t92 PRINCIPES [Vor 4I

Prircipes,41(4), 1997, pp. 192-197,2ll-217 A Revisionof Linospadixin Australia, with the Descriptionof a NewSpecies

JouNL. Dowr 32 HoneysuckleDriue, Annandale, Queemland,4814, Autralia

Ar,rrHor.{vK. Invfi.,ru Tropical Forest ResearchCentre, CSIRO, P.O. Box 780, Atherton, Queemland 4883, Awtralia

Linospadix (commonly known as walking-stick the type of stamenattachment (dorsi- or basifixed). palms) is a genus of understory palms occurring Uhl and Dransfield (1987) suggestedthat these in Eastern Australia and New Guinea. The fea- generacould be regardedas subgeneraof a single tures that have historically been used to charac- genus,though preliminary examinationof relation- terize the genus are as follows: a spicate inflores- ships by Ferrero and Dowe (in preparation) sug- cence; leafbasesnot forming a tubular crownshaft; gests that there is sufficient heterogeneitywithin prophyll partially hidden within the lea{bases; the group to justify maintaining the present peduncle long and bare, semiterete to dorsiven- genericdistinctions. trally flattened;peduncular bract tubular, attached C. T. White (1936) was understatingidentifi- at the distal end of the peduncle below the fertile cation difficulties when he said of Lirnspadix . . . portion (rachis) and fully enclosingthe fertile por- "differences between the various speciesare tion; peduncular bract papery, withering early and rather difficult to follow." This can particularly eventually deciduous, leaving either a clean scar apply in the field when two or more speciesoccur or oersistentbract remnants:flowers in triads. ses- together.All the Australian speciesare very vari- sile, spirally arrangedin shallow pits in the prox- able in leafform, having, apart from irregular pin- imal three-fourths of the rachis, paired or single nate forms, evenly and finely segmentedforms. staminate flowers in distal one-fourth; staminate Variationof leaf segmentationis presentedin Fig- flowers globose, bullet-shaped, or angled,/pyrami- ure 1. The manner in which the leaf segments dal in bud, widely or not widely opening at anthe- change into either single pinnae or groups of sis; stamens few to many; anthers dorsifixed or united pinnaehas influencedsome authors to cre- approachingbasifixed; pistillode absent, or small ate new species based on this aspect 1..g., L. with three apical lobes; pistillate flowers globose aequisegmentosa(Domin) Burret : L. palmeriana to elliosoidal.but same size or smaller than the (F. M. Bailey) Burret, and Bacularia intermedia staminateflower when in bud, stigma trifid, mod- C. T. White - L. rninor(W. Hill) F. Muell.l. Fruit erately protruding at anthesis;fruit small, globose, color at maturity can vary, being either yellow or ellipsoidal,turbinate, or cylindrical,with stigmatic red in I. apetiolata, L. microcarya,L. minor, and remains apical, colored yellow, pink, or red at L. palrneriana, though it is red only in L. monos- maturity; endocarp adhering to the seed; endo- tachya. There is some variation, which is of diag- spermnomogeneous. nostic value in flower and fruit structure,based on Related genen-Calyptrocalyx, Howea,Laccos- shape and orientation of petals, stamen number, padix, and Paralinospadix (which along with the degree to which petals open at anthesis,and Linospadix comprise the subtribe Linospadicinae: lamina morphology. A composite inflorescence tribe :subfamilv Arecoideae)-have his- with bracts and fruit of all speciesis presentedin torically beenseparated on characterssuch as the Figure 2. condition of the endosperm(ruminate or homoge- neous),habit (solitaryor clustering),size, the posi- TaxonomicHistory tion of attachmentof the peduncular bract (either Wendland (1875) establishedthe gents Linos- toward the base or the apex of the peduncle), and padix to include a single species,Linospadix rnon- 19971 DOWEAND IRVINE: LINOSPADIXIN AUSTRALIA

1. Variation of lea{ segmeniationwithin Lircspadix in Australia. The species in which each form occurs are as follows. a: I. apetiolata only. b: A11except L monostachya.c: All except L. nonostachya and,L. apetiolata. d: All except L. monostachya.e: All except L. mnostachya and L. apetiolata. f: L, monostachya onIy. g: L. apetiolata and L. microcarya only. h: A11except I. apetiolata. Drawing by Lucy Smith. PRIN C IPES [\'ot..4l reeTl DOWEAND IRVINE:LINOSPADIX IN AUSTRALIA r95 PRINCIPES [Vor-.4t

