The Vegetative Communities Associated with Mammals of the South

Home , American water shrew, Bursera simaruba, Carya floridana, Quercus geminata, Quercus lyrata, Rhynchospora colorata

Beverly Collins, Philip E. Hyatt, and Margaret K. Trani

Introduction

This chapter describes the ecoregions and vegetation (www.plants.usda.gov). Mammal species known to occur types associated with mammals of the South. The (or those with a high likelihood of occurrence) in each distribution of mammals in the South reflects historic terrestrial community are listed in Table 2.2. The veg- biogeographicalprocessesaswellasphysiography etation categories are superimposed on the National and vegetation. For example, there are clear differences Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (Avers in the mammal fauna of the Blue Ridge Mountains as et al. 1994, Keys et al. 1995) and the ecoregions of the compared to that of the Coastal Plain physiographic United States (Bailey 1995). From interior to coastal area. Within the Coastal Plain there are differences in areas, these ecoregions are the Interior Low Plateau the mammal faunas among mesic pine flatwoods, and Highlands, Cumberland Plateau and Mountains, mixed hardwood forests, and floodplain forests. Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley, and Coastal Plain Mammalian distributions are often best predicted at and Coastal Fringe. the scale of physiographic province (considering geo- morphology, soils, topography, and micro-climatic The Interior Low Plateau and Highlands differences) and broadly defined vegetation types. Within the broad vegetation categories, adherence to The western mesophytic/oak-hickory forest is broadly specific cover types may be of value in predicting the distributed over the Interior Low Plateau, Coastal presence or absence of a particular mammal; thus, the Plain, and Interior Highlands regions of western basic types of Hamel (1992) and Wilson (1995) are Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, Alabama, incorporated within the vegetation descriptions in northern Arkansas, and portions of eastern Oklahoma this book. and eastern Texas. Dominant deciduous trees of this forest include white oak, northern red oak, black oak, Herein, the vegetation classification follows Martin bitternut hickory, and shagbark hickory. Common and others (1993a,b). Accounts are grouped by associates include sweet pignut hickory, white ash, ecoregion and are organized by geography from inte- black walnut, black cherry, chinquapin oak, American rior to coastal areas. For each broad vegetation type, basswood, and American elm (Bryant et al. 1993). plant species, physical features, and environmental Across the area, species associations reflect climatic influences on plant associations are described. Spe- moisture and temperature gradients as well as local cialized or relict habitats, such as mountain balds or topography. Bryant et al. (1993) describe a trend Carolina bays, are described within the broad vegeta- towards increasing dominance of oaks and hickories tion type. Aquatic and wetland habitats also are from east to west and an increase in pines from north described. The scientific names of plant species used to south. Pin oak and shingle oak are codominant in in this chapter are presented in Table 2.1. Common the north; to the south, black hickory, mockernut names were taken from the PLANTS Database hickory, southern red oak, overcup oak, Shumard oak,

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 11 The Vegetative Communities blackjack oak, and post oak occur widely depending pine forests, with Virginia pine, pitch pine, shortleaf on site quality. Xeric species occur on dry glades, pine, white oak, blackjack oak, or eastern white pine, steep slopes, and exposed surfaces; oaks and hicko- occurring on dry, sandy ridges; on upper slopes and ries are associated with ridges and upper slopes; and exposed sites, dry oak forests supporting blackjack mesic species are confined to sheltered areas (e.g., oak, post oak, and scarlet oak; mesic to dry forests ravines and coves). Aquatic and wetland habitat for having eastern white pine, chestnut oak, white oak, hydric species in this region includes riverine systems American beech, chinquapin oak, hickory, northern from springs to large rivers; palustrine wetlands in red oak, scarlet oak, and Virginia pine; mesic slopes the Mississippi River drainage; and lakes and supporting “typical” mixed mesophytic forests of reservoirs. American beech, tuliptree, white oak, sugar maple, shagbark hickory, northern red oak, white oak, white A number of types of open or grassland communities ash, black cherry, white basswood, yellow buckeye, occur as patches or remnants of historically wide- and chestnut oak; eastern hemlock, tuliptree, sweet spread vegetation, generally thought to have been birch, and white oak occur in cold-air-drainage or maintained by fire, within the western mesophytic wetter sites; lower slopes and swales support red forest region. In the Interior Highlands of northwest- maple, river birch, American holly, blackgum, and ern Arkansas, prairies on the Springfield Plateau and white oak; American sycamore occurs along headwa- in the Arkansas Valley support little bluestem, big ter and small streams and river birch, tuliptree, and bluestem, Indian grass and switch grass. Other prai- sweetgum occur along the larger streams that com- ries occur in Arkansas, western Kentucky, and Loui- prise most of the region’s aquatic habitat. Rhododen- siana (DeSelm and Murdock 1993) on loess or dron can form dense thickets in eastern hemlock alluvial deposits associated with the current or his- areas on north-facing slopes associated with acidic torical Mississippi River drainage. Barrens, which are soil and cold-air-drainage. deep-soil grassland with stunted trees and shrubs and scattered groves of trees (Baskin et al. 1999), Grasslands such as glades and barrens are less com- occur in the Central Basin of Tennessee and Alabama, mon in the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Karst Plain of Kentucky and southern Indiana, and region than in the Interior Low Plateau. Sandstone Highland Rim of Tennessee. Plants common to many glades on the Cumberland Plateau in Alabama and barrens include little bluestem, Indian grass, and big Tennessee support lichen and moss mats. Deep soils bluestem. Both legumes and composites are well rep- support pineland three-awn grasses, little bluestem, resented. Cedar or limestone glade communities on and wild oat grass, and a variety of forbs including rocky or shallow soils are dominated by forbs and lance-leaf tickseed, Michaux’s wood-aster, Appala- grasses (Walker 2001). These communities occur chian stitchwort, and small-head gayfeather. Grasses, extensively in the Central Basin of Tennessee, northern legumes, and composites dominate barrens on the Alabama, and northern Arkansas and also are found Cumberland Plateau in both Tennessee and Kentucky in the Outer Bluegrass and Pennyroyal Plain areas of (DeSelm and Murdock 1993). The region has abun- Kentucky (Baskin and Baskin 1999). Glades support dant clifflines, rockhouses, caves, and surface mines grasses such as poverty dropseed and witchgrass, that often support a unique flora. For example, endemic herbs such as purpletassels and whiterim rockhouses with a cave-like environment support scurfpea, and scattered woody plants such as persim- mosses and ferns with tropical affinities (Farrar 1998) mon, eastern red cedar, and upland swamp privet and flowering plants such as Cumberland stitchwort (Baskin and Baskin 1999). Scattered open woodland and Lucy Braun’s snakewort. communities of southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and middle Tennessee, dominated by post oak, red The Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley cedar, or chestnut oak, represent later successional vegetation of barrens or savanna communities This region includes the northern Blue Ridge and (Fralish et al. 1999). valleys of central and northern Virginia, and the southern Blue Ridge and valleys of eastern Tennessee, The Cumberland Plateau and Mountains western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina, and northern Georgia. Broad vegetation types in this Mixed mesophytic forest covers the unglaciated region include spruce-fir and northern hardwoods southern portion of the Allegheny Mountains, Cum- (collectively considered in this guide as “high eleva- berland Mountains, and the Allegheny and Cumber- tion forests”), and Appalachian oak forests. These land Plateaus (Hinkle et al. 1993) from southwestern vegetation types are distributed along latitudinal and West Virginia south to Alabama. In this highly dis- elevation gradients, with local variation due to factors, sected region, species associations differ with topog- such as slope exposure, that influence moisture regimes. raphy and landform. The major forest types include:

