Bhakti Und Shakti

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Bhakti Und Shakti Bhakti und Shakti Göttliche und menschliche agency im Kontext des Heilkults der Göttin Hàratã in Nepal Dissertation Vorgelegt an der Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaft der Universität Heidelberg im Fach Ethnologie Brigitte Merz Heidelberg, 1. Juli 2002 Für Tordis, Malcolm und Anna Inhalt Anmerkung zur Transliteration Danksagung Einführung............................................................................................ .1 Erstes Kapitel - Annäherungen 1.1. Die Geschichte Nepals und die Bevölkerungsgruppe der Newar.. 25 Exkurs: Die Göttin Hàratã in Nepal ............................................... 37 1.2. Das Konzept ‘Medium’.................................................................. 47 1.3. Das Konzept ‘Besessenheit’ .......................................................... 53 Zweites Kapitel - Medium werden 2.1. Fallbeispiel: Raj Kumari Shakya ................................................... 66 2.1.1. Kindheit und erste Erfahrung als Göttin ........................................ 67 Exkurs: Kumàrã - die lebende Göttin............................................. 72 2.1.2. Medium werden: Raj Kumari Shakya............................................ 79 Exkurs: Die Übergabe der kala÷a und die Konsequenzen ............. 91 2.1.3. Die Göttin Dhana Maiju als guru von Raj Kumari ....................... 97 2.1.4. Der Machtstreit der Gottheiten ...................................................... 101 Exkurs: Die tantrische Initiation (dãkùà)........................................ 109 2.1.5. Die tantrische Initiation von Raj Kumari....................................... 112 2.2. Fallbeispiel: Chandika Shrestha..................................................... 118 2.2.1. Aus Chandikas Lebensgeschichte.................................................. 119 2.2.2. Die ‘Kur’ für Chandikas Leiden .................................................... 125 Exkurs: Über Hexen in Nepal........................................................ 129 2.2.3. Medium werden: Chandika Shrestha ............................................. 134 Drittes Kapitel - Medium sein 3.1. Die Heilsitzung: Gottesdienst (påjà) und Heilritual ...................... 139 3.1.1. Eine Heilsitzung bei Raj Kumari ................................................... 140 3.1.2. Heilung durch Hingabe: Diagnose- und Heilverfahren ................ 148 3.2. Das Pantheon der Medien: Eine göttliche Familie ........................ 160 3.2.1. Die Verkörperung der Gottheiten durch die Medien ..................... 163 3.2.2. “Consort of None, øakti of All”? Überlegungen zur Darstellung der Göttin Hàratã und ihrer Familie............................ 177 3.3. Die Konzepte øakti und ÷akti......................................................... 182 3.4. Die Regeln (niyam) oder Gesetze der Medien............................... 191 3.5. Bhakti und die Erlösung (mokùa) der Menschen ........................... 199 Viertes Kapitel - Jamarà 4.1. Einleitung....................................................................................... 203 4.1.1. Ablauf des Rituals ‘jamarà’ oder ‘naþlà svàn’ .............................. 204 4.1.2. Analyse und Interpretation des Rituals.......................................... 206 Schlußfolgerungen............................................................................... 215 Originalzitate in Newari................................................................................... 224 Kastenzugehörigkeit der kontaktierten Medien............................................... 247 Bibliographie.................................................................................................... 248 Liste der Abbildungen Abb. 1 Raj Kumari Shakya während einer Heilsitzung auf ihrem asana Abb 2 Raj Kumari Shakya während der Übermächtigung durch Hàratã Abb 3a Hàratã während einer Dankes-påjà für die Erfüllung des Kinderwunschs Abb 3b Raj Kumari Shakya, besessen von Jila Bhàju, dem jüngsten Sohn Hàratãs Abb 4: Ein Medium vor ihrem àsana kurz vor Beginn einer Heilsitzung Abb. 5 Ein àsana, mit Löwen als Fußstützen Abb. 6 Ein einfacher Holz-àsana Abb. 7 Besessen von Hàratã pustet ein Medium Mantren auf das Wasser, das sie verabreicht Abb. 8 Laksmi Shrestha, besessen von Dhana Maijå während eines Reisorakels Abb. 9 Dhana Maijå wedelt mit einem Besen am Körper einer Patientin entlang (jhàrà yàyegu) Abb. 10 Dhana Maijå verabreicht ermächtigtes Wasser Abb. 11 Die Besucherin trinkt das ermächtigte Wasser Abb. 12 Laksmi Shrestha, besessen von Jila Bhàju, beendet die Heilsitzung mit dem Essen eines brennenden Docht Abb. 13 Am Morgen vor Beginn des 10-tägigen Rituals wäscht Chandika Shrestha ihre påjà- Utensilien Abb. 14 Ein Nachbar und Freund der Familie stellt den ‘Hut’(pecàþ) her, in den die Getreidemischung