ostachya,which Martius (1837) had originally the Australianspecies described at that time (and placed as Arecamonostachya and Mueller (1870) someNew Guinea taxa)oI Bacularia to Linospadix. as Kentia monostachya.To this was added the future l. minor, firsI described by Hill (1874) as Materials and Methods Areca minor and then as Kentia minor hy Mueller Extensive field collections and studies have (lB7B). Also aroundthis time Mueller transferred been made since the early 1970s by AKI and thesetwo speciesto Bacularia, an impreciseand sincethe early 1990sby JLD. Herbariumresearch obscuregenus, which he erectedto accountfor the has been undertaken by both authors at BRI, Australian taxa in Linospadix. Refined and NSW, and QRS, while loans and assistancewere expanded descriptions of both Linospadix and receivedfrom B, BM, FI, and MEL. Baculariawere subsequently published by Hooker (fBB3),with differencesbetween the generabased TaxonomicTreatment on stamen number (6-12 for Bacularia and 6-9 for Linospadix),anther attachment (either basi- or Linospadix H. Wendl., Linnaea 39: 177, IBB, dorsifixed), and geographicallocation (Baculario' 198, T. 2, frgure2. IB75; Beccari, Malesia l: in Australia and,Linospad,ir in New Guinea).The 62. IB77 H. Wendl. : Paralinospadix]; nameBacularia wasfirst used by Mueller (1870) lnon Hooker f. in Benth. & Hooker f., Cen. Pl. 3: who suggestedit as an alternativegeneric name 870, 903. lBB3; Burret, Notizbl.Bot. Gart Mus. in discussion und,er Kentia monostachya. Also Berlin-Dahlem12:330. 1935rBeccari & Pich'- under BacuLariaminor, Mueller (1878) suggested Sermolli,Webbia 1l: 56. 1955; Burret & Potz- that a possiblecorrect name for this specieswas tal, Willdenowia1: 354. 1956; Stanley& Ross, indeed Linospadix minor, thorgh he never pub- Fl. southeastern 3:270. f9B9; Uhl & lished this combination.The basis of separation Queensl. Dransfield,Genera Palmarum 383. 1987.Type: betweenLinospadix and Bacularia was not made Linospadix monostachya(Mart.) H. Wendl. clear by Mueller and the charactersused by (Are c a rnonost ac hy a MarI.) Hooker to define the two generaare now consid- ered to be variableand inconsistent. BaculariaF. Muell., Fragm.7: 103. lBT0fnomen]; Subsequently,Bailey (1889) describedL. pal- Fragm.11: 58. IBTB; Hookerf., Bot. Mag. 108: meriana (as B. palmeriana) from Bellenden-Ker; T. 6644. IBB2; Hooker f. in Benth. & Hooker L. aequisegrnentosa(now a synonym of L. palmer- f., Gen. Pl. 3: 870, 903. 1883; F. M. Bailey, iana) and,L. microcaryawere also describedfrom Queensl.fl. 5: 1679. 1902. Type: Bacularia this areaby Domin (1915)(as B. aequisegmentosa rnonostachya(Mart.) F. Muell. and B. rnicrocarya,respectively). Beccari (1934) Bl. (in part to include Bacularia and describedB. sessilifulia(:L. microcarya),which lKentia Linospadix), Bentham, FI. Austral. 7: 135. was collected from near the type locality of I. 1B7B.l microcarya,and White (1936) describedL. inter- media (asB. intermed,ia),which is now a synonym Small to moderate,solitary or clustering,mon- of L. minor. Linospadix apetiolata has been rec- oecious,protandrous palms. Stems very thin to ognizedas a distinct speciesfor sometime, with moderatelythick, clusteringat the base or infre- Jones (1996) listing it as L sp. Mt. Lewis and quently aerially branched.Leaves few to many, QueenslandHerbarium (1994) noting it as L sp. either simply bifid, irregularly paripinnate with (Mt. Lewis K A. Williams82194). single or united pinnae, or evenly and finely par- The mostrecent revision of Linospadlrwas pre- ipinnatewith singlepinnae; leaf sheathsnot form- paredby Burret (1935)in which he transferredall ing a distinct crownshaft,splitting oppositethe

3-6. (page 194) 3. Linospadix monostachyain habitat, 300 m alt., Mt. Warning, New South Wales. 4. Fruit of I'. mon- ostachya. 5. Broadly segmentedleaf form of L, microcarya, Josephine Creek, Mt. Badle Frere, Queensland. 6. Finely seg- mented lea.fform of Z. micror:aryct,Crawfords Lookout, west of Innisfaii, Queensland.

7-10. (page 195) 7. Fruit of L. palmeriana. B. Large form of L. minor, Olivers Creek, Cape Tribulation Nationa] Park, Queensland. 9. Fruit of t mlnor (yellow form). 10. Linospadix apetiolata in habitat, I 250 m alt., Mt. Lewis, Queensland. 19971 DOV/EAND IRVINE: LINOSPADIXIN AUSTRALIA r97

! :- t l;l'l ffi i: 'l k 2. Inflorescence and fruit of kwspa.d,i*.Inflorescence. a: spike (in bud) with bracts removed (composite).ffi^ b: Propliyll. c: Pedun- cularbract. Fruit. d: L mtnstachya. e: L mirrocarya.f: L palmeiam. g: L minor.h: L apetiola*a. Scale bar: d-h:6 mm. Drawing try Lucy Smith.