12 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South The Vegetative Communities

Appalachian oak forest covers low elevation ridges, association with red maple, Carolina silverbell, yel- slopes, and valleys of the northern and southern Blue low birch, eastern hemlock, American beech, and Ridge and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. sugar maple. Other associates are American bass- This forest includes Virginia pine-pitch pine (yellow wood, white ash, black cherry, sweet birch, and east- pine), eastern hemlock-eastern white pine, cove for- ern white pine. Beech orchards or gaps dominated by est, and oak-hickory cover types of Hamel (1992) and American beech, yellow buckeye, yellow birch, red Wilson (1995). Forest communities vary within the maple, Carolina silverbell, and often some red broad Appalachian oak forest, but oak species occur spruce, may occur on high elevation ridges or sites or are dominant throughout much of the area with concave topography. High elevation sites on (Stephenson et al. 1993). Chestnut, northern red, and north-facing slopes with accumulated remnants of scarlet oaks generally occur at higher elevations or periglacial fragmented rocks may be dominated by on more xeric sites, and are more widely distributed yellow birch, yellow buckeye, red maple, and moun- in the northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley of tain maple. On mesic, north-facing slopes, sugar Virginia. High elevation northern red oak forests, maple and yellow buckeye share dominance with with stunted trees and American beech as a common American beech. associate, occur on exposed and south-facing slopes, such as those between 1200 and 1600 m in the Balsam Spruce-fir forest occurs on the high peaks of the Mountains of North Carolina (Odom and McNab Southern Blue Ridge in Virginia, Tennessee, and 2000). White and black oak can occur over a range of North Carolina (Trani 2002; Simon et al. 2005), elevations, generally on more mesic sites throughout largely at elevations above 1380 m. Dominant trees the region. Red maple is a common associate. include red spruce and Fraser fir. Within the region Oak-hickory forest occurs widely at low to moderate covered by this book, balsam fir occurs only in one elevations on subxeric to mesic sites (Stephenson et stand on Hawksbill Mountain in the Shenandoah al. 1993). Dominant species include hickory (sweet pig- National Park in Virginia. Red spruce reaches a limit nut, mockernut, shagbark, and bitternut), chestnut on dominance at elevations of approximately oak, northern red oak, and white oak. Other associ- 1600–1800 m, at which point Fraser fir becomes more ates include black oak, scarlet oak, red maple, dominant until often forming pure stands at the tuliptree, sweet birch, yellow birch, and American highest elevations (> 1900 m) (White et al. 1993; Odom beech. Oak forests grade into yellow pine forests, and McNab 2000). Additional canopy associates dominated by table mountain pine, Virginia pine, or include yellow birch, striped maple, mountain pitch pine with chestnut oak and scarlet oak, on xeric maple, sugar maple, red maple, American beech, fire ridgetops with south or southwestern aspects and, cherry, and common serviceberry. Catawba rosebay, often, shallow, rocky soils (Stephenson et al. 1993, hobblebush, American mountain ash, and common Elliot et al. 1999). Oak heath forests with chestnut elderberry are found in the understory and unique to oak, eastern white pine, or shortleaf pine also occur spruce woods. In sites infested by the balsam woolly on dry or exposed sites at lower elevation (Simon et adelgid (Adelges piceae), fir stands may have standing al. 2005). Eastern hemlock stands occur locally at dead trees and snags, with regenerating fir trees and higher elevations and/or along streams or on thickets of blackberry or Catawba rosebay (Odom and north-facing slopes associated with acidic soil and McNab 2000). cold air flow throughout the region (e.g., Elliot et al. Rock outcrops and Pleistocene talus slopes occur 1999). Rhododendron commonly forms dense thick- widely on peaks and slopes of the Ridge and Valley ets in these areas. Cove forests, on moist, north-fac- in Virginia. Balds and rock outcrops also occur ing slopes and in sheltered ravines, include mixed throughout the southern Blue Ridge Mountains on mesophytic species such as red and sugar maple, or near the tops of the highest peaks (DeSelm and tuliptree, American basswood, American beech, yel- Murdock 1993). Heath balds are dominated by low buckeye, northern red oak, white oak, various ericaceous evergreen shrubs such as Catawba rosebay, hickories, black cherry, and black walnut. At higher rhododendron, mountain laurel, and sand-myrtle elevations (> 1200 m), cove forests contain yellow (White et al. 2001). Grassy balds are isolated, open birch, American beech, sugar maple, and yellow grasslands of uncertain origin that are dominated by buckeye (Odom and McNab 2000). flattened oat grass, dwarf cinquefoil, sheep sorrel, The northern hardwoods forest occurs at elevations various asters, sedges, goldenrod, and violets (Wiser above 1200–1300 m in the southern Blue Ridge and and White 1999). Many balds are experiencing shrub at 900–1000 m in the northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and tree encroachment (e.g., ericaceous shrubs, fire and Valley in Virginia. White et al. (1993) describe sev- cherry, blackberry, oaks, and hawthorns) from adja- eral northern hardwood associations. At elevations cent forest communities. High elevation rock outcrops above 1300 m, northern red oak is often dominant in typically have exposed or lichen-covered bedrock and

