Chapitre I. Etude De L'efficacite De La Peche Electrique

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Chapitre I. Etude De L'efficacite De La Peche Electrique Elaboration d’un indice de qualité des eaux basé sur la structure taxonomique et fonctionnelle des assemblages de poissons des petits cours d’eau de Guyane 1 « Va donc savoir quand tu sais pas » (Coluche) 2 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mes patrons: Régis Vigouroux, Philippe Cerdan, directeurs d’HYDRECO, ainsi que mes directeurs de thèse, Sébastien Brosse et Jean Marc Roussel. Régis et Philippe, sans eux, ce projet « PME » n’aurait sûrement jamais vu le jour, la thèse non plus. Vous avez su m’intégrer dans cette famille atypique que constitue HYDRECO, et permettre de mener à bien quasiment trois ans de « terrain ». Je réalise cette chance que j’ai d’avoir eu l’opportunité de faire partie de cette famille et de sillonner la Guyane. L’organisation, la logistique que cela demande, tout a été mis à notre disposition pour permettre de le faire dans les meilleures conditions, un grand merci. Jean Marc et Seb, merci pour votre soutien, vos conseils, l’aventure humaine partagée, notamment lors de vos venues en Guyane, ce sont des souvenirs qui resteront gravés. Vous m’avez appris le travail de recherche, il faut dire qu’il y avait un peu de boulot… Merci Nico! On a fait un team PME de choc, je crois qu’on peut être assez fiers de notre travail guyanais, ça a été un réel plaisir de te rencontrer et de faire tout ce terrain ensemble. Je remercie aussi l’équipe HYDRECO. Merci à tous. Particulièrement Manon qui a passé une saison à m’aider à pêcher, ça paraît cool comme ça, mais c’est un travail très exigeant, physiquement et moralement. Toujours à fond, toujours en forme, impressionnant. Merci aux autres membres d’HYDRECO qui nous ont accompagnés et aidés sur le terrain, Roland, Christophe, parce qu’il en faut du monde pour pêcher ! Merci Seb, je crois qu’on peut dire que tu es le plus grand ichtyologue en ce qui concerne les poissons de Guyane, ton aide a été plus que précieuse lors de ces journées de tri et d’identification du poisson. Merci aux autres, chimistes et invertébristes, et à Damien, poissonnier dans l’âme. Un grand merci aussi aux membres de la DEAL, ONF, et du PAG, plus particulièrement des délégations centre et Camopi, pour l’aide apportée. Grâce à vous, je me suis enrichi de connaissances et d’expériences auxquelles peu de gens ont accès. Pour finir le chapitre guyanais, merci Dodo, coloc, collègue, ami, de m’avoir filé le tuyau HYDRECO! Merci à mes anciens et anciennes colocs et autres 3 potes guyanais, merci béton, ça a été une réelle chance et un plaisir de partager un bout de vie avec vous. Puis s’est ouvert le chapitre toulousain, encore des super rencontres. Merci les collègues de bureau, et autres thésards, pour les conseils, coups de mains (j’aime presque bien R maintenant, c’était pas gagné d’avance), l’émulation scientifique et intellectuelle que vous apportez, et les soirées (on va dire « vie culturelle ») partagées! Finalement, il reste la chose la plus importante: la famille. Je m’en suis créé de nouvelles en Guyane et à Toulouse, mais je n’oublie pas ceux qui ont fait ce que je suis: grands -parents, parents, on ne se demande pas d’où vient ce goût pour la nature. Les frangins, que dire? Il faudrait faire une thèse pour peut-être réussir à décrire ce que vous pouvez représenter. 4 Table des Matières INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 11 A. Contexte général de l’étude ..................................................................................................................... 11 B. Le territoire .............................................................................................................................................. 12 C. La population guyanaise ........................................................................................................................... 14 D. Les infrastructures ................................................................................................................................... 16 E. des lieux de vie et d’activités inégalement répartis sur le territoire .......................................................... 16 E.1. La bande côtière ....................................................................................................................................... 16 E.2. Le plateau et la forêt primaire ................................................................................................................. 17 F. gestion du patrimoine naturel .................................................................................................................. 17 F.1. L’Office National des Forêts (ONF) ........................................................................................................... 17 F.2. Le Parc Amazonien de Guyane (PAG) ....................................................................................................... 18 F.3. Autres statuts de protection du territoire ................................................................................................ 18 G. Activités humaines susceptibles d’avoir un impact environnemental ....................................................... 20 G.1. Activités agricoles .................................................................................................................................... 20 G.2. Activités industrielles ............................................................................................................................... 20 G.3. Orpaillage ................................................................................................................................................ 21 G.4. Exploitation forestière ............................................................................................................................. 27 H. Biodiversité ............................................................................................................................................. 30 H.1. Une faune et une flore d’une extraordinaire richesse ............................................................................ 30 H.2. Focus sur les poissons d’eau douce ......................................................................................................... 31 I. la bio-indication ........................................................................................................................................ 31 I.1. Principe ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 I.2. Intérêts de la bio-indication pisciaire ........................................................................................................ 32 I.3. Bases méthodologiques liées aux bio-indicateurs pisciaires .................................................................... 33 J. Contexte théorique et sélection des descripteurs environnementaux. ...................................................... 35 5 K. Contexte réglementaire pour les cours d’eau de Guyane .......................................................................... 38 L. La bio-indication comme outil de suivi d’éventuels impacts ...................................................................... 41 M. problématique et objectifs ...................................................................................................................... 41 M.1. Limites des outils actuels liées aux spécificités guyanaises .................................................................... 41 M.2. Objectifs et chapitres de la thèse ........................................................................................................... 41 CHAPITRE I. ETUDE DE L’EFFICACITE DE LA PECHE ELECTRIQUE DANS LES COURS D’EAU DE TETE DE BASSIN DE GUYANE ................................................................................ 44 I.1. Résumé .................................................................................................................................................. 44 I.2. ARTICLE P1 : ELECTROFISHING EFFICIENCY IN LOW CONDUCTIVITY NEOTROPICAL STREAMS: TOWARDS A NON-LETHAL FISH SAMPLING TECHNIQUE .................................................................................................... 46 I.2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 47 I.2.2. Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 49 I.2.3. Results .................................................................................................................................................... 55 I.2.4. Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPITRE II. CONSTRUCTION DE LA BASE DE DONNEES ............................................... 62 II.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 62 II.2. Sélection des sites ................................................................................................................................. 62 II.3. Description des stations ........................................................................................................................ 65 II.4.
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