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Rsidade Federal Do Paraná UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ ALINE GUIMARÃES COUTO UMA ANÁLISE BEHAVIORISTA RADICAL DA DISCUSSÃO FEMINISTA SOBRE O EMPODERAMENTO DA MULHER CURITIBA 2017 ALINE GUIMARÃES COUTO UMA ANÁLISE BEHAVIORISTA RADICAL DA DISCUSSÃO FEMINISTA SOBRE O EMPODERAMENTO DA MULHER Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Psicologia, pertencente à Linha de Pesquisa em Análise do Comportamento do curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia do Setor de Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Dittrich CURITIBA 2017 Dedicado à luta das mulheres AGRADECIMENTOS Dizem sempre que a pós-graduação é dura. Difícil de atravessar. Quando nos queixamos é frequente ter pessoas a nos confessar que passaram pelos mesmos problemas, que “é assim mesmo”. Deparar-se com o desconhecido, ter a responsabilidade de uma pesquisa inteiramente em suas mãos, lidar com prazos, com os caminhos tortuosos da Academia, com a solidão de estar em uma cidade desconhecida, longe da família, com o dinheiro contado, com as expectativas que pesam – as alheias e as suas próprias. Nada disso é fácil, e talvez por isso fique tão feliz de ter tantas pessoas a agradecer neste texto, porque, genuinamente, cada uma delas me ajudou a carregar esse fardo. Sou imensamente grata à minha família. Meu pai, Hélio, mesmo não tendo concluído sequer o primário, a vida inteira insistiu que deixaria de herança para mim os meus estudos, e realmente deixará. Nunca questionou os caminhos acadêmicos que escolhi, mesmo sem entender muito deles, estando sempre pronto a me ajudar. Minha mãe, Rosângela, que dava sempre um jeito de me estimular sempre desde criança, segurava na minha mão e me dava as necessárias sacudidas quando eu reclamava demais da vida. E a minha irmã, Caroline, mesmo tão diferente de mim, me ensina o quanto é importante poder ser exemplo pra alguém e cuidar de alguém. Tenho muito a agradecer também à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal em Nível Superior – CAPES, cujo apoio foi imprescindível. Sem o apoio financeiro que recebi, eu não teria qualquer possibilidade de escolher trilhar esse caminho. Espero que mais pessoas continuem se beneficiando desse apoio como eu pude me beneficiar e possam construir uma trajetória fora dos planos do destino escrito pelas desigualdades. Agradeço a todo o pessoal do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da UFPR – aos professores, em especial a Bruno Strapasson e Gabriel de Luca, que me receberam e me apoiaram na universidade de forma calorosa, indo além das suas responsabilidades como professores e assumindo papeis de amigos; e aos funcionários, em especial a Mariangela, que em meio aos puxões de orelha por falta de cumprimento de prazos, me deu o exemplo de funcionária pública que carregarei daqui pra frente, e Marcel, que muito me ajudou aliviando o peso da burocracia na reta final. Também sou grata às alunas e alunos de graduação da UFPR que cruzaram comigo, e que foram generosos com minha falta de habilidade ao dar aulas, cuidar de disciplinas, supervisionar trabalhos e organizar eventos, dos quais ganhei carinhosos e inesperados elogios e fontes de apoio. Fazem-me lembrar, também, de agradecer às professoras e professores que me deram aulas na graduação, em especial Rodrigo Guimarães e Ana Lúcia Ulian, Aninha, que lá no meu primeiro ano de graduação me fez ler o primeiro texto de autoria do meu atual orientador e despertou meu interesse por pesquisa conceitual e análise do comportamento. Fiz amigos de que lembrarei para o resto da minha vida. Serei sempre grata à minha colega Cindy Vaccari, pois sem ela para me receber em Curitiba e na UFPR eu teria, certamente, metido os pés pelas mãos e me sentido consideravelmente mais solitária. Também ao Ramon Cardinali, por toda a ajuda, companhia e discussões lá no Restaurante Universitário sobre feminismo, questões sociais e tantas coisas mais (escrever isso apenas ao final faz parecer que foi há 700 anos atrás). Vocês foram a melhor comunidade verbal que eu poderia ter. Merecem menção honrosa também por isso Diego Mansano Fernandes, Junio Rezende e Denilson Paixão, que mantiveram acesa em mim a vontade de fazer as coisas diferentes. E, entrando nos últimos momentos, agradeço às minhas colegas da residência multiprofissional, que me deram todo o apoio que podiam em meio a tantas dificuldades que passamos juntas, numa rotina tão árdua – Bruna Celano, Flávia Borger, Fabíola Figueirêdo, Giovanna Maiuri, Julia Ribeiro, Larissa Kraemer, Gabriela Martins, Rouglana Ribeiro, Marina Perez, Nathalia Caldeira, Carla Cruz, Taís Laurito... todas mulheres incríveis. Também agradeço à minha terapeuta, Denise Orsini, por me fazer levar pela luz e não pelo tamanho do túnel, quando eu passei pelos momentos mais