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 13 The Vegetative Communities thin soil (< 30 cm deep) that supports herbs, shrubs, is consistent throughout the region, stand and stunted trees (Wiser and White 1999). Common composition, structure, age, and understory composi- species among outcrops include wretched sedge, tion differ from site to site regarding topography, Michaux’s saxifrage, tufted bulrush, American soils, and land use history. Sweetgum and red maple mountain ash, highbush blueberry, and Catawba can become dominant in stands, and, in the lower rosebay (Wiser and White 1999). Ridge and Valley Piedmont, water oak and willow oak are common. cedar glades support mosses and lichens, herbs such Seeps, small to large streams, lakes, and reservoirs as aromatic aster and straggling St. Johnswort, and support wetland flora in the Piedmont region. grasses such as poverty oatgrass, puffsheath dropseed, and little bluestem (Baskin and Baskin 1999). Granite outcrops occur in the Piedmont from eastern Shale barrens farther north in the central Appalachians Alabama northward through Virginia (Shure 1999). of Virginia support endemics such as shalebarren Exposed rock supports lichens and mosses. Soil ragwort and Virginia whitehair leather flower islands on outcrops undergo succession through an (Braunschweig et al. 1999). Barrens that support smooth annual and perennial herb community with species purple coneflower and Schweinitz’s sunflower are such as Porter’s sunflower, polytrichum moss, scattered throughout the southern Blue Ridge and broomsedge, and yellow sunnybell to a also into the Piedmont (see next section), usually on herb-shrub-tree community with loblolly pine and, soils with high concentrations of calcium and often, hardwoods such as eastern red cedar and magnesium (Walker 2001). In the absence of occasional sweet pignut hickory. Marginal zones may have fires, open pine canopies may develop on these barrens. endemics such as granite flatsedge or outcrop spe- cialists such as quill fameflower (Shure 1999). Seeps and high-gradient streams characterize the southern Blue Ridge. Bogs and fens, usually less than The Coastal Plain and Coastal Fringe 2 ha in size, occur at elevations throughout the region,inassociationwithcanopyandshrubspecies The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain regions, like the typical of spruce-fir, northern hardwoods, cove hard- Piedmont, have a long history of agriculture and woods, oak-hickory, and mixed pine-hardwood for- plantation forestry. Through the region, differences est species. Bogs typically are nutrient-poor, rain-fed, in elevation, soils, fire frequency, inundation, and acidic peatlands that formed under closed drainage exposure to hurricanes shape vegetation singly and (Richardson and Gibbons 1993). They may be treeless in concert with land use. In the upper Atlantic Coastal and frequently are characterized by a layer of shrubs Plains, higher areas of sandhills of old remnant dunes and a sphagnum cover, although sedges may occur and shorelines support xeric pine forests. The long- there. Fens are groundwater-fed wetlands, richer in leaf pine-turkey oak sandhills association is charac- nutrients and less acidic than bogs, with slow, internal terized by an overstory dominated by longleaf pine, drainage. Canopy species of bogs and fens include a deciduous oak understory, and a ground cover of red maple, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, pitch perennial grasses such as three-awn and bluestem pine, and red spruce. Shrub species include black (Stout and Marion 1993). Slash pine, loblolly, sand willow, Catawba rosebay, hobblebush, and mountain pine, and short-leaf pine may occur there. Associated laurel. Herb species include numerous rushes and hardwoods include Chapman white oak, bluejack blueberry. oak, blackjack oak, live oak, pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, persimmon, wax myrtle, and The Piedmont dwarf palmetto. Sand pine scrub, characterized by a sand pine overstory and a dense understory of ever- Since European settlement, land in the Piedmont green shrubs, is limited to Florida and the coastal Physiographic Province has been intensively man- dunes of Alabama (Stout and Marion 1993). Understory aged through clearing for agriculture and pasture species include myrtle-leaf oak, Chapman white oak, land, pine plantations (primarily loblolly pine), and sand live oak, scrub oak, sand heath, scrub palmetto, fire suppression or prescribed burning. Today, saw palmetto, silk bay, gopher apple, beaksedge, and oak-hickory-pine forest covers uplands throughout Feay’s palafox. Other plants include rusty lyonia, the Province. Dominant overstory species of this dwarf palmetto, and scrub hickory. widespread forest include white oak, post oak, shortleaf pine, and loblolly pine. Other components Southern mixed hardwood forest occurs on dry to include bitternut hickory, sweet pignut hickory, mesic slopes and uplands from coastal Virginia shagbark hickory, mockernut hickory, persimmon, southward to Florida and westward to Louisiana. sweetgum, tuliptree, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, Dominant tree species include post oak, shortleaf southern red oak, blackjack oak, chestnut oak, and pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, black oak, laurel oak, black oak. Although overstory composition generally pignut hickory, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, white oak,

14 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South The Vegetative Communities sourwood, and red maple (Ware et al. 1993). Other Florida, wet prairies are described by soil type and trees commonly encountered include American beech, dominant plant taxa (Gunderson and Loftus 1993). southern magnolia, bitternut hickory, shagbark hickory, On peat substrates, they are found on wetter sites in mockernut hickory, flowering dogwood, persimmon, conjunction with tree islands, and are characterized tuliptree, eastern redbud, blackjack oak, southern red by beaksedge, spikerush, or maidencane. Additional oak, and shumard oak. Pine is associated with pine species include water rush, southern swamplily, plantations or areas where fire is sufficiently frequent Egyptian paspalum, and arrowhead. The wet marl to maintain longleaf, slash, or sand pine communities prairie is a diverse community. Sawgrass is typically (Ware et al. 1993). a codominant with beaksedge, black sedge, whitetop sedges, and muhly grass. Pine flatwoods occur within the Lower Coastal Plain on flat, low topography that generally floods season- Southern floodplain forest includes bottomland ally. Flatwoods are managed by prescribed fire, and hardwood forests and deepwater alluvial swamps have an open overstory of pines and an extensive within the riparian zones of rivers and streams shrub layer. Species composition and stand structure (Sharitz and Mitsch 1993) that traverse the Atlantic varies with management history. Characteristic spe- and Gulf Coastal Plains. The upper limits occur in cies include longleaf, slash, and pond pine in associa- the Upper Coastal Plain and Lower Piedmont, whereas tion with saw palmetto, three-awn, gallberry, the coastal boundaries occur in estuaries and tidal fetterbush, wax myrtle, and various ferns. Other can- systems where the vegetation grades into marsh. opy codominants include live oak, water oak, Species composition is associated with disturbance as sweetgum, red maple, and ash. well as physical and hydrologic gradients. Cherrybark oak, swamp chestnut oak, and blackgum are charac- Coastal live oak and maritime forest occurs on barrier teristic of areas with short hydroperiods (Sharitz and islands and along the coastline of the Atlantic and Mitsch 1993). Other bottomland hardwood species Gulf Coastal Plains where elevation is less than 90 m. such as overcup oak, water hickory, green ash, Coastal live oak occurs at inland sites whereas mari- American elm, sugarberry, and laurel oak occur on time forests rarely extend more than 400–500 m poorly drained sites. Sloughs, oxbows, and swamps inland. Historically, this coastal zone was classified with long hydroperiods support water tupelo, bald as needleleaf evergreen forest. Upland areas are cov- cypress, and planertree. River levees support riverfront ered by subclimax pine forest, with an understory of hardwoods such as American sycamore, whereas grass and sedge. In the absence of fire, mesophytic levee deposits typically support early successional habitats support evergreen-oak and magnolia forest. stands of black willow and eastern cottonwood, river The extensive coastal marshes and interior swamps birch, and silver maple. of this region are dominated by water tupelo and bald or pond cypress. The maritime forest commu- At the interface between aquatic and terrestrial systems, nity encompasses a complex assemblage of plant spe- the floodplain forest provides diverse habitat for cies. Sand dunes and scrub along the coast yield to numerous mammals. The predominance of woody scrub forest, evergreen forest, and often bay marsh. communities, presence of surface water and abundant Dominant trees include laurel-leaf oak, sweetbay soil moisture, diversity and interspersion of habitat magnolia, American holly, eastern red cedar, long- features, and the linear nature of bottomland forest leaf pine, and southern red oak. Associated species along streams and rivers for dispersal and migration include loblolly and slash pine; cabbage and saw pal- are important attributes of this community. metto thrive in the understory. Pocosin and Carolina bay depression wetlands occur Coastal marsh and wet prairie extends 400–500 m within the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Pocosins, also inland along the coast within several sections of the known as bays, bayheads, xeric shrub bogs, and galls Lower Coastal Plain Mixed Forest Province. (Richardson and Gibbons 1993), occur from Virginia Throughout much of the Atlantic and eastern Gulf to South Carolina in relatively broad flat uplands, Coast, marsh communities are dominated by eastern shallow basins, and drainage basin heads with sandy baccharis, sea oxeye, saltmarsh bulrush, and humus, muck, or peat soil. The majority occur in camphorweed. Other typical species include soft North Carolina. Pocosins are low, dense forests. rush, eastern baccharis, marsh elder, and cattail. The Dominant species include pond pine, sweetbay mag- marshes and coastal prairies of eastern Texas and nolia, loblolly bay, red bay, red maple, titi, azalea, Louisiana are dominated by bluestem and coastal wax myrtle, gallberry, greenbrier, and sphagnum. sachuiste prairies and southern cordgrass prairies. Carolina bays occur from North Carolina south to In Florida, marshes are most abundant north of the Georgia. Typical bays have a characteristic oval shape freeze line, and then are displaced by mangrove for- and northwest-southeast orientation, but size can ests and tidal marsh south of this line. In southern range among bays from a few to thousands of

