• percentage abundances. -
Understanding the Astrophysical Origin of Silver, Palladium and Other Neutron-Capture Elements
Understanding the astrophysical origin of silver, palladium and other neutron-capture elements Camilla Juul Hansen M¨unchen 2010 Understanding the astrophysical origin of silver, palladium and other neutron-capture elements Camilla Juul Hansen Dissertation an der Fakult¨at f¨ur Physik der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universit¨at M¨unchen vorgelegt von Camilla Juul Hansen aus Lillehammer, Norwegen M¨unchen, den 20/12/2010 Erstgutachter: Achim Weiss Zweitgutachter: Joseph Mohr Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 22 M¨arz 2011 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolutionoftheformationprocesses . ..... 2 1.2 Neutron-capture processes: The historical perspective............ 5 1.3 Features and description of the neutron-capture processes.......... 7 1.4 Whatisknownfromobservations? . .. 9 1.5 Why study palladium and silver? . .. 15 1.6 Abiggerpicture................................. 16 2 Data - Sample and Data Reduction 19 2.1 Compositionofthesample . 19 2.1.1 Samplebiases .............................. 21 2.2 Datareduction ................................. 22 2.2.1 Fromrawtoreducedspectra. 22 2.2.2 IRAF versus UVES pipeline . 25 2.3 Merging ..................................... 26 2.3.1 Radialvelocityshift .......................... 27 3 Stellar Parameters 29 3.1 Methods for determining stellar parameters . ........ 29 3.2 Temperature................................... 30 3.2.1 Comparingtemperaturescales . 32 3.3 Gravity ..................................... 34 3.4 Metallicity.................................... 35 3.5 Microturbulence velocity, ξ .......................... -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Study of the Properties of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Beta Phase Palladium Hydride and Deuteride
Study of the Properties of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Beta Phase Palladium Hydride and Deuteride SIMON ANTHONY STEEL 18/04/2018 Materials and Physics Research Group School of Computing Science & Engineering This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dedication This work is dedicated to the memory of Professor Donald Keith Ross. “I may not have gone where I intended to go, but I think I have ended up where I needed to be.” Douglas Adams i Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................................... i Figures ...................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x Glossary .................................................................................................................................... xii Units, Constants, and Standard Values ................................................................................... xiii Conventions in this Document ................................................................................................ xiv Abstract .................................................................................................................................... xv 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ -
The Discoverers of the Palladium Isotopes the THIRTY-FOUR KNOWN PALLADIUM ISOTOPES FOUND BETWEEN 1935 and 1997
DOI: 10.1595/147106706X110817 The Discoverers of the Palladium Isotopes THE THIRTY-FOUR KNOWN PALLADIUM ISOTOPES FOUND BETWEEN 1935 AND 1997 By J. W. Arblaster Coleshill Laboratories, Gorsey Lane, Coleshill, West Midlands B46 1JU, U.K.; E-mail: [email protected] This is the fourth in a series of reviews of circumstances surrounding the discoveries of the isotopes of the six platinum group elements. The first review, on platinum isotopes, was published in this Journal in October 2000, the second, on iridium isotopes, was published here in October 2003 and the third, on osmium isotopes, was published in October 2004 (1). The current review looks at the discovery and the discoverers of the thirty-four isotopes of palladium. Of the thirty-four known isotopes of palladium, ment activities found for palladium, such as a half- six occur naturally with the following authorised life of six hours discovered by Fermi et al. in 1934 isotopic abundances (2): (9) and half-lifes of 3 minutes and 60 hours discov- ered by Kurchatov et al. (10) in 1935 do not appear to have been confirmed. The Naturally Occurring Isotopes of Palladium In 1940, Nishima et al. (11) obtained an unspec- Mass number Isotopic abundance, % ified activity with a half-life of 26 minutes which is also likely to have been 111Pd. The actual half-life of 102Pd 1.02 111 104Pd 11.14 Pd is now known to be 23 minutes, so the differ- 105Pd 22.33 ent values obtained above are probably indicative 106 Pd 27.33 of calibration problems. 108 Pd 26.46 These unspecified activities raise problems con- 110Pd 11.72 cerning the precedence for treating each discovery in this paper. -
Properties and Applications of Ruthenium