(Continuedon p. 211) 19971 DOWEAND IRVINE:LINOSPADIX IN AUSTRALIA 211

(Continuedfromp. 197) petiole with margins moderately fibrous; petiole continuouslyto John's Mt., near Hastings River short to long or completely lacking; pinnae 2-30 just north of Taree in New SouthWales. per leaf, terminal pinnae usually broader than lat- Habitats and Phenology. Occurring in coastal eral pinnae. Inflorescence spicate, interfoliar; lowland and upland moist closedforest, in Complex peduncle with an extended bare portion between MesophyllVine Forestto SimpleMicrophyll Vine- the apex of the prophyll and attachment of pedun- fern Thicket. but absent from Semi-deciduous cular bract; prophyll short, dorsiventrally com- Mesophyll Vine Thicket and Complex Notophyll pressed, persistent, partially concealed within the Vine Forest,which are seasonallydrier forestswith leaf sheath; peduncular bract long and tubular, higher light on the forest floor. Flowering.occurs attached in the distal portion of the peduncle throughoutthe year but with fruiting in two distinct immediately below the rachis, and completely periods: Januaryto March and May to August. enclosing it, eventually splitting longitudinally, E4rnology.Though Wendland did not specifically withering to a paperv texture and deciduous; mention the derivation of the name Limspadix, it rachis from one-half to one-quarter the peduncle may be inferred that he was referring to the very length. Flowers sessile. spirally arranged, triads in thin inflorescence:line-an early botanical mea- the proximal portion, with paired or solitary sta- surementof about2 mm (one-tweHthof an inch) and rninate flowers in the distal portion. Staminate spadix-a fleshy aris bearingsessile flowers. flowers globose, bullet-shaped, or angled/pyrami- dal in bud, petals vah.ate, partially or widely Key to Species of Linospadix in opening at anthesis; petals much longer than Australia sepals; stamens 4-20, arising from a staminal ring at the base of the pistillode (n-henpresent), shofier l. Habit solitary:moderately tall understorypalms: stami- nate flowers angled/pyramidal; fruit globose or elongate/ than the petals, remainirrg compactly grouped at cylindrical (Gympie, S.E. Qld to John's Mt., Central anthesis; filaments ven short; anthers dorsifixed NSW) ,.-,- L L. monostachya or approaching basifixecl: pistillode absent or l Habit cluslering:small understorypalms (if solitary the small, wide with longitudinal ribs, apex trifid. Pis- result of damage to basal growths or basal growths still to develop); staminateflowers rounded, either elongateor tillate flower globose, about same size as, or globose;fruit globose/turbinateor elongate/cylindrical. smaller than, the staminate florver:sepals imbricate; 2. Fruit globose/turbinate,ye11ow or pink to red at petals apically valvate; stigma trifid. Fmit globose, maturity (Mt. Spurgeon,Mt. Lewis,Mt. Bellenden- turbinate, elongate/cylindrical, yellow, pink, or red Ker, Malbon Thompson Ra. and Mt. Bartle Frere) at maturity; epicarp smooth, irregularly rugose, or z. r.'it "G"t"l"yri"a,i""t' ;. .": i'^:^i::;"."" shallow longitudinal striations; mesocarp soft, i,;il* with 3. Petiole present approximately one-quarter length moist, and succulent, with a single layer of fibers of leaf appressecl to the endocarp, undivided, parallel, 4. Leaf segments usually two per side but also extending {br length of fruit; endocarp thin, crus- evenly pinnate forms with up to 24 pinnae; palms less than 2 m tall, leaf lamina rigid, taceous, adirering to the seed. Seed globose, ovoid, secondary ribs prominent on both surfaces of or elongate/ellipsoidl hilum lateral; endosperm leaf (Mt. Bellenden-Ker and Mt. Bartle Frere) homogeneous:embwo basal. Eophyll bifid. 4.i";i."s-";i, -".",r'".,l'..' 13;Soli'#"J1l"" Distribution. Australia (5 .pp.) and New Guinea evenly pinnate forms with up to 24 pinnae; (3-5 spp.), in moist closed forests (rain forest) palms usually over 2 m ta1l, leaf lamina lax, chartaceous, veins prominent only on upper 2 m elevation. In Aus- from sea level to oler' 000 leaf sur{ace (S. Mcllwraith Range, and N{t. tralia up to 1600 m elevation, mostly confined to Amos to Mission Beach) .---, 4. L. minor within 35 km ofthe coast.but up to 110 km inland 3. Petiole absent or very shorl: leaf bifid, or infre- quently partially segmented or pinnate (Mt. Spur- in isolated upland locations in southern Queens- geon and Mt. Lewis) ,... 5. L. apetiolata land and northern Nel South \\.ales. In Queens- land distributed in southern \{cllwraith Range, then continuously and commonlv from about 25 Key to Species of Linospadix in km south of Cooktown to Mission Beach though Australia based on leaf material at 10x absent from Atherton Tableland west of Tarzali magnification and A large disjunct occurs south of Mis- Jaggan. l. Lamina with few [o numerous scattered elongate tlear "cells" sion Beach until just north of Cympie (southeast parallel to midrib and veins 2. L. nticroctrtn "cells," Queensland) from where it occurs more or less l. Lamina without elongate clear but uith fer to PRINCIPES [Vor-.41

"cells" numerous small or large circular clear in rows 130 cm long, irregularlysegmented with united or parallel to midrjbs and reins "cells" singlepinnae, or regularlypinnate with singlepin- 2. Circular clear large and scattered, with sec- ondary veins thin and not (or very infrequently) raised nae; petiole 24-80 cm long, 5.5-B mm wide; pin- on the abaxial sufface; interveinal septa not well nae 10-30 per leaf, to 30 cm long, 5-200 mm defined - 4. L. ninor wide, glossy mid- to dark green above, lighter "cells" 2. Circular clear small and densely arranged; greenbelow, truncate with toothedapices; midrib secondary veins prominent on both surfaces of leaf; and veins prominent on both surfaces; lamina, interueinal septa well defined when backlit under 10X magnification, has 3. Secondary veins regularly and closely spaced, "cells" more or less unifom in thickness numerouscircular clear to 0.1 mm wide, - 4. Interveinal septa thin, most often connecting linearly parallel to midrib and veins.Inflorescence only few veins, some secondary veins as thick to 100 cm long; peduncle 30-60 cm long; prophyll or nearly as thick as midrib 3. L. palmeriana 4. Inteneinal septa thick, most often crossing over 20-30 cm long; rachis to 50 cm long. Staminate many veins; secondary veins much thinner than flowers pointed in bud, angular/pyramidal, 6-13 midrib - l. L. monostachya mm long; petals rigid, apically pointed, acutely 3. Secondary veins irregularly and distantly placed, heeled, green at anthesis,not widely opening at of variable thickness 5. L, apetiolata anthesis,6-13 X 7-10 mm, with deep longitudi- Morphological characters used to differentiate nal striations in the dried state; stamensB-12; speciesare listed in Table l. connectiveapiculate and extendingbeyond attach- ment of anthers;anthers subulate. Fruit globoseto Table l. Morphological charactersused to dffir- ovoid to elongate/cylindrical,12-15 X 5-10 mm, entiate specieso/Linospadix in Australia. red at maturity; epicarp smooth. Seed elongate/ ellipsoid (Figs.3, 4). l. ttrabit: clustering or solitary 2. Stem:thin or thick Distribution. From just north of Gympie (Qld)- 3. Segmentation pattern of leaf: unsegmented, unevenly or Home Loggingarea-at 26'05'5 to John'sMt. just evenly segmented north of Taree (NSW) at 31"30'5, in rain forest 4. Structure of leaf lamina: with or without elongate clear "cells," ribs and veins strong or weak; veins prominent on from sea level to I 200 m elevation, primarily on only one sur{ace or on both sur{aces basalt soils, less commonon metamorphicsand 5. Inflorescence:length alluvial soils. 6. Flower shape: globose,bulletshaped, or angled/pyramidal Etymology. In reference to the inflorescence 7. Number of stamens:4.-20 B. Petal spread of staminateflower at anthesis: nanow or wide being a single spike. 9. Fruit: globose/turbinate or elongate/cylindrical; colored Common name and uses.W'alking-stick palm; either yellow or red or only red stem once used for walking-sticksand umbrella handles. Phenology. Fruiting Decemberto June. 1. Linospadix monostachya (Mart.)H. Conseruation.Not threatenedor rare. Wendl.,Linnaea 39:. 199. 1875 L. rnonos- [as Representatiuespecimens. QUEENSLAND: tachyos].Areca monostachyaMart., Hist. Nat. Wide Bay. Home Logging Area, SF 502, N of Palm. 3: I7B. LB37; F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 49. Cympie, 26o05'5, 152"43'8, 170 m alt., 5 Oct 1865. Kentia m,onostachyaF. Muell., Fragm. 7: L993, Bean 6681 (BRI); Moreton.Mooloolah R., 82, 103.1870;8: 235.1874; Bentham, Fl. Aus- Jowarra Reserve, on Track #1, I km from start, tral. 7: 136. 1874. Bacularia monostachya 26o50'5, 152"55'8,20 m alt., I Apr 1996, Dowe (Mart.) F. Muell., Fragm. 7: 103. lB70; F. M. 0305 (BRI); Main RangeNP, SW side of Mt. Bell, Bailey,Queensl. Il. 5: L679.1902;Domin, Bib- Terriot Brook, 28ol3'5, 152"29'8, BB0 m alt. 9 lioth. Bot. 20(85):499. 1915; Evans& Johnson, Aug 1995, Forster )7409 (BRI): Mt. Barney, sad- Contrib. NSW Herb. 2I: 6. 1962; Stanley & dle betweenpeaks, 28o17'5, I52"4I'8, I 100 m Ross, Fl. South-eastQueensl. 3: 270. L989. alt., 7 Oct 1992, Forster11909 (BRI). Lectotype(here designated):Mart., Hist. Nat. NEW SOUTH WALES: Mt. Warning, SE Palm. 3: T. 155. figure 4. 1837. slopes,on track to summit, 28"25'5, 153'20'E, Solitary small to moderatepalm. Stem 1.3-6 m 600 m alt., 3l Mar 1996,Dowe 0302 (BRI, FTG); tall,2-5 cm diam.; internodeselongate, green to Mt. Warning, SE slopes, on track to summit, grey with age; crown with 5-I0 leaves; leaf bases 28"25'5, 153'20'E, 850 m alt., 31 Mar 1996, persistent immediatelv below crown. Leaves to Dowe0303 (BRI, FTG); Whian Whian SF, f953- 19971 DOU/EAND IRVINE:LINOSPADIX IN AUSTRALIA 213

"cells" 58, V[ebb & Tracey s.n. (BRI); Byron Bay, scatteredclear elongate 0.5-1 mm long 28o30'S,153'30'E, 30 Nov 1970,Bell311 (BRI); linearly parallel to midrib and veins. Inflorescence Brunswick R., main arm, 27 I':,tg 1936, White to B0 cm long. Staminateflowers globose to squatly 10516 (BRI); DorrigoSF, 830 m alt., 4 Oct 1930, bullet-shapedin bud, 2-5 mm long; petals three White 7472 (BRI); John's R., Jul 7915, Boorman times the length of sepals,apically rounded, with- s.n. (NSW [4706I]). out longitudinal striations, cream/dull yellow at Martius' (1837) protologue for L. monostachya anthesis,not widely opening;stamens B-12; con- (as Areca monostachya)refers to an unnumbered nective not extendingbeyond the anther. Fruit glo- A. Cunningham collection from the Hastings bose to turbinate, 5-9 X 5-a mm, yellow-orqnge, River, New South Wales. This collectionappears or pink to red at maturity; epicarp smooth.Seed to be no longerextant, and thereforeMartius'illus- subglobose(Figs. 5, 6). tration Tab. 155. {rgure 4 has been designated here as the lectotype. Linospadix monostachyais Distribution. From Mts. Spurgeonand Lewis to a commonspecies occurring in the rain forestsof just southof Innisfail, most commonon the lower southern and northern New South slopes of Mts. Bartle Frere and Bellenden-Ker, 'Wales. Queensland It is the largest speciesof the genus in and the Malbon ThompsonRange, from near sea Australia,and is distinguishedby pointedangular/ level to I 600 m elevation, in rain forest on gran- pyramidal staminatebuds, mature flowers that are ite, or occasionallyon basaltand metamorphics. approximatelytwice the sizeas thosein otherspe- Etymology. In referenceto the small fruit. cies, globosefruit, and solitaryhabit. ConseruationRare (QueenslandHerbarium f994). This designationcould be revisedto Com- 2. Linospadix microcarla (Domin) Burreq mon: distributioncovers an areaof approximately Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem l2: 120 km in length and the species is common 331. 1935. Bacularia microcaryaDomin, Bib- throughoutthis range. lioth. Bot. 85: 499. 1915. Type: Australia, Representatiuespecimens. QUEENSLAND: Cook District, Mt. Spurgeon,Platypus Ck., 20 Sep1936, Queensland,Harvey's Ck., 1889, Bailey s.n. (holotype:BRI[AQ7543 t]). Whites.n. (BRI, QRS); Summit of Mt. Spurgeon, 1300 m, 12 Aug 197L,Stocker 780 (BRI, QRS); Bacularia sessilifuliaBecc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. TR f40, Cow LA., 16o30'5,145'10'E, 1150 m, Nat. Pisa Mem. 44l.133.1934: Type: Australia, 27 Sep 1973, Iruine 65a (QRS);Mt. Lewis, SFR Queensland,Cook District, Russell R., 1886, I43, North Mary LA., 1000 m, 16o30'S, Sayer s.n. (Fl). 145"I6'E, 4 Oct 1973, Iruine 662 (QRS); Mt. lBacularia sessilifolia var. muhisecta Becc., norn. Lewis,15 km N of Rex Hwy., 16o30'S,145'15'E, inualid, in Martelli, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: 900 m alt., 13 Feb 1996,Dowe 0260 (BRI,FTG); 30. 1935. (Mssin Herb.).Type: not designated.] Mt. Lewis, 9 km from Rex Hwy., on Mt. Lewis Rd., 16'35'S,145o16'8,350m alt., 5 Apr 1996, lLinospad.ix microcarya var. muhisecta (Becc.) Doue 0319 (BRI, FTG); Harvey's Ck., l7'15'S, Burret. nom inaalid. Notizbl. Bot. Cart. Mus. 145"55'F,,100m, 3l Oct 1974,Iraine 1033 (BRI, Berlin-Dahlem12: 331. 1935. Type: not des- QRS); Boonjee SFR L230, I7"25'S, 145o45'E, ignated.] 720 m,23 Jan1973, Iruine 445 (QRS).North Ken- Clusteringsmall palm. Stemsl-6, to 3 m tall, nedy,head of Culla Ck., 1.4 km S of CoorooPeak, 7-25 mm diam.,internodes elongate, green; crown 14 km NW of South Johnstone,l7o3l'S, with 5-9 leaves.Leaves 28-70 cm long, irregu- 145'53'E, 60 m alt., Oct l9BB, JessupGJM2559, larly segmentedwith united pinnae,segments with Guymer& McDonald (BRl). broad bases,or regularly pinnate; petiole I-23 cm Bailey's lBB9 collection from Harvey's Creek long,3-6 mm wide; pinnae3-23 per leaf, 11-36.5 (BRI [AQ75431]),cited by Domin in his 1915pro- cm long, by 0.9-7.4 cm wide, semiglossy,Iettuce tologue,is the type specimenfor Linospad,ixm,icro- to mid-greenabove, sometimes dark green when carya. This species is the most common Linospa- in deep shade,lighter green below; midrib and dix in the Mt. Bellenden-Kerand Mt. Bartle Frere secondaryveins prominenton both surfaces;ter- area.Linospad,ix microcarya stands apart from the minal pair broaderthan adjacentlaterals and often otherspecies due to someunique features: the leaf basal pair broader than laterals; lamina, when lamina containselongate clear "cells" that arevis- backlit under 10X magnification,with numerous ible under 10X magnification,fruit is turbinate 2t4 PRINCIPES [Vor-.4l

(infrequently globose), and staminate flowers do Conseraation Rare (Queensland Herbarium nol openwidely at anthesis. ree4). RepresentatiueSpecimens. QUEENSLAND: 3. Linospadix palmeriana (F. M. Bailey)Bur- Cook District. Mt. BellendenKer, ridge between ret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem12: cablewayand north peak, l7'I5'S, 145o51'8, 331. 1935. BaculariapalmerianaF. M. Bailey, 1500 m alt., 3 Sep 1986, Clarkson6569 (MBA, Report on a GovernmentScientific Expedition QRS); Mt. Bellenden-Ker, I7'16"5, I45o52'E, to Bellenden-Ker67. lBB9; Synop. Queensl. 1500 m, 20 Dec 1994, Gray5873 (QRS):Summit FI., 3rd Supplement77. lB90; Queensl.fl. 5: of Bellenden-Ker,Centre Peak, l4O0 m, undated 1680. 1902; Comp. Cat. Queensl.Pl. 573, fig- Webb& Tracey 13688 (QRS); Mt. Bartle Frere, ure 554. 1913. Lectotype (here designated): from the base of the mountain,undated (lBB9?), Australia,Queensland, Mt. Bellenden-Ker,700 Bailey s.z. (MEL); Mt. Bartle Frere summit walk- m, 1889, Bailey s.n., (BRI [AQ77548]). ing track, 17o22'5,I45o45'E,750 m alt., 15 Feb 1996, Dowe 0276 (BRI, FTG); 25 Arg1996, Dowe Linospadix aequisegmenrosrz(Domin) Burret, 0370 & Smlth (BRI); Boonjee,SFR 755, l7'30'S, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem l2: I45"40'E,680 m, 8 Jul I97I, Dockrill lS9 (QRS). 33f. f935. Bacularia aequisegrnentosoDomin, In the protologuefor this species,Bailey refers Biblioth. Bot. 85: 500. 1915. Lectotype(here to the distribution of this specieson Mt. Bartle designated):Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: T. lB. Frere ". . . the baseof the leading spur, at about figures 1-8. 19f5. 2 000 feet, and from that to the summit of the Clusteringsmall palm. Stems1-6, to 2 m tall, south peak, an altitude of over 5 000 feet.- Of what B-20 mm diam.;internodes elongate, green; crown were possiblymany specimenscollected from this with B-12 leaves.Leaves regularly segmented with area, at least two are extant: BRI [AQ75548] from Meston'sSpur at high elevationand MEL funnum- united pinnae,most often with two segmentseither 'othe side of rachis,infrequently simply bifid, segments bered] from base of the mountain" to quote with broad bases,or regularly and finely pinnate; Bailey's hand-writtennotes attachedto this col- petiole 5.5-13 cm long; pinnae 2-24 per leaf, dull lection.The formeris chosenhere as the lectotype to. semiglossydark green above, lighter green as it best representsthe taxon as interpretedin below; midrib prominent on both surfaces, veins this work. numerous and prominent on both sur{aces, ter- (W. minal pinnae broader than laterals; lamina, when 4. Linospadix minor Hill) F. Muell., backlit under 10X magnification,with numerous Fragm. II: 58. 1878. Areca minor W. HlIl, circular clear oocells"to 0.1 mm wide, linearly par- Report on Brisbane Botanic GardensIB74 6. allel to midrib and veins. Inflorescenceto 60 crn 7874. Kentia minor F. Muell., Fragm. B: 235. long. Staminate flowers squatly bullet-shaped in lB74;9: 195. lB75; 10: 121. 1877; Bentham, bud, glabrous, to 3 X 2 mm; petals apically Fl. Austral. 7: 137. lB7B. Bacularia minor F. rounded, green at anthesis,not widely opening, Muell., Fragm. ll: 58. tB78; F. M. Bailey, (here deeply striated in the dried state; stamens 6-9; Queensl.fl. 5: f679. 1902.Lectotype des- connective not extending beyond the anthers; ignated):Australia, Queensland, Bellenden-Ker anthersoblong. Fruit elongate/cylindrical,l0-15 Ranges,undated, Hill s.n. (MEL [79769]). cm X 5-7 mm, yellow or red at maturity; epicarp Bacularia intermedia C. T. White, Proc. Royal smooth or with barely discernible rugose appear- Soc.Queensl . a7$):83. 1936.T--vpe: Australia, ance. Seedelongate/ellipsoid (Fig. 7). Queensland,Mowbray R., 2l Jan 1932, Brass 1975 (holo: BRI Distribution. Confined to Mts. Bartle Frere and [AQ24160]). Bellenden-Ker, in rain forest, on granite, meta- Clustering small palm. Stems l-5 m tall, 7-20 morphics, and occasionallyon shallow basalts mm diam.; internodeselongate, gteen: crown with overlyingmetamorphics, from 300 to 1600 m ele- 7-12 leaves.Leaves to 110 cm long. irregularly vation. segmentedwith united pinnae. segmentswith Etymology. Named for Edward Palmer, M. L. broad bases,or regularly pinnate with narrow pin- A., of whomBailey wrote "indebtedfor much use- nae;petiole 3.6-5f cm long, 1-4 mm wide;pinnae ful information as to the uses made by the aborig- 3-24 per leaf, semiglossy dark green above, inals of our indigenousplants." lighter green below, midrib prominent on both sur- teeTl DOWEAND IRVINE:LINOSPADIX IN AUSTRALIA tt< laces,veins not prominenton lower sur{ace;lam- 146'03'E, 40 m alt., 16 Feb 1996, Dowe 0283 ina chartaceous,irregularly corrugated,when (BRI, FTC). backlit under I0X magnification,with scattered, AlthoughHill (1874)did not mentiona specific "cells" circular clear to 0.1 mm wide linearly par- collection in his protologue,his collection from allel to midrib and veins. Inflorescenceto B0 cm Bellenden-Ker(MEL 179769I is here chosenas long. Staminate flowers squatly bullet-shaped in the lectotype.Linospadix minor is the most vege- bud, to 3 X 2 mm wide; petalsapically rounded, tatively variablespecies in the genus. may with conspicuouslongitudinal striations,green at be sparselyor denselyclustered, and leavesmay anthesis, not widely opening; stamens 7-20, be small to largewith few to manysegments.o attachedat different levels in the staminal cluster; connective not extending beyond the anther; 5. Linospadix apetiolata Dowe & A. K. anther lobes irregular or uneven. Fruit elongate/ hvine Sp. nov. (Figs.10, ll). X cylindrical, B-18 3-8 mm, yellow or red at Palma parva caespitosaa speciebusaffinibus maturity, epicarp irregularly rugose when fruit is petiolo sempercarenti et habendobasi folia sur- fully mature.Seed elongate/ellipsoid (Figs. B, 9). cularia magna bifida differt; aliquot formae ubi adultae retinent folia magna bifida vel alioquin Distribution. Recorded from the southern Mc- folia partim secesceruntsed apice magno bifido Ilwraith Range where it has limited distribution, praedita; perianthium segmentisviridibus; flores and abundantly from just south of Cooktown (Mt. staminatisub anthesilate aoerientes9-I2 stami- Amos area)to Mission Beach (Licuala StateFor- nibus praediti; fructus cylindrici flavi rubrive sub est) and as far inland as Windsor Tableland, from maturitate. Typus: Australia. Queensland.Cook sea level to I 200 m elevation,in rain forest on District. Mt. Lewis, off forestry road 27 km from basalt, granite, and metamorphics.Reported in Rex Hwy., 100 m E of Ranger'shut, 16"28'5, New Guinea,but identificationis not cefiain. 145'16'E, 1220 m, 24 1':rtgL996, Dowe 0369, Etymology. Named for its smaller stature as Ferrero& Smith (holotypusBRI; isotypi K, QRS). compared Lo L. monostachya,the only other spe- cies known at the time of its description. Clusteringsmall palm. Stems1-6, 2-5 m tall, Con seraation. Not threatened. 15-25 mm diam.;internodes elongate, green; veg- etative aerial growthsfrom nodes common;crown RepresentatiueSpecimens. QUEENSLAND: Cook District. Leo Ck., upper Nesbit R., 420 m with 6-14 leaves.Leaves 30-90 cm long by l0- 20 cm wide, simply alt., 16 Aug 1948, Brass19868 (BRI); Upper Nes- bifid or with broad bilobed terminals and evenly segmentedlaterals bit R., 13o26'5,143o10'E, 400 m, Sep 1974, on both sides of midrib and broader pinnae or with one Webb & Tracey 13472 (BRI, TR 14, QRS); lobe entire and running the length of the rachis 13o40'S,143"20'E, 450 m, 2l Sep 1972, Iruine and the other lobe segmentedinto pinnae; dull or 364 (QRS);Leo Ck., TRl4, 13"44'5, 143o23'E, semiglossylight greenabove, lighter greenbelow, 360 m alt., 19 Jun 1995, Forster MB S @P.I); with a metallic sheen on both sur{aces;midrib Mcllwraith Range,head of Lankelly Ck., 13'52'S, very prominenton both surfaces;secondary veins 143"20'E,600 m alt., Oct 1969, Webb& Tracey prominent on both sur{aces;petiole absent or 9527A (BRI); Annan R., upper Parrot Ck., 400 m rarely very short to 3 cm long; lamina thick, alt., 17 Sep 1948, Brass20271 (BRI); TR f46, opaque to partially translucent, when backlit TablelandLA., 15o45'S,I45'15'E, 700 m, B Jul under 10X magnification,with scattered,circular "cells" 1975, Iruine laBB (QRS); Daintree NP, Olivers clear to 0.1 mm wide linearlv oarallel ro Ck., 50 m alt., 13 Feb L996, Dowe 0256 (FTG); midrib and veins. Inflorescenceto B0 cm lons. TR 55, Whyanbeel, 16'20'5, 145"20'8, 220 m, Staminateflowers squatly bullet-shapedin buJ, 25 Jul l975,lruine 1458 (QRS);Mt. Lewis, 15 km 2.8-4 mm long; petals with conspicuouslongitu- from Rex Hwy., 16o35'5,l45ol5'E, 900 m alt., dinal striations, apex shortly acute to rounded, 13 Feb 1996, Dowe0263 (FTC): SFR I43, Little greenat anthesis,widely openingat anthesis;sta- MossmanLA., 16'35'5, L45"2O'8,350m, 15 Apr mens 4-7; connective not extending beyond the 1975, Iruine 1324 (QRS); SFR 1137, Jurs Ck., anthers; pistillode lacking. Fruit elongate/cylin- 17'55'5, 146'05'E, 15 m, 3l Oct 1974, Iruine drical, l0-I5 X 5-6 mm, yellow or red at 1045 (QRS);Licuala SF, Licuala ForestDrive, I maturity; epicarp moderately rugose when fully km from Tully/Mission Beach Rd., 17'56'5, mature.Seed elongate/ellipsoid, 9-10 X 3--4 mm. PRINCIPES lVoL.41