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 15 The Vegetative Communities hectares (Richardson and Gibbons 1993). Hydrology substantial portions of southern Florida. A number and vegetation vary widely among bays. Forested of forest types occur there. Broad-leafed, hardwood bays can have pond or bald cypress and blackgum in forests include bayheads (swamp forests) or ham- wetter interiors, with pond pine, loblolly pine, or mocks (upland forests), which occur as emergent tree mixed mesophytic hardwoods including eastern red stands surrounded by marsh (Gunderson and Loftus cedar, black cherry, red maple, water oak, sweetgum, 1993). Dominant species of bayheads include red or wax myrtle on drier sites. Herbaceous bays vary bay, sweet bay, dahoon holly, and black willow. from open-water pond types dominated by float- Common overstory trees in the hardwood hammocks ing-leaved species such as American white waterlily include gumbo limbo, sugarberry, live oak, false to depression meadow and marsh types dominated tamarind, persimmon, Florida strangler fig, and cab- by emergent species such as southern cutgrass, bage palmetto. Some wetland forests are dominated maidencane, and Walter’s sedge (DeSteven and by pond cypress with sawgrass, three-awn, and Toner 2004). white-top sedge graminoid understories. Bald cypress occurs in somewhat wetter cypress savanna Remnants of a once-extensive prairie occur in the communities along with red maple, sawgrass, or lower western Gulf Coastal Plain of east Texas and other grasses (Sharitz and Mitsch 1993). Pond apple southwestern Louisiana. As in other grasslands, spe- forests support high densities of epiphytes (e. g., air cies composition varies with site moisture: grama, plants); Carolina ash, dew-flower, and common elder- switchgrass, little bluestem, and Florida paspalum berry also occur there. Monotypic willow stands are found on wetter sites; little bluestem and Indian (Gunderson and Loftus 1993) often have an grass are more common on upland sites. DeSelm and understory of sawgrass on higher sites, and aquatic Murdock (1993) characterize many of the extensive herbs such as marsh mermaid weed on the wetter grasslands in Florida as dry prairie. These occur sites. Graminoid wetlands include sawgrass marshes along the St Johns and Kissimmee rivers and areas and wet peat prairies. Sawgrass marshes occur on west of Lake Okeechobee. sites that have annual water depths of 10–20 cm A number of subtropical vegetation types are found (Gunderson 1990) and are comprised of monotypic predominantly in the Florida peninsula. These include stands of sawgrass with spikerush, cattail, saltmarsh tropical hardwood and rockland pine forest, the morning glory, and southern swamplily. Everglades, and mangrove forests. Mangrove forests, buffered by barrier island forma- Subtropical hardwood and rockland pine forest occur tions, occur along both coasts of Florida, in estuarine along the Miami Rock Ridge, a broad outcropping of ecosystems and inland areas subject to saline intru- limestone which extends from Miami to Homestead sions (Gilmore and Snedaker 1993). Dominant species and west to Lone Pine Key, the Florida Keys, and Big includered,black,andwhitemangrove.Buttonman- Cypress Swamp (Snyder et al. 1990). The tropical grove is a common associate. These species occasion- hardwood forest consists of largely broadleaf ever- ally occur in zones defined by different water levels: greens of Caribbean origin. Common hardwoods red mangrove occupies the lowest zone; black man- include gumbo limbo, pigeon plum, and white stopper. grove the intermediate zone; and white mangrove Other common species include false tamarind, Florida and button mangrove, which does not have root strangler fig, live oak, laurel oak, Florida poison tree, modification for saturated, saline soils or viviparity mastic, West Indian mahogany, Jamaica dogwood, of propagules (Odum and McIvor 1990), occupy the thatch palm, cabbage palmetto, and Florida royal highest zone (Florida Natural Areas Inventory 1990). palm. Florida slash pine is the single canopy tree of Other species associated with mangrove forest include the rockland pine forest. Subcanopy development is seashore saltgrass, Roemer’s rush, spikerush, and slight, with occasional hardwoods such as tamarind glasswort. The mangrove forest often grades into sea and live oak on sites protected from fire. grass beds, tidal marshes, shell mounds, coastal berms, maritime hammocks, and other coastal communities. The Everglades occupy an extensive marl and limestone shelf covered with muck and sand over

16 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South The Vegetative Communities

land drainage (e.g., a water passage where the tide Aquatic Associations meets the current of a stream). Lacustrine habitats include the shore, shallow-water, and deep water Thereareanumberofmammalsforwhichtheaquatic area of lakes. Riverine habitats include the banks of environment is an essential part of their life cycle. springs and pools, creeks, streams, and rivers. Some mammals obtain all or a portion of their foods Marine habitats are those bordering the sea; they from aquatic habitats, such as the common water extend out as far as wave action occurs and light shrew and northern river otter, whereas others inhabit penetrates to the ocean bottom. dens and lodges within or directly adjacent to the water (e.g., American beaver, round-tailed muskrat). Other species are less associated with aquatic habitats (e.g., red wolf, American mink) yet forage in forested Conclusion wetlands and riparian areas. In summary, the diversity of landforms and vegeta- Table 2.3 presents mammal associations within five tive communities in the South provide an array of major categories of aquatic habitats in the South: habitats for mammals. Although it is difficult to make palustrine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, and marine generalizations regarding a fauna as diverse as that (NatureServe 2007). Palustrine habitats are marsh found in the South, this chapter reflects an effort to environments that lack flowing water and contain categorize distributions at multiple, appropriate levels. ocean derived salts. Estuarine habitats are those In most situations, local faunas also will vary based formed by a partially enclosed body of water con- on forest age, patch size, structural diversity, and nected to the sea and diluted with fresh water from disturbance history.