gestreut wird Abb. 15 Der Strohring ist fertiggestellt Abb. 16 Chandikas Mutter hilft beim Aufsetzen des Huts Abb. 17 Die Getreidemischung wird in den Hut gestreut Abb. 18 Am zehnten Tag des Rituals, kurz vor dem Abnehmen des Huts Abb. 19 Der Hut wird abgenommen Abb 20 Das ‘naþlà’ wird der Mutter übergeben Abb. 21 Chandika Shrestha besessen von Hàratã Abb. 22 Chandika Shrestha besessen von Jila Bhàju Abb. 23 Jila Bhàju besessen von Vàsi Maijå, der zweitjüngsten Tochter Hàratãs Abb. 24 Die dyaþmà Raj Kumari, Laksmi und Chandika während einer gemeinsam durchgeführten påjà im Haus einer Anhängerin Abb. 25 Die drei Medien und die Ethnologin während einer påjà Anmerkung zur Transliteration In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden indigene Termini aus dem Sanskrit, Newari und Nepali verwendet, die im Text in lateinischer Schrift unter Verwendung von Diacritica transliteriert und kursiv geschrieben werden. Bei Begriffen aus dem Sanskrit und dem Nepali wird in runder Klammer auf die Herkunftssprache verwiesen, wobei Sanskrit durch ‘skt.’ und Nepali mit ‘nep.’ abgekürzt wird. Bei allen anderen nicht gekennzeichneten Termini in Klammer oder im laufenden Text, handelt es sich um Newari-Begriffe, die teilweise auch mit Sanskritbezeichnungen übereinstimmen können. Newari ist eine Sprache, für die es bisher keine standardisierte Transliteration gibt. Zum Teil liegt dies an den großen regionalen Unterschieden der Sprache, die von Stadt zu Stadt und Dorf zu Dorf variieren kann. Zudem enthält sie zahlreiche Leihwörter aus dem Sanskrit und Nepali. Obwohl sich die Autoren des aktuellsten Wörterbuchs Newari-Englisch, Kölver und Shresthacarya (1994) bemüht haben, verschiedene regionale Dialekte und Formen zu berücksichtigen, sind nicht alle verwendeten indigenen Termini dieser Arbeit darin zu finden. Die Transkription und Transliteration richtet sich in solchen Fällen zwangsläufig nach den Angaben der Informanten oder Übersetzter. Im laufenden Text werden Berufsbezeichnungen wie Vajràcàrya, Dyàþmà, Vaidya usw. groß und kursiv geschrieben. Die in Newari-Wörterbüchern übliche Verwendung eines Doppelpunkts, um die Verlängerung des vorangehenen Konsonanten anzuzeigen, wird in dem häufig auftretenden Wort Dyàþmà durch einen Punkt unter dem Konsonant ersetzt, wie es auch im Sanskrit üblich ist. Der Punkt unter dem ‘’, bezeichnet die Nasalierung dieses Konsonanten. Kastenbezeichnungen werden groß und kursiv geschrieben. Das inhärente ‘a’ am Ende vieler Worte, wird in Newari nur selten betont. Bei Götternamen, Namen von Königen und Bezeichnungen von Heiligtümern wird jedoch die international übliche Transkription des Sanskrit oder Nepali beibehalten und die Begriffe nicht kursiv geschrieben. Eine Ausnahme stellt die Bezeichnung für das buddhistische Heiligtum ‘Svayambhånàtha’ dar, für die im Text teilweise die umgangssprachlich geläufigere Form ‘Svayambhå’ verwendet wird. Aus Gründen der Aussprache wird bei den meisten im Text auftretenden Sanskritwörtern mit inhärentem ‘a’, auf das Ausschreiben verzichtet: daher wird ‘àsana’ mit ‘àsan’ wiedergegeben, ‘bhåta’ mit ‘bhåt’, ‘doùa’ mit ‘doù’, ‘jala’ mit ‘jal’, ‘prasàda’ mit ‘prasàd’, ‘preta’ mit ‘pret’ und ‘samaya’ mit ‘samay’, wohingegen bei den aus dem Sanskrit geläufigen Begriffen wie kala÷a, màrga, pãñha und sasàra das ‘a’ beibehalten wird. Häufig auftretende Städtenamen wie etwa Kathmandu, Bhaktapur und Patan, werden in ihrer anglisierten Form geschrieben. Unbekanntere und selten auftretende Orte und Städte jedoch mit Diacritica versehen. Personennamen werden im Text in lateinischer Schrift transliteriert, wobei die am häufigsten auftretenden Namen, die dreier Frauen sind. Da diese Frauen meine Hauptinformantinnen waren, werden zum Schutz ihrer Privatsphäre für die Vornamen Pseudonyme verwandt. Im Newari gibt es keine Großschreibung, weshalb in der Transkription der Orginalzitate in Newari im Anhang der Arbeit die Kleinschreibung beibehalten wird. In der Transliteration sind Abweichungen von gängigen Newari-Wörtern, zu finden die auf den jeweiligen lokalen Dialekt zurückzuführen sind und in der Niederschrift überwiegend beibehalten wurden. Durch eine runde Klammer (…) und drei Punkte werden dort im Text Auslassungen gekennzeichnet. So wurden beispielsweise in den Textstellen, in denen es um Hexerei geht und Personennamen oder Ortsnamen genannt wurden, Details weggelassen. Erläuterungen zu den Übersetzungen im laufenden Text der Arbeit werden in eine eckigen Klammer […] gesetzt und dienen der besseren Lesbarkeit der Übersetzungen. Die Originalzitate in Newari wurden während der Forschung in Nepali oder Englisch übersetzt. Um sich durch eine weitere Übersetzung ins Deutsche nicht noch weiter vom ursprünglichen Text zu entfernen, wurde die Übersetzung ins Englische beibehalten. Bei der Transliteration
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