difíceis. Tenho muito a agradecer ao meu orientador, prof. Alexandre Dittrich, pela confiança depositada em mim desde a seleção para o mestrado, já que sequer me conhecia, e pela paciência com os meus tropeços durante a caminhada, bem como por ter aceitado o desafio de estudar o tema que escolhi, nunca tolhendo a minha liberdade e, no caminho, me ensinando quanta responsabilidade vem com ela. Fica também meu agradecimento póstumo à profa. Maria R. Ruiz, pioneira nos estudos sobre feminismo e análise do comportamento, que foi uma das primeiras pessoas que contatei quando do meu interesse pelo tema e que me respondeu de forma calorosa, me ajudando com indicações de bibliografia e demonstrando genuíno desejo de saber o que eu ia descobrir. Infelizmente, não houve tempo para isso. Espero fazer justiça ao que ela esperou da minha produção e manter seus pertinentes questionamentos vivos na comunidade de analistas do comportamento. Espero poder agradecer todos os dias também ao Yuri, que foi a pessoa que esteve do meu lado desde o primeiro dia, dividindo a alegria das conquistas que aos poucos eu tive e as dores que tive de enfrentar nessa jornada. Não consigo sequer imaginar como seria passar por esses anos sem todo o amor e apoio que recebi e sem a felicidade de ter um verdadeiro companheiro comigo, companheiro que descobri ser possível ter. Serei também eternamente grata às minhas companheiras do Coletivo Feminista Marias e Amélias de Mulheres Analistas do Comportamento, em especial Ana Arantes, Marcela Ortolan, Amanda Morais, Laís Nicolodi e Izadora Perkoski. Nunca teria me atrevido a estudar sobre feminismo e análise do comportamento sem elas. Todas as discussões, as risadas, as dores, as ideias surgidas e estimuladas, são diretamente alimentadoras deste trabalho. Sei que sem tudo isso, ele não existiria. "O momento é propício para behavioristas radicais participarem da discussão sobre questões feministas, que estão entrando em sua quinta década de desenvolvimento. O impacto crescente dos conhecimentos, do ativismo e da política feminista vai continuar sem a nossa entrada, mas, para behavioristas, permanecer em silêncio significaria uma perda para todas. Nossos pontos em comum incluem raízes históricas, visões das possibilidades transformadoras do comportamento humano e o compromisso para criar ambientes ideais para desenvolvimento comportamental. A fusão é, de fato, de interesse para ambas as comunidades." (Ruiz, 1998, p. 190, tradução livre) RESUMO O movimento feminista, desde sua gênese, busca descrever as condições das mulheres por todo o mundo, destacando a falta de igualdade de direitos e de condições entre os gêneros. Junto a tal descrição, o feminismo é ativo em propor soluções para a problemática da desigualdade entre homens e mulheres. Uma das vias frequentemente citadas pelas feministas é a do empoderamento, que se refere tanto à tomada de consciência da desigualdade quanto à superação desta por meio de condições que libertem as mulheres, enquanto classe de indivíduos, dos contextos onde elas sofrem os efeitos da discriminação. No entanto, o termo é frequentemente usado para descrever uma grande variedade de condições e ações que podem ou não, segundo críticas das próprias vertentes feministas, ser de fato libertadoras. Entendendo empoderamento como um conjunto de comportamentos humanos, o presente trabalho realiza uma revisão das variáveis comportamentais que controlam o uso do termo em periódicos feministas – constituindo-se portanto como uma análise do comportamento verbal –, em uma tentativa de descrever em quais condições as feministas consideram comportamento(s) como empoderados/empoderadores, se utilizando, para isso, de duas categorias principais: empoderamento com base em estados internos e empoderamento com base no contracontrole. Após esta revisão, o trabalho analisa, de acordo com a perspectiva behaviorista radical, como as categorias de comportamentos descritos pela literatura se coadunam com os objetivos expressos pelo movimento feminista. Palavras-chave: empoderamento; feminismo; Behaviorismo Radical. ABSTRACT The feminist movement, from its genesis, describes conditions of women throughout the world, highlighting the lack of equality of rights and conditions between genders. Alongside this description, feminism is active in proposing solutions to the problem of inequality between men and women. One of the ways often cited by feminists is empowerment, which refers to the awareness of inequality and also to overcoming it through conditions that free women, as a class of individuals, from the contexts in which they suffer the effects of discrimination. However, the term is often used to describe a wide range of conditions and actions that may or may not, according to critics of feminist tendencies, be liberating.
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