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 17 The Vegetative Communities

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United States Forest Service, Miscellaneous United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. John Publication 1391, Washington, D. C., USA. WileyandSons,NewYork,NewYork,USA. Baskin, J. M. and C. C. Baskin. 1999. Cedar glades of the Gunderson, L. H. 1990. Historical hydropatterns in Southeastern United States. Pages 206–219 in R. C. vegetation communities of Everglades National Park. Anderson,J.S.Fralish,andJ.M.Baskin,editors. Pages 1099–1111 in R. R. Sharitz and J. W. Gibbons, Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities editors. Freshwater wetlands and wildlife. Ninth of North America. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. Annual Symposium, Savannah River Ecology Baskin, J. M., C. C. Baskin, and E. W. Chester. 1999. The Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. big barrens region of Kentucky and Tennessee. Pages Gunderson, L. H., and W. F. Loftus. 1993. The Everglades. 190–205 in R.C.Anderson,J.S.Fralish,andJ.M. Pages 199–256 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C. Baskin, editors. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern plant communities of North America. Cambridge United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. John University, Cambridge, UK. WileyandSons,NewYork,NewYork,USA. Braunschweig, S. H., E. T. Nilsen, and T. F. Wieboldt. 1999. Hamel, P.B. 1992. The land manager’s guide to the birds of The mid-Appalachian shale barrens. Pages 83–98 in the South. The Nature Conservancy, Chapel Hill, North R.C.Anderson,J.S.Fralish,andJ.M.Baskin,editors. Carolina, USA. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities Hinkle,C.R.,W.C.McComb,J.M.Safley,andP.A. of North America. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. Schmalzer. 1993. Mixed Mesophytic Forests. Pages Bryant, W. S., W. C. McComb, and J. S. Fralish. 1993. 203–253 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C. Oak-Hickory forests (Western mesophytic/oak-hickory Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern forests). Pages 143–201 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce, United States: Upland terrestrial communities. John and A. C. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the WileyandSons,NewYork,NewYork,USA. Southeastern United States: Upland terrestrial Keys, J. E., C. A. Carpenter, S. L. Hooks, F. G. Koenig, communities. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New W. H. McNab, W. E. Russell, and M. L. Smith. 1995. York, USA. Ecological units of the Eastern United States: First DeSelm, H. R. and N. Murdock. 1993. Grass-dominated approximation. United States Forest Service, Technical communities. Pages 87–141 in W.H.Martin,S.G. Publication R8-TP 21, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Boyce, and A. C. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of Martin,W.H.,S.G.Boyce,andA.C.Echternacht,editors. the Southeastern United States: Upland terrestrial 1993a. Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: communities. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New Lowland terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons, York, USA. New York, New York, USA. DeSteven, D. and M. M. Toner. 2004. Vegetation of Upper Martin,W.H.,S.G.Boyce,andA.C.Echternacht,editors. Coastal Plain wetlands: Environmental templates and 1993b. Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: wetland dynamics within a landscape framework. Upland terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons, Wetlands 24:23–42. New York, New York, USA. Elliot, K. J., J. M. Vose, W. T. Swank, and P. V. Bolstad. NatureServe. 2007. An online encyclopedia of life [Database]. 1999. Long-term patterns in vegetation-site relationships Version 6.1. Association for Biodiversity Information. in a Southern Appalachian forest. Journal of the Torrey http://www.natureserve.org/ Botanical Society 126: 320–334. Odom, R. H., Jr., and W. H. McNab. 2000. Using digital Farrar, D. 1998. The tropical flora of rockhouse cliff terrain modeling to predict ecological types in the formations in the Eastern United States. Journal of the Balsam Mountains of western North Carolina. USDA Torrey Botanical Society 125:91–108. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 1990. Guide to the Note SRS-8. natural communities of Florida. Florida Natural Area Inventory and Florida Department of Natural Resources. Tallahassee, Florida, USA.

18 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South The Vegetative Communities