Wffib

ll. Limspad.ix apetiolata. a: Crown, showing leaf attachment and lack of petiole. b: Lea{ (bifid form). c: Leaf (partially segmented form). d: l,eaf (segmentedform). e: Staminate flower. f: Pistillate flower. g: Stamens. h: Petal of staminate flower. i: Sepal of staminate flower. j: Fruit. k: Fruit in longitudinal section with position of embryo indicated. b {rom Dowe 0323 (BRl); e, g-i from Imine639(QRS);j-kIromGray5934(spirit#11980)(QRS).Scalebars:b:55mm.e-f:2mm.g-i:2mm.j-k:3mm. Drawingby Lucy Smith. t9971 DOWEAND IRVINE:LINOSPADIX IN AUSTRALIA

Distribution. Confined to Mts. Spurgeon and to the collectionsand assistancewith literature. Lewis, above 800 m elevation,on soils derived Dr. Les Pedley of QueenslandHerbarium pro- from granite in Simple Microphyll Vine forest. vided the Latin diagnosisand Ms. Lucy Smith of Etymology. In referenceto the lack of a petiole Townsvilleprepared the line drawings. on the leaf. Conseruation.Listed as K (QueenslandHerbar- LrrsReruRr Cruno ium 1994) but here proposedas rare. RepresentatiueSpecimens; QUEENSLAND: Betr-rv, F. M. 1889. Report of a Govemment Scientific Expe- Cook District. Mt. Spurgeon,rock site N side of dition to Bellenden-Ker Range upon the Flora and Fauna junction of Platypus Ck. and MossmanR., of that Part of the Colony. Brisbane: Covemment Piinter. 1934. nuove palme 145'15'E, 1300 m, 9 Dec 1972, Webb Brccent, O. Generi, specie e varietd di 16'30'5, gerontogeedella tribD lasciate inedite dal Dr & Tracey11328 (QRS);Mt. Spurgeon,near Chris- Od. Beccari ed ordinate a curra di U. Martelli. Atti de1la tensen's Clearing, Zarda LA, TR 142, 16o30'5, Societd Toscana di Scienze Naturale, Pisa. Memorie 44: 145"10'E, 1 150 m alt,24 Sept,Iruine 639 (QRS); tt4-r76. Mt. Lewis, SFR 143, North Mary LA., 16'30'5, BURRET,M. f935. Neue palmen aus Neuguineall. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 309-348. 145'15'E, 1000 m, 12 Feb 1975, Iraine ll59 DoMIN, K. 1915. Beitrege zur flora und Pflanzengeographie (QRS);Mt. Lewis,Carbine LA, SFR I43,16"29'5, Australiens. XXXI. Palmae. Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 145'I5'E, I 200 m aIt., 25 Jan 1995, Gray 5934 498-501. No II980] (QRS);Mt. Lewis, 15 km from Htn, W. 1874. Appendix: Descriptionof someof the plants fspirit discovered during the north-east coast expedition. 1n.' Rex Hwy., 16"35'S,l45ol5'E, 900 m alt., 13 Feb Report of Brisbane Botanic Cardens 1874, p. 6. Brisbane: 1996, Dowe0262,0264 & 0270 (BRI, FTG). Covernment Printer. The type specimen for L. apetiolata is Dowe HooKER, J. D. fB$. Palmae. 1n.' C. Bentham and J. D. 0369, Ferrero & Smith collected from Mt. Lewis, Hooker,(eds.). Genera Plantarum 3. t. Reeve& Co.,Lon- at 1220 m elevation. It represents some of the don, pp. B7U94B. Jours, D. L. 1996. Palmsin Australia.Reed Books,Port Mel- variation that occurs in the species,particularly bourne. those forms in which the leavesare bifid, with one MeRrrus, C. F. P. votl.. 1837. Historia NaturalisPalmarum lobe entire and running the full length of the 3. Munich. rachis, the other lobe segmentedinto pinnae. MUELLER,F. vol. 1870. FragmentaPhytographiae Australiae 7. Melboume: Covernment Printer. Someforms retain the bifid leaf into maturity while IB7B. Fragmenta PhytographiaeAustraliae 11. Mel- others have leaves which are evenly pinnate bourne: Government Primer. though with the apical segmentsunited to remain QurErusreNlHrRseRru[4. 1994. Queenslandvascular plants: strongly bilobed, and the basal pinnae either names and distribution. QueenslandDepartment of Envi- slightly broader or much broader than the laterals. ronmentand Heritage,36l pp. UHt-,N. W. ANDJ. DRANSFIELD.1987. CeneraPalmarum. L. H. Bailey Hortorium and Intemational Palm Society. Acknowledgments A1len Press. Lawrence. Kansas. WrNlr-,c.l[o, H. f875. 1z: H. Wendland and O. Drude. Palmae The authors would like to thank the directors Austraiasicae. Linnaea 39: 153-238. and staff of thoseherbaria (B, BM, BRI, FI, MEL, Wunr, C. T. f 936. Contribution to the Queenslandflora, No. NSW, QRS)that loanedspecimens or gaveaccess 5. Roy. Soc. Queensland47:51,-84.

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