Chapter 17 Properties and Applications of Ruthenium Anil K. Sahu, Deepak K. Dash, Koushlesh Mishra, Saraswati P. Mishra, Rajni Yadav and Pankaj Kashyap Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76393 Abstract Ruthenium (Ru) with atomic number of 44 is one of the platinum group metals, the others being Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. In earth’s crust, it is quite rare, found in parts per billion quantities, in ores containing some of the other platinum group metals. Ruthenium is silvery whitish, lustrous hard metal with a shiny surface. It has seven stable isotopes. Recently, coordination and organometallic chemistry of Ru has shown remarkable growth. In this chapter, we review the application of Ru in diverse fields along with its physical and chemical properties. In the applications part of Ru we have primarily focused on the biomedical applications. The biomedical applications are broadly divided into diagnostic and treatment aspects. Ru and their complexes are mainly used in determination of ferritin, calcitonin and cyclosporine and folate level in human body for diagnosis of diseases. Treat- ment aspects focuses on immunosuppressant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Keywords: ruthenium, platinum group, biomedical application, rare element, cancer, isotopes 1. Discovery of ruthenium Ruthenium is one of the 118 chemical elements given in the periodic table. Out of these 118 elements, 92 elements originated from natural sources and remaining 26 elements have been synthesized in laboratories [1, 2]. The last naturally occurring element to be discovered was Uranium in 1789 [1, 3]. Technetium was the first man-made element to be synthesized in the year 1937 [2]. -
110 Journal of New Energy Vol. 2, No 2
110 Journal of New Energy Vol. 2, no 2 OPERATING THE LENT-1 TRANSMUTATION REACTOR: A PRELIMINARY REPORT By Hal Fox and Shang-Xian Jin ABSTRACT The Low-Energy Nuclear Transmutation (LENT-1) reactor can transmute thorium into smaller mass elements. This transmutation process differs markedly from the natural decay of thorium-232 into lead-208. Using a small amount of thorium nitrate dissolved in distilled water as the electrolyte, the LENT-1 reactor will transmute essentially all of the thorium into small mass elements in thirty minutes processing time. Considerable development work is required to understand the role of reactor parameters in producing various transmuted smaller mass elements. A. INTRODUCTION Most of the current models of nuclear reactions require that high energy be used to cause nuclear reactions, except for the decay of naturally radioactive substances such as thorium and uranium. Nearly all of the nuclear experimental data has been obtained by experiments based on nuclear reactors or using high energy particle accelerators. The study of nuclear reactions in or on the surface of a metal lattice is relatively new. Two international conferences on Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions have been held and the proceedings published in the Journal of New Energy [1,2]. Several important papers have reported on experiments in which low-energy nuclear reactions are observed. This paper reports on the results that have been achieved by various workers using the Low-Energy Nuclear Transmutation (LENT-1) reactor. The LENT-1 reactor consists of a cylindrical electrode and a disk-shaped electrode positioned on the interior of the cylindrical electrode. -
Vitae CHRISTOPHER H. GAMMONS
vitae CHRISTOPHER H. GAMMONS Ph.D. Geochemistry and Mineralogy, The Pennsylvania State University, 1988 B.S. Geology (High Honors, Magna Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa), Bates College, 1980 Professional Geologist, State of Wyoming, 1999 to present Dept. of Geological Engineering phone (W): (406) 496-4763 Montana Tech of the University of Montana phone (H): (406) 782-3179 Butte, Montana, 59701 FAX: (406) 496-4133 [email protected] Geology-Related Employment 2003-present Professor, Montana Tech, Dept. of Geological Engineering 2013-2016 Head of the Dept. of Geological Engineering, Montana Tech 1999-2003 Associate Professor, Montana Tech, Dept. of Geological Engineering 1997-1999 Assistant Professor, Montana Tech, Dept. of Geological Engineering 1993-1996 4/93 to 12/96: Research Associate/Faculty Lecturer, McGill University 1992-1993 2/92 to 4/93: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Swiss Fed. Inst. Tech. (ETH) 1988-1991 11/88 to 11/91: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Monash University, Australia 1979-1982 4/79 to 8/79; 6/80 to 11/80; 4/81 to 9/82: Exploration Geologist, Anaconda Minerals Co. Teaching Experience Classes I have taught include (19 different subjects): Hydrogeochemistry, Acid Rock Drainage, Environmental Geology, Geochemical Modeling, Hydrogeology, Introductory Petrology, Mineralogy and Petrology, Earth and Life History, Astrobiology and Evolution of the Early Earth, Economic Geology, Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, Advanced Topics in Economic Geology, Geothermal Systems, Isotope Geochemistry, Physical Geology, Geology of Montana, Introduction to Geologic Field Mapping, Field Geology (3 week summer course) and Field Hydrogeology (3 week summer course). I enjoy teaching, and have always received excellent student evaluations. This is true for introductory service classes, as well as graduate or upper level undergraduate courses.