Odum, W. E., and C. C. McIvor. 1990. Mangroves. Pages Stout, I. J. and W. R. Marion. 1993. Pine flatwoods and 517–548 in R. L. Myers and J. J. Ewel, editors. xeric pine forests of the Southern (lower) Coastal Plain. Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida, Pages 373–446 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C. Orlando, Florida, USA. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern Richardson, C. J., and J. W. Gibbons. 1993. Pocosins, United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. John Carolina bays, and mountain bogs. Pages 257–310 in WileyandSons,NewYork,NewYork,USA. W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C.Echternacht, Trani, M. K. 2002. Terrestrial ecosystems. Pages 3–46 in editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: D. N. Wear and J. G. Greis, editors. Southern forest Lowland terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons, resource assessment. United States Forest Service, New York, New York, USA. General Technical Report SRS-53, Asheville, North Sharitz, R. R. and W. J. Mitsch. 1993. Southern floodplain Carolina, USA. forest. Pages 311–372 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,and Walker, J. L. 2001. Sensitive plant communities. Pages A. C. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the 48–71 in J. Dickson, editor. Wildlife of the Southern Southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial forests: Habitat and management. Hancock House, communities. John Wiley and Sons. New York, New Blaine, Washington, USA. York, USA. Ware, S., C. Frost, and P. D. Doerr. 1993. Southern mixed Shure, D. L. 1999. Granite outcrops of the southeastern hardwood forest: The former longleaf pine forest. Pages United States. Pages 99–118 in R.C.Anderson,J.S. 447–493 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. Savannas, barrens, Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. United States. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. York, USA. Simon, S. A., Collins, T. K., Kauffman, G. L., McNab, White, P. S., E. R. Buckner, J. D. Pittillo, and C. V. Cogbill. W. H., Ulrey, C. J. 2005. Ecological zones in the 1993. High-elevation forests: Spruce-fir forests, northern southern Appalachians: First approximation. USDA hardwood forests, and associated communities. Pages Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research 305–337 in W.H.Martin,S.G.Boyce,andA.C. Paper SRS-41. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of the Southeastern Snyder, J. R., A. Herndon, and W. B. Robertson, Jr. 1990. United States: Upland terrestrial communities. John South Florida rockland. Pages 230–274 in R. L. Meyers WileyandSons,NewYork,NewYork,USA. and J. J. Ewell, editors. Ecosystems of Florida. White, P. S., S. P. Wilds, and D. A. Stratton. 2001. The University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA. distribution of heath balds in the Great Smoky Stephenson, S. L., A. N. Ash, and D. F. Stauffer. 1993. Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee. Journal of Appalachian oak forests. Pages 255–303 in W. H. Vegetation Science 12:453–466. Martin, S. G. Boyce, and A. C. Echternacht, editors. Wilson, L. A. 1995. The land manager’s guide to the Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Upland amphibians and reptiles of the South. The Nature terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons, New Conservancy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. York, New York, USA. Wiser, S. K. and P. S. White. 1999. High-elevation outcrops and barrens of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Pages 119–132 in R.C.Anderson,J.S.Fralish,andJ.M. Baskin, editors. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 19 Table 2.1. Common and Scientific Names of Plant Species.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Conifers and relatives Buckeye, Yellow Aesculus flava Cedar Juniperus spp. Cherry Prunus spp. Cedar, Eastern red Juniperus virginiana Cherry, Black Prunus serotina Fir Abies spp. Cherry, Fire Prunus pensylvanica Fir, Balsam Abies balsamea Cottonwood, Eastern Populus deltoides Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri Dogwood, Flowering Cornus florida Cypress Taxodium spp. Dogwood, Jamaica Piscidia piscipula Cypress, Bald Taxodium distichum Elderberry, Common Sambucus nigra spp. canadensis Cypress, Pond Taxodium ascendens Elm Ulmus spp. Hemlock Tsuga spp. Elm, American Ulmus americana Hemlock, Eastern Tsuga canadensis Fetterbush Lyonia lucida Pine Pinus spp. Fig, Florida strangler Ficus aurea Pine, Eastern white Pinus strobus Gallberry Ilex glabra Pine, Loblolly Pinus taeda Gum, Black Nyssa sylvatica Pine, Longleaf Pinus palustris Gum, Sweet Liquidambar styraciflua Pine, Pitch Pinus rigida Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba Pine, Pond Pinus serotina Hawthorn Crataegus spp. Pine, Sand Pinus clausa Hickory Carya spp. Pine, Shortleaf Pinus echinata Hickory, Bitternut Carya cordiformis Pine, Slash Pinus elliottii Hickory, Black Carya texana Pine, Table mountain Pinus pungens Hickory, Mockernut Carya alba Pine, Virginia Pinus virginiana Hickory, Scrub Carya floridana Spruce Picea spp. Hickory, Shagbark Carya ovata Spruce, Red Picea rubens Hickory, Sweet pignut Carya glabra Hickory, Water Carya aquatica Flowering plants Hobblebush Viburnum acerifolium Woody species – Trees and Shrubs Holly, American Ilex opaca Ash Fraxinus spp. Holly, Dahoon Ilex cassine Ash, American mountain Sorbus americana Huckleberry, Bear Gaylussacia ursina Ash, Carolina Fraxinus caroliniana Laurel, Great Rhododendron maximum Ash, Green Fraxinus pennsylvanica Laurel, Mountain Kalmia latifolia Ash, White Fraxinus americana Lyonia, Rusty Lyonia ferruginea Azalea Rhododendron spp. Magnolia Magnolia spp. Basswood, American Tilia americana Magnolia, Southern Magnolia grandiflora Basswood, White Tilia americana var. heterophylla Magnolia, Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana Bay, Loblolly Gordonia lasianthus Mahogany, West Indian Swietenia mahagoni Bay, Red Persea borbonia Mangrove, Black Avicennia germinans Bay, Silk Persea humilis Mangrove, Button Conocarpus erectus Beech, American Fagus grandifolia Mangrove, Red Rhizophora mangle Birch Betula spp. Mangrove, White Laguncularia racemosa Birch, River Betula nigra Maple, Mountain Acer spicatum Birch, Sweet Betula lenta Maple, Red Acer rubrum Birch, Yellow Betula alleghaniensis Maple, Silver Acer saccharinum Blackberry Rubus spp. Maple, Striped Acer pensylvanicum Blueberry Vaccinium spp. Maple, Sugar Acer saccharum Blueberry, Highbush Vaccinium corymbosum Oak Quercus spp.

20 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Oak, Black Quercus velutina Willow Salix spp. Oak, Blackjack Quercus marilandica Willow, Black Salix nigra Oak, Blue Jack Quercus incana Oak, Chapman white Quercus chapmanii Herbaceous species – Forbs and Vines Oak, Cherrybark Quercus pagoda Airplant Tillandsia spp. Oak, Chestnut Quercus prinus American white waterlily Nymphaea odorata Oak, Chinquapin Quercus muehlenbergii Appalachian stitchwort Minuartia glabra Oak, Laurel-leaf oak Quercus laurifolia Aromatic aster Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Oak, Live Quercus virginiana Arrowhead Sagittaria spp. Oak, Myrtle-leaf Quercus myrtifolia Aster Aster spp. Oak, Northern pin Quercus ellipsoidalis Camphorweed Pluchea spp. Oak, Northern red Quercus rubra Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina Oak, Overcup Quercus lyrata Cattail Typha spp. Oak, Pin Quercus palustris Cumberland stitchwort Minuartia cumberlandensis Oak, Post Quercus stellata Dewflower Murdannia spp. Oak, Sand live Quercus geminata Dwarf cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Oak, Scarlet Quercus coccinea Eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia Oak, Scrub Quercus ilicifolia False tamarind Lysiloma latisiliquum Oak, Shingle Quercus imbricaria Feay’s palafox Palafoxia feayi Oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii Glasswort Salicornia spp. Oak, Southern red Quercus falcata Goldenrod Solidago spp. Oak, Swamp chestnut Quercus michauxii Gopher apple Licania michauxii Oak, Turkey Quercus laevis Greater tickseed Coreopsis major Oak, Water Quercus nigra Greenbrier Smilax spp. Oak, White Quercus alba Lance-leaf tickseed Coreopsis lanceolata Oak, Willow Quercus phellos Lucy Braun’s white snakeroot Ageratina luciae-brauniae Palm, Florida royal Roystonea elata Marsh elder Iva frutescens Palm, Thatch Thrinax spp. Marsh mermaidweed Proserpinaca palustris Palmetto, Cabbage Sabal palmetto Mastic Sideroxylon foetidissimum Palmetto, Dwarf Sabal minor Michauxi’s saxifrage Saxifraga michauxii Palmetto, Saw Serenoa repens Michaux’s wood-aster Eurybia spp. Palmetto, Scrub Sabal etonia Pigeon plum Coccoloba diversifolia Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Porter’s sunflower Helianthus porteri Planertree Planera aquatica Purpletassels Dalea gattingeri Poison tree, Florida Metopium toxiferum Quill fameflower Talinum teretifolium Pond apple Annona glabra Saltmarsh morning glory Ipomoea sagittata Redbud, Eastern Cercis canadensis Sand heath Ceratiola ericoides Rosebay, Catawba Rhododendron catawbiense Schweinitz’s sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii Sand-myrtle Leiophyllum buxifolium Sea oxeye Borrichia frutescens Serviceberry, Common Amelanchier arborea Sheep sorrel Rumex acetosella Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Small-head gayfeather Liatris microcephala Sycamore, American Platanus occidentalis Smooth purple coneflower Echinacea laevigata Titi Cliftonia monophylla Southern swamplily Crinum americanum Tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera Straggling St. John’s-wort Hypericum dolabriforme Tupelo Nyssa spp. Tamarind Tamarindus indica Tupelo, Water Nyssa aquatica Violet Viola spp. Walnut, Black Juglans nigra Virginia white-hair leatherflower Clematis coactilis Wax myrtle Myrica cerifera Whiterim scurfpea Pediomelum subacaule White stopper Eugenia axillaris Yellow sunnybell Schoenolirion croceum

The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South 21 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Grasses and grass-like species Rushes Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii Roemer’s rush Juncus roemerianus Broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus Saltmarsh bulrush Scirpus robustus Cordgrass Spartina spp. Soft rush Juncus effusus Dropseed Sporobolus spp. Dropseed, Poverty Sporobolus vaginiflorus Sedges Dropseed, Puffsheath Sporobolus neglectus Beaksedge Rhynchospora spp. Egyptian paspalum Paspalidium geminatum Beaksedge, Florida whitetop Rhynchospora floridensis Flattened oatgrass Danthonia compressa Beaksedge, Giant whitetop Rhynchospora latifolia Florida paspalum Paspalum floridanum Beaksedge, Starrush whitetop Rhynchospora colorata Grama Bouteloua spp. Blacksedge Schoenus nigricans Indiangrass Sorghastrum spp. Granite flatsedge Cyperus granitophilus Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Sawgrass Cladium mariscus Maidencane Panicum hemitomon Spikerush Eleocharis spp. Muhly grass Muhlenbergia spp. Walter’s sedge Carex striata Poverty oatgrass Danthonia spicata Water rush Rhynchospora inundata Seashore saltgrass Distichlis spicata Wretched sedge Carex misera Southern cutgrass Leersia hexandra Tufted bulrush Trichophorum caespitosum Switchgrass Panicum virgatum Three-awn Aristida spp. Non-vascular species Three-awn grass, Pineland Aristida stricta Polytrichum moss Polytrichum commune Wild oat grass Avena fatua Sphagnum Sphagnum carolinianum Witchgrass Panicum capillare

22 The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Everglades Coastal Live Oak/Maritime Mangrove Forest Subtropical Marsh/Wet Prairie Tropical Hdwd/Rockland Pine Mesic Pine Flatwood Xeric Pine Forest Southern Mixed Hardwood Southern Floodplain Forest Pocosin/Carolina Bay Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest High Elevation Forest Appalachian Oak Forest Mountain Bog/Fen Mixed Mesophytic Forest W. Mesophytic/Oak-Hickory Grass-dominated

DIDELPHIMORPHIA Family Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum XXX XXXXXXXXXX INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae Blarina brevicauda Northern short-tailed shrew XXXXXXXX Blarina carolinensis Southern short-tailed shrew X X XXXXXXXX XX Blarina hylophaga Elliot’s short-tailed shrew X XX Cryptotis parva Least shrew XX XXXX X X XX Notiosorex crawfordi Crawford’s desert shrew X Sorex cinereus Masked shrew XXXX Sorex dispar Long-tailed shrew XXX Sorex fumeus Smoky shrew XXXXX Sorex hoyi Pygmy shrew XXXXXX Sorex longirostris Southeastern shrew X XXXXXXXX X XXX Sorex palustris American water shrew XXXX Family Talpidae Condylura cristata Star-nosed mole XXXX XX Parascalops breweri Hairy-tailed mole XXXX Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole X XXXX X X XXX CHIROPTERA Family Molossidae Eumops glaucinus Wagner’s bonneted bat XXX Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat XX XXXXX 23 24 Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

Family Vespertilionidae Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque’s big-eared bat XXXXX X XX Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat X XXX Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat X XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat X XXXX XXXXXX Lasiurus borealis Eastern red bat XX XXXXXX XXXX Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat X XXXXXXXXXXX Lasiurus intermedius Northern yellow bat XX XXXXXXX X Lasiurus seminolus Seminole bat XX XXXXXXXXX X

h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis X X XXXX X Myotis grisescens Gray myotis X XXXXX Myotis leibii Eastern small-footed myotis X XXX Myotis lucifugus Little brown myotis X XXXXX Myotis septentrionalis Northern long-eared myotis X XXXXXX Myotis sodalis Indiana myotis X XXXXX Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat XX XXXXXXXXX X XX Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern pipistrelle X X XXXXX XXXX XENARTHRA Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded armadillo XX XXXXXX X X LAGOMORPHA Family Leporidae Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare X Lepus californicus Black-tailed jackrabbit X Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit X X XX X h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail X XX XXXXXXXXX Sylvilagus obscurus Appalachian cottontail XXXX Sylvilagus palustris Marsh rabbit XXXXX XX RODENTIA Family Castoridae Castor canadensis American beaver X X XXXX XXXX Family Geomyidae Geomys breviceps Baird’s pocket gopher X X X Geomys pinetis Southeastern pocket gopher X X Family Heteromyidae Chaetodipus hispidus Hispid pocket mouse X X X Family Muridae Baiomys taylori Northern pygmy mouse X Clethrionomys gapperi Southern red-backed vole XXXX Microtus chrotorrhinus Rock vole XX X Microtus ochrogaster Prairie vole X XXX Microtus pennsylvanicus Meadow vole X XX XXXXX Microtus pinetorum Woodland vole X XXXXX Mus musculus House mouse X XX XXXXX Neofiber alleni Round-tailed muskrat X X X Neotoma floridana Eastern woodrat X XX XXXX X Neotoma magister Allegheny woodrat XX XX Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse X XXXXXXXXXXXX Ondatra zibethicus Common muskrat X X

25 Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat XXX XX X X 26 Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

Peromyscus attwateri Texas mouse XXX Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse XX XXXXXXXXX XX Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse X XXXXXXXXX Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse XXXXXX Peromyscus polionotus Oldfield mouse X XX X Podomys floridanus Florida mouse XX Rattus norvegicus Norway rat X X XXXXX Rattus rattus Black rat X XX X Reithrodontomys fulvescens Fulvous harvest mouse XXX XX

h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Reithrodontomys humulis Eastern harvest mouse XXX X Reithrodontomys megalotis Western harvest mouse XX Reithrodontomys montanus Plains harvest mouse XX Sigmodon hispidus Hispid cotton rat XX XXXXX XX XXX Synaptomys cooperi Southern bog lemming XX XXXXXX Family Myocastoridae Myocastor coypus Nutria XX X Family Sciuridae Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel X Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel X XXXXX XXX XX Marmota monax Woodchuck X XXXXX Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel XXX XXXXXXX X XX Sciurus niger Eastern fox squirrel XXX XXXXXXXXX Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk XXXXX Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Red squirrel XX X h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

Family Zapodidae Napaeozapus insignis Woodland jumping mouse XXX Zapus hudsonius Meadow jumping mouse X X XXX CARNIVORA Family Canidae Canis latrans Coyote XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Canis rufus Red wolf X XXXXXXXX XXX Urocyon cinereoargenteus Common gray fox XX XXXXXXX XXXX Vulpes vulpes Red fox X XXXXXX Family Felidae Puma concolor Mountain lion XXXXX X X Lynx rufus Bobcat XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Family Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk XX XXXXXXXXX XXX Spilogale putorius Eastern spotted skunk X XXXX XXX XXX Family Mustelidae Lontra canadensis Northern river otter XXXXX XXXX X XX Martes pennanti Fisher XX X Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel X XXXXX XXXXXXXX Mustela nivalis Least weasel XXX X Mustela vison American mink XX XXXX X XXXXXXX Taxidea taxus American badger XX Family Procyonidae Bassariscus astutus Ringtail X

27 Procyon lotor Northern raccoon XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 28 Table 2.2. Mammals Associated with Vegetative Communities in the South. VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY

Family Ursidae Ursus americanus American black bear XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX ARTIODACTYLA Family Cervidae Cervus elaphus Elk X XXXXXXX Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Family Suidae Sus scrofa Feral pig XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Bog/Fen Forested Wetland Herbaceous Wetland Riparian Scrub-Shrub Wetland Temporary Pool Forested Wetland Herbaceous Wetland Lagoon River Mouth/Tidal River Scrub-Shrub Wetland Tidal Flat/Shore Deep Water Shallow Water Big River Creek Low Gradient Medium River Moderate Gradient Pool Spring/Spring Brook Near Shore

DIDELPHIMORPHIA Family Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum X X X X X INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae Blarina brevicauda Northern short-tailed shrew X X X X X X Blarina carolinensis Southern short-tailed shrew X X Blarina hylophaga Elliot’s short-tailed shrew X X X Cryptotis parva Least shrew XXXX X Notiosorex crawfordi Crawford’s desert shrew X Sorex cinereus Masked shrew XXXX X X X Sorex dispar Long-tailed shrew X Sorex fumeus Smoky shrew XX X X Sorex hoyi Pygmy shrew XXXX Sorex longirostris Southeastern shrew XXXX Sorex palustris American water shrew XXXXXX XX X Family Talpidae Condylura cristata Star-nosed mole XXXXX X Parascalops breweri Hairy-tailed mole X X X Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole XXX CHIROPTERA Family Molossidae Eumops glaucinus Wagner’s bonneted bat X

29 Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat X 30 Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

Family Vespertilionidae Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque’s big-eared bat X X X X X X X Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat XX X XXX Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat XXXXXX X X XXXXXX Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat XXX X XXXXX Lasiurus borealis Eastern red bat XXXX XX XXX XXXXXX Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat XXXX XX XXX X X XXXXXX Lasiurus intermedius Northern yellow bat XXX XXXXX X XXXXX Lasiurus seminolus Seminole bat XXX XXXXX X XXXXX h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis XXXX X XXXX X Myotis grisescens Gray myotis XXX XXXXXXX Myotis leibii Eastern small-footed myotis XX XXX Myotis lucifugus Little brown myotis XXXX XXXXXX Myotis septentrionalis Northern long-eared myotis X XXX X X Myotis sodalis Indiana myotis XXX X XXXX Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat X XXXXXX X Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern pipistrelle XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XENARTHRA Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded armadillo X LAGOMORPHA Family Leporidae Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare X X Lepus californicus Black-tailed jackrabbit h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit X X X X X Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail X Sylvilagus obscurus Appalachian cottontail X Sylvilagus palustris Marsh rabbit XX XXX RODENTIA Family Castoridae Castor canadensis American beaver X X X X XXXX X Family Geomyidae Geomys breviceps Baird’s pocket gopher Geomys pinetis Southeastern pocket gopher Family Heteromyidae Chaetodipus hispidus Hispid pocket mouse Family Muridae Baiomys taylori Northern pygmy mouse Clethrionomys gapperi Southern red-backed vole X X X Microtus chrotorrhinus Rock vole XX Microtus ochrogaster Prairie vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Meadow vole XXXX X Microtus pinetorum Woodland vole XXXX X Mus musculus House mouse Neofiber alleni Round-tailed muskrat XXX X Neotoma floridana Eastern woodrat XX Neotoma magister Allegheny woodrat

31 Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse XXX 32 Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

Ondatra zibethicus Common muskrat X X X X X X X X X X Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat XXXX X Peromyscus attwateri Texas mouse Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse XX Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse XXX Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse X X Peromyscus polionotus Oldfield mouse Podomys floridanus Florida mouse Rattus norvegicus Norway rat X h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Rattus rattus Black rat X Reithrodontomys fulvescens Fulvous harvest mouse Reithrodontomys humulis Eastern harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis Western harvest mouse X Reithrodontomys montanus Plains harvest mouse X Sigmodon hispidus Hispid cotton rat X Synaptomys cooperi Southern bog lemming XXXX Family Myocastoridae Myocastor coypus Nutria X X X X X X X X Family Sciuridae Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel X X Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel XX Marmota monax Woodchuck Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel XX X Sciurus niger Eastern fox squirrel XX X h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Red squirrel XX Family Zapodidae Napaeozapus insignis Woodland jumping mouse X X X X X Zapus hudsonius Meadow jumping mouse XXXX CARNIVORA Family Canidae Canis latrans Coyote X X Canis rufus Red wolf XXX X Urocyon cinereoargenteus Common gray fox XX Vulpes vulpes Red fox X Family Felidae Puma concolor Mountain lion X X X Lynx rufus Bobcat XXXXX X X X Family Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk X X X Spilogale putorius Eastern spotted skunk X Family Mustelidae Lontra canadensis Northern river otter XXXX XXXXXX X X XXXXXXX X Martes pennanti Fisher X Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel XXXX Mustela nivalis Least weasel XX Mustela vison American mink XXXX XXXXXX 33 34 Table 2.3. Mammals Associated with Aquatic Habitats in the South. PALUSTRINE ESTUARINE LACUSTRINE RIVERINE MARINE HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT HABITAT

Taxidea taxus American badger Family Procyonidae Bassariscus astutus Ringtail X Procyon lotor Northern raccoon XX Family Ursidae Ursus americanus American black bear X X X XXXX ARTIODACTYLA Family Cervidae Cervus elaphus Elk XXXXX h adMngrsGiet aml fteSouth the of Mammals to Guide Manager's Land The Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer X X X Family Suidae Sus scrofa Feral pig XXXXXXX XX XXXX X