DOCSLIB.ORG

Inclusion and Agency in Willis and Associates' CARLA Platform

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inclusion and Agency in Willis and Associates' CARLA Platform The Ethical Imperative 587 Systems and Others: Inclