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The Comparative Study on the Rapid Decolorization of Azo, Anthraquinone and Triphenylmethane Dyes by Anaerobic Sludge

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The Comparative Study on the Rapid Decolorization of Azo, Anthraquinone and Triphenylmethane Dyes by Anaerobic Sludge International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Comparative Study on the Rapid Decolorization of Azo, Anthraquinone and Triphenylmethane Dyes by Anaerobic Sludge Daizong Cui †, Hao Zhang †, Rubao He and Min Zhao * College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (R.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-451-8219-1513 † These authors contribute equally to this work. Academic Editor: Miklas Scholz Received: 20 August 2016; Accepted: 21 October 2016; Published: 28 October 2016 Abstract: An anaerobic sludge (AS), capable of decolorizing a variety of synthetic dyes, was acclimated and is reported here. The sludge presented a much better dye decolorizing ability than that of different individual strains. A broad spectrum of dyes could be decolorized by the sludge. Continuous decolorization tests showed that the sludge exhibited the ability to decolorize repeated additions of dye. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of the dye wastewater reached 52% after 12 h of incubation. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiles revealed that the microbial community changed as a result of varying initial concentrations of dyes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the sludge belonged to the phyla Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria. The degradation products of the three types of dye were identified. For azo dyes, the anaerobic sludge converted Methyl Orange to N,N-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diamine and 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid; for triphenylmethane dyes, after Malachite Green was decolorized, the analyzed products were found to be a mixture of N,N-dimethylbenzenamine, 3-dimethyl-aminophenol and 4-dimethylaminobenzophenone; for anthraquinone dyes, two products (acetophenone and 2-methylbenzoic acid) were observed after Reactive Blue 19 decolorization. Together, these results suggest that the anaerobic sludge has promising potential for use in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing various types of dyes. Keywords: anaerobic sludge; synthetic dyes; decolorization; biodegradation; microbial community; intermediates 1. Introduction Synthetic dyes, classified on the basis of their chromophores as azo, anthraquinone, triphenylmethane and heterocyclic dyes, have been extensively used in the textile, printing, paper, cosmetics and food industries. Annually, approximately 2.8 × 105 t of textile wastewater with dyes is discharged into the environment worldwide [1]. These dyes are considered to be relatively persistent pollutants because they are extremely stable when exposed to light and aerobic conditions. Moreover, most dyes are toxic, and their transformation products are carcinogenic and mutagenic [2]. Thus, dye wastes must be treated before they are released into the environment. Decolorization of industrial dyes can be achieved through physico-chemical methods, such as adsorption, coagulation, precipitation and chemical oxidation. However, these methods have not been widely applied because of their low efficiency, high cost and intensive energy requirements. In recent years, many new processes for dye decolorization have been developed. One promising strategy is to use microbes to decolorize dyes. The biodegradation of dyes is considered to be an environmentally friendly and cost-effective option [3]. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1053; doi:10.3390/ijerph13111053 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1053 2 of 18 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public 2016, 13, 1053 2 of 19 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public 2016, 13, 1053 2 of 19 Int. AtJ. Environ. present, Res. aPublic number 2016, 13 of, 1053 studies have focused on the utilization of bacteria to decolorize synthetic2 of 19 strategy is to use microbes to decolorize dyes. The biodegradation of dyes is considered to be an dyes.strategy Bacteria is to use are microbes capable to of decolorize reducing dyes. azo dyesThe biodegradation under both anaerobic of dyes is and considered aerobic to conditions; be an environmentallystrategy is to use friendly microbes and to cost-effective decolorize dyes. option The [3]. biodegradation of dyes is considered to be an suchenvironmentally bacteria, include friendly obligate and cost-effective anaerobes option such as [3].Clostridium sp. [4], facultative anaerobes such environmentallyAt present, friendlya number and of cost-effective studies have option focused [3]. on the utilization of bacteria to decolorize as EnterobacterAt present,sp. a and numberEscherichia of studiessp. [5 ,have6] and focused some aerobeson the utilization such as Pseudomonas of bacteria sp.to decolorize [7]. Similarly, syntheticAt present, dyes. Bacteriaa number are of capable studies ofhave reducing focused azo on dyes the utilizationunder both of anaerobicbacteria toand decolorize aerobic severalsynthetic phylogenetically dyes. Bacteria diverse are capable bacteria, of suchreducing as Shewanella azo dyessp., underCitrobacter both anaerobicsp. and Staphylococcus and aerobic sp., conditions;synthetic dyes. such Bacteria bacteria, are incl capableude obligate of reducing anaerobes azo dyessuch underas Clostridium both anaerobic sp. [4], and facultative aerobic canconditions; decolorize such anthraquinone bacteria, incl orude triphenylmethane obligate anaerobes dyes such [8– 10as]. Clostridium Although syntheticsp. [4], facultative dyes can be anaerobesconditions; such such as bacteria,Enterobacter incl sp.ude and obligate Escherichia anaerobes sp. [5,6] andsuch some as Clostridiumaerobes such sp. as Pseudomonas[4], facultative sp. anaerobes such as Enterobacter sp. and Escherichia sp. [5,6] and some aerobes such as Pseudomonas sp. decolorized[7].anaerobes Similarly, bysuch differentseveral as Enterobacter phylogenetically microorganisms, sp. and Escherichia diverse there isbacteria, sp. little [5,6] information suchand someas Shewanella aerobes about a suchsp., single Citrobacteras stainPseudomonas that sp. is and ablesp. to [7]. Similarly, several phylogenetically diverse bacteria, such as Shewanella sp., Citrobacter sp. and reduceStaphylococcus[7]. Similarly, a broad rangeseveralsp., can of phylogeneticallydyes. decolorize Thus, theanthraquinone diverse use of abacteria, specific or trsuch strainiphenylmethane as on Shewanella dye decolorization dyes sp., Citrobacter[8–10]. is Although not sp. practical and Staphylococcus sp., can decolorize anthraquinone or triphenylmethane dyes [8–10]. Although insyntheticStaphylococcus treating textiledyes cansp., wastewater. becan decolorize decolorize Itd has by anthraquinone beendifferent reported microorganisms, or that triphenylmethane treatment there systemsis little dyes information with [8–10]. mixed Although about microbial a synthetic dyes can be decolorized by different microorganisms, there is little information about a populationssinglesynthetic stain dyes arethat can more is ablebe effectivedecolorize to reduce ind a decolorizationby broad different range microorganisms, ofof dyes. different Thus, dyesthethere use thanis of little a those specific information with strain single abouton dye strains. a single stain that is able to reduce a broad range of dyes. Thus, the use of a specific strain on dye Afterdecolorizationsingle acclimatization, stain that is isnot able thepractical to mixed reduce in cultures, treatinga broad which textilerange areofwastewater. dyes. composed Thus, It ofthehas stable usebeen ofmicrobial reporteda specific pellets,that strain treatment on may dye have decolorization is not practical in treating textile wastewater. It has been reported that treatment a strongsystemsdecolorization ability with to mixedis decolorize not microbialpractical synthetic inpopulations treating dyes. textileMoreover, are more wastewater. theeffective high It microbialin has decolorization been diversity reported of and thatdifferent the treatment synergistic dyes systems with mixed microbial populations are more effective in decolorization of different dyes metabolicthansystems those activitieswith with mixed single of themicrobial strains. mixed Afterpopulations consortia acclimatization, promote are more a highertheeffective mixed degree in cultures, decolorization of dye which decolorization. ofare different composed Therefore, dyes of than those with single strains. After acclimatization, the mixed cultures, which are composed of stablethan those microbial with pellets,single strains.may have After a strong acclimatization, ability to decolorize the mixed synthetic cultures, dyes. which Moreover, are composed the high of anstable acclimated microbial microbial pellets, community may have a is strong a more ability appropriate to decolorize and efficient synthetic approach dyes. Moreover, to the decolorization the high microbialstable microbial diversity pellets, and themay synergistic have a strong metabolic ability ac totivities decolorize of the synthetic mixed consortia dyes. Moreover, promote athe higher high ofmicrobial different typesdiversity of dyes.and the synergistic metabolic activities of the mixed consortia promote a higher degreemicrobial of dyediversity decolorization. and the synergistic Therefore, metabolic an acclimated activities microbial of the mixedcommunity consortia is a morepromote appropriate a higher degreeIn this of dye study, decolorization. we report the Therefore, investigation an acclimated
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