DOCSLIB.ORG

Hardware Implementation of Artificial Epigenetic Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hardware Implementation of Artificial Epigenetic Networks HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL EPIGENETIC NETWORKS Andrew J. Walter MEng (Hons) PhD The University Of York Electronic Engineering September 2019 Abstract An extension of Artificial Gene Regulatory Networks (AGRNs), Artificial Epigenetic Networks (AENs) implement an additional layer of bio-inspired control to allow for enhanced performance on certain types of control tasks by facilitating topological self- modification. This work looks to expand the applications of AENs by translating the existent software architecture into a form suitable for implementation on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This opens the possibility of AENs being used in applications where high-performance computational resources are impractical, such as robotic control. This thesis develops a more resource efficient architecture for epigenetic networks based on reduced precision integer mathematics, and then translates it into hardware to provide improvements in resource utilisation and execution speed while not sacrificing the unique benefits provided by the epigenetic mechanisms. The application to robotic control is investigated by utilising the hardware AEN to perform various versions of a foraging task, culminating in one designed to replicate a search and rescue scenario. While the AENs did not demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to their non-epigenetic counterparts, this did indicate that not every type of control task benefits from the inclusion of the epigenetic mechanism. In addition, this work investigates another aspect of AENs, specifically the limits of their topological self-modification with respect to reacting to changes in their environment. More specifically, it is asked if an AEN can maintain its ability to perform a specific task when confronted with factors outside of those it has been optimised to handle. While not conclusively demonstrated, there is sufficient evidence that the answer to this question depends on the performance gains imparted by epigenetic behaviours under normal circumstances. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures .................................................................................................................. 14 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 24 Author’s Declaration ........................................................................................................ 25 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 26 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 26 1.2 Hypothesis ......................................................................................................... 28 1.3 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 29 1.4 Contributions ..................................................................................................... 30 1.5 Thesis Organisation ........................................................................................... 31 2 Artificial Epigenetic Networks ................................................................................. 33 2.1 Neural Networks ................................................................................................ 33 2.1.1 Neuron Model............................................................................................. 34 2.1.2 Multi-Neuron Networks .............................................................................. 37 2.2 Gene Regulatory Networks ................................................................................ 40 2.2.1 Biological Genomes.................................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Protein Synthesis ........................................................................................ 43 2.2.3 Gene Regulation ......................................................................................... 45 2.2.4 Artificial Gene Regulatory Networks .......................................................... 48 2.3 Epigenetic Networks .......................................................................................... 49 2.3.1 Biological Mechanisms ............................................................................... 49 2.3.2 Artificial Networks ..................................................................................... 52 2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................... 54 3 3 Genetic Algorithms .................................................................................................. 55 3.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 55 3.1.1 Biological Evolution ................................................................................... 55 3.1.2 History of Evolutionary Methods ................................................................ 57 3.1.3 Structure of a Genetic Algorithm ................................................................ 59 3.2 Simple Genetic Algorithm ................................................................................. 66 3.2.1 Selection Method........................................................................................ 67 3.2.2 Offspring Generation .................................................................................. 67 3.3 Single Sample Generational Evolution............................................................... 67 3.4 Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II ..................................................... 68 3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 71 4 Software Epigenetic Network................................................................................... 72 4.1 Network Structure ............................................................................................. 73 4.1.1 Connections................................................................................................ 73 4.1.2 Genes ......................................................................................................... 75 4.1.3 Epigenetic Molecules ................................................................................. 77 4.2 Changes from Prior AENs ................................................................................. 78 4.2.1 Removal of Gene to Protein Network Translation ....................................... 78 4.2.2 Input/output elements ................................................................................. 81 4.3 Floating Point to Integer Networks .................................................................... 83 4.3.1 Overflow Prevention .................................................................................. 84 4.3.2 Sigmoid Function ....................................................................................... 86 4.4 Summary ........................................................................................................... 89 4 5 Hardware Epigenetic Network.................................................................................. 90 5.1 Input Units ......................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Genes and Molecules ......................................................................................... 93 5.3 Output Units ...................................................................................................... 99 5.4 Network Interconnections ................................................................................ 101 5.5 Network Configuration .................................................................................... 104 5.6 AXI-Lite Interface, ARM Core and PC Connection ......................................... 107 5.7 Summary ......................................................................................................... 110 6 Experiment Overview ............................................................................................ 111 6.1 General Experimental Process .......................................................................... 112 6.2 Inverted Pendulum Simulation ......................................................................... 113 6.3 Robotic Foraging ............................................................................................. 120 6.4 Dynamic Environment ..................................................................................... 131 6.4.1 Mobile Prey Objects ................................................................................. 132 6.4.2 Falling Debris ........................................................................................... 133 6.5 Summary ......................................................................................................... 135 5 7 Inverted Pendulum Experiments
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nhbs Monthly Catalogue New and Forthcoming Titles Issue: 2012/05 May 2012 [email protected] +44 (0)1803 865913
    nhbs monthly catalogue new and forthcoming titles Issue: 2012/05 May 2012 www.nhbs.com [email protected] +44 (0)1803 865913 Welcome to the May 2012 edition of the NHBS Monthly Catalogue. This monthly Zoology: update contains all of the wildlife, science and environment titles added to nhbs.com in Mammals the last month. Birds Editor's Picks - New in Stock this Month Reptiles & Amphibians Fishes ● The Art of Tracking Animals Invertebrates ● Australian Carnivorous Plants Palaeontology ● Bat Surveys: Good Practice Guidelines General Natural History ● The Behavior Guide to Africal Mammals Regional & Travel ● Biodiversity in Dead Wood Botany & Plant Science ● Conifer Moths of the British Isles: A Field Guide to Coniferous-feeding Lepidoptera Animal & General Biology ● Dolphin Confidential: Confessions of a Field Biologist Evolutionary Biology ● Evolutionary History of Bats: Fossils, Molecules and Morphology Ecology ● A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel Habitats & Ecosystems ● Games Primates Play: An Undercover Investigation of the Evolution and Conservation & Biodiversity Economics of Human Relationships Environmental Science ● The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places Physical Sciences ● How to Be a Better Birder Sustainable Development ● Penguin-Pedia: Photographs and Facts from One Man's Search for the Penguins Data Analysis of the World Reference ● Polar Bears: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behaviour ● The Wildlife Techniques Manual (2-Volume Set) ● A World of Insects: The Harvard University Press Reader Find out more about services for libraries and organisations: NHBS LibraryPro Best wishes, -The NHBS Team View this Monthly Catalogue as a web page or save/print it as a .pdf document.
    [Show full text]
  • Nessa Carey the Challenges in Turning Epigenetic Hope Into
    Nessa Carey The Challenges in Turning Epigenetic Hope into Clinical Reality Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. 0 All Hail The Double Helix “Today we are learning the language in which God created life” “The outstanding achievement .. in terms of human history” Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. But There Must Be More Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. How Do We Know? EYE OF SCIENCE / SPL / BARCROFT MEDIA Where genetic identity ≠ phenotypic identity….. EPIGENETICS Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. DNA Is Not A Lonely Molecule Lodish et al., 2000 Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements. Confidential and Internal to Pfizer - subject to works council and/or union consultations and other legal requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Anything but Junk Delving Deep Into the Dark Matter of the Human Genome
    David Martindill Anything but junk Delving deep into the dark matter of the human genome Most biology students know who discovered the This is much larger than that of many other species, Key words structure of DNA. But few can recall Fred Sanger’s for example the nematode worm, C. elegans, which has a genome around 3% the size of ours. gene contributions to genetics – and what about those genome of Francis Collins and John Sulston? DNA It is now more than a decade since the Human medicine Genome Project concluded. Employing the technique of DNA sequencing developed by Sanger, an international consortium of scientists, including Collins and Sulston, determined the entire sequence of our genome, a code of 3.3 billion letters. Wellcome Trust Wellcome A tiny section of the human genome sequence. A staggering 3.3 billion letters long, it would take over 90 years, day and night, to read the complete sequence at a rate of one letter per second! Genome Research Ltd. A comparison of genome size and gene number in DNA sequencing machines at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute humans and the nematode worm, C. elegans 6 Catalyst April 2015 www.catalyststudent.org.uk The alphabet of molecular biology DNA has a simplified alphabet of four letters, A, T, C and G. These are known as ‘bases’ and are read by the cell in groups of three. Each triplet encodes a specific amino acid, of which there are twenty different types, which the cell then joins together to form a protein. The function of a protein, encoded by a specific stretch of DNA called a gene, is entirely dependent on the sequence of its amino acids.
    [Show full text]
  • We Are the 98% the Human Genome Than Meets the Eye JOHN PARRINGTON Nathaniel Comfort Unpicks the Metaphors in a Trio of Oxford Univ
    SPRING BOOKS COMMENT systems evolve and can be locked into tra- huge value remains in his wisdom and his and economics. Stern is a big thinker, used jectories by incumbent industries, unless experience of international debates. to the broad sweeps of economic develop- strong pressures force a change in course. However, Stern’s coverage of lessons from ment and global issues. But the crux is local These strands of economics are crucial to economic history and theory is messier. It people and businesses. Voters might like the understanding the energy–climate nexus meanders through market failures, policy idea of clean energy, but oppose wind farms and policies for transformation. The econom- uncertainties, the European Union’s emis- next door; back emission reductions and pro- ics mainstream is still largely in thrall to the sions-trading system, the debate over reserves fess support for market-based solutions, but idea that competitive markets drive innova- of fossil fuels that must be left unburnt to sat- oppose increased energy prices. There is little tion, but liberalization of the energy sector isfy emissions targets, shale gas, the German on energy prices in Why Are We Waiting?, but destroyed UK energy research and develop- nuclear phase-out, failed Chinese dams and climate policy in Brussels and Washington ment. The energy literature explains why, but more. There are trenchant points about six DC is concerned with little else. Stern hardly touches on this and thus misses market failures and the six areas of policy The real challenge in controlling climate a chance to help to educate fellow economists.
    [Show full text]
  • Stochastic Modelling of Epigenetic Regulation: Analysis of Its Heterogeneity and Its Implications in Cell Plasticity
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Stochastic modelling of epigenetic regulation: analysis of its heterogeneity and its implications in cell plasticity Tesi Doctoral Autora: N´uriaFolguera Blasco Director: Tom´asAlarc´onCor Codirector: Javier Men´endezMen´endez Universitat Aut`onomade Barcelona (UAB) Centre de Recerca Matem`atica(CRM) Programa de Doctorat en Matem`atiques Setembre de 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics at the Universitat Aut`onomade Barcelona September 2018 We are more than the sum of our genes. Klar, 1998 ii Abstract Epigenetic regulation (ER) is key for understanding cell fate decisions and transi- tions. The inherent heterogeneity existing in ER systems exhibiting the differentiated cell epi-phenotype allows to identify ER systems which can give rise to either a plastic behaviour, where cell reprogramming is possible, or to a resilient one, where repro- gramming is not feasible. The appearance of the plastic scenario has been linked with ageing. By extending the ER model, ageing associated effects can be taken into account.
    [Show full text]
  • OKELLO-THESIS.Pdf
    Six2 EXHIBITS A TEMPORAL-SPATIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE IN THE DEVELOPING MOUSE PALATE AND IMPACTS CELL PROLIFERATION DURING MURINE PALATOGENESIS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Dennis Okori Okello © Copyright Dennis Okori Okello, July 2015. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I also agree that permission for copying this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by Dr. Adil J. Nazarali, the Professor who supervised my thesis work, or in his absence, by the Dean of the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication, or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Dean of the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan 104 Clinic Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2Z4, CANADA.
    [Show full text]
  • Postmaster & the Merton Record
    Postmaster & The Merton Record 2020 Merton College Oxford OX1 4JD Telephone +44 (0)1865 276310 Contents www.merton.ox.ac.uk College News From the Warden ..................................................................................4 Edited by Emily Bruce, Philippa Logan, Milos Martinov, JCR News .................................................................................................8 Professor Irene Tracey (1985) MCR News .............................................................................................10 Front cover image Merton Sport .........................................................................................12 Wick Willett and Emma Ball (both 2017) in Fellows' Women’s Rowing, Men’s Rowing, Football, Squash, Hockey, Rugby, Garden, Michaelmas 2019. Photograph by John Cairns. Sports Overview, Blues & Haigh Ties Additional images (unless credited) Clubs & Societies ................................................................................24 4: © Ian Wallman History Society, Roger Bacon Society, Neave Society, Christian 13: Maria Salaru (St Antony’s, 2011) Union, Bodley Club, Mathematics Society, Quiz Society, Art Society, 22: Elina Cotterill Music Society, Poetry Society, Halsbury Society, 1980 Society, 24, 60, 128, 236: © John Cairns Tinbergen Society, Chalcenterics 40: Jessica Voicu (St Anne's, 2015) 44: © William Campbell-Gibson Interdisciplinary Groups ...................................................................40 58, 117, 118, 120, 130: Huw James Ockham Lectures, History of the Book
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    CAUVERY COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS) DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY UG SYLLABUS (For the candidates admitted from the academic year 2019 -20 onwards) B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES THE PROGRAMME AIMS 1. To make our student competent in various areas of biotechnology. 2. To inculcate the capability to work as entrepreneurs with strong ethics and communication skills. 3. To equip the students to pursue higher education and research in reputed institutes at national and international levels. 4. To develop a working knowledge of biotechnological product and processes. PROGRAMME OUTCOMES 1. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities in technology usages. 2. Function effectively as an individual and as a member in multidisciplinary settings. 3. Demonstrate knowledge in various environment with respect to sustainable development. 4. Recognize the need for and have the preparation & ability to engage independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological change. PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES 1. Acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of biotechnology for sound and solid base which enables them to understand the emerging and advance concepts in life sciences. 2. Acquire knowledge in domain of biotechnology enabling their applications in industry and research. 3. Empower the students to acquire technological knowhow by connecting disciplinary and interdisciplinary aspects of biotechnology. 4. Recognize the importance of biotechnological applications as to usher next generation
    [Show full text]
  • I Have Never Taken Any Compliments to Heart Because Deep Down Inside I Know That All of Them Actually Belong to You Both. Thanks
    Ihavenevertakenanycomplimentstoheart because deep down inside I know that all of them actually belong to you both. Thanks for everything, mom and dad. ‘I may not have gone where I intended to go, but I think I have ended up where I needed to be.’ -DouglasAdams Promoter: Prof. dr. ir. Tim De Meyer BioBiX - Lab. of Bioinformatics & Computational Genomics Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Belgium Co-promoter: Prof. dr. ir. Wim Van Criekinge BioBiX - Lab. of Bioinformatics & Computational Genomics Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Belgium Co-promoter: Prof. dr. Wim Vanden Berghe PPES - Lab. of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics & Epigenetic Signalling Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp, Belgium Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Marc Van Meirvenne Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Developing Bioinformatics Applications for the Analysis of Epigenetic Next-Generation Sequencing Data ir. Sandra Steyaert Promoter: Prof. Dr. ir. Tim De Meyer Co-promoters: Prof. Dr. ir. Wim Van Criekinge & Prof. Dr. Wim Vanden Berghe Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation of the title Ontwikkeling van bioinformatica toepassingen voor de analyse van epigenetische nieuwe generatie sequeneringsdata Cover Illustration The cover illustration shows the photograph (known as photo 51) of the X-ray crystallograph pattern of DNA obtained by Raymond Gosling under supervision of Rosalind Franklin in 1952. It was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA. Both James Watson and Francis Crick were struck by the simplicity and symmetry of this pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • International Conference Human Genome and Health TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE in the ERA of OMICS
    1 International Journal HUMAN GENOME AND HEALTH Abstracts of 2nd International Conference Human Genome and Health TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE IN THE ERA OF OMICS May11-12 2019 Radisson Blu Iveria, Tbilisi, Georgia Program Committee co-Chairs Elene Abzianidze, GE Eka Kvaratskhelia, GE Davit Chokoshvili, BE Tamara Tchkonia, US Abstract Review Committee co-Chairs Tinatin Tkemaladze, GE Nino Pirtskhelani, GE Organizing Committee: Zurab Vadachkoria Zurab Orjonikidze Rima Beriashvili Khatuna Todadze Irine Kvachadze Irakli Kokhreidze Tinatin Chikovani Aliosha Bakuridze Elene Abzianidze Eka Kvaratskhelia Tinatin Tkemaladze Nino Pirtskhelani Tsiala Gigineishvili Manana Chipashvili Davit Chokoshvili Marina Koridze Tamara Tchkonia Ketevan Chikvinidze Conference Organizers: Tbilisi State Medical University (www.tsmu.edu) Georgian Society of Medical Genetics and Epigenetics (www.geneticsgeorgia.org) 33 Vazha Pshavela ave. 0177 Tbilisi Georgia Tel.: +995 32 254 24 87 email: [email protected] Supported By the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (Grant # MG-ISE-18-574) tsmu.edu/hgh2019 ISSN 2587-4802 2 Oral Presentations Plenary Lectures Genomic Medicine Education Initiatives in Georgia: Key Messages and Core Ideas Short Review Elene Abzianidze, PhD,Sc.D. Professor, Head of the Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics atTbilisi State Medical University, Head of Georgian Society of Medical Genetics and Epigenetics, Tbilisi, Georgia Introduction In the last decade, genomic medicine education initiatives have surfaced across the spectrum of medical training in order to help address a gap in genomic medicine preparedness among health professionals. The approaches are diverse and stem from the belief that 21st century physicians must be proficient in genomic medicine applications as they will be leaders in the precision medicine movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting Educational Needs with “Course” Correction Remodelled M.Sc
    MAY 2017 Meeting Educational Needs with “Course” Correction Remodelled M.Sc. Molecular & Human Genetics Curriculum Compiled & Coordinated by Ms. Shreya Malik, DM, BCIL Edited by Dr. Suman Govil, Adviser, DBT Dr. Purnima Sharma, MD, BCIL Meeting Educational Needs with “Course” Correction Remodelled M.Sc. Molecular & Human Genetics Curriculum May, 2017 Copyright © Deptt. of Biotechnology Ministry of Science & Technology Government of India Compiled and Coordinated Ms. Shreya Malik, DM, BCIL Edited Dr. Suman Govil, Adviser, DBT Dr. Purnima Sharma, MD, BCIL Assisted Mr. Naman Khare, PE, BCIL Published Biotech Consortium India Limited http://bcil.nic.in/ Designed Ms. Shweta +91 9930774161 Printed M/s. Mittal Enterprises, Delhi 110006 +91 9811340726 Message Dr. Harsh Vardhan Minister for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences MESSAGE Department of Biotechnology initiated Integrated Human Resource Development Programme way back in 1985-86 to cater to the requirement of quality manpower for R&D, teaching and manufacturing activities. I am very proud that India is one of the first countries in the world to initiate postgraduate teaching programme in Biotechnology. M.Sc./M.Tech. programme was initiated in 5 universities and has been expanded to over 70 universities/IITs in the country to cover general, medical, agricultural, veterinary, environmental, industrial, marine, food, pharmaceutical biotech. Students for these programmes are selected on the basis of an All India entrance test and all selected students are paid studentships. I am very happy to know that the Department has initiated major curriculum revision exercise for specialisations offered under DBT supported teaching programme. The exercise has been coordinated by Biotech Consortium India Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • One Engineer's Take on Darwinian Evolution
    One Engineer’s Take on Darwinian Evolution click to go to CONTENTS One Engineer’s Take on Darwinian Evolution New Science Challenges Old Ideas -- CONTENTS -- 3. Background Surprises in science 4. The Fruit Fly and the Appeal to Complexity A thought experiment - Is ‘appeal to complexity’ necessarily an argument from ignorance? 5. Two Decades That Shook Evolutionary Biology A new era of understanding 6. The Changes, Book by Book How do famous books look in the light of new science? 9. Probability and Evolution Some of the things you’ve been told about probability may probably be incorrect. 10. No Instinct - No Life An essential component of life that has no explanation. 12. Two Flavours of Evolution There’s evolution and then there’s evolution 14. Conclusion - The Qualitative Nature of Evidence Getting a bit more philosophical Appendices 15. Appendix 1: A Brief History of Time and Unexpected Events in Genomics More Detail on New science and its impact on evolution theory - A harder read for some. 21. Appendix 2: Possible number of positions for 10 new base-pairs Nature’s dice have more possible combinations than many might imagine. 22. Appendix 3: Vestigial Evolutionary Leftovers? The science has changed 23. Appendix 4: A Lack of Accepted Theories Coming up with widely accepted theories is not so easy 24. Appendix 5: Is the Eye Badly Designed? Again - the science has changed 25. References This document is periodically updated. For the latest version go to www.bennettfamily.org.uk/evolution One Engineer’s Take on Darwinian Evolution © John Bennett, Warwick, UK 2020 - 2021 Version 1.28 3 May 2021 Page 1 of 30 One Engineer’s Take on Darwinian Evolution click to go to CONTENTS Change Log Version Date Page Changes V1.22 6 January 2021 First version that received some circulation.
    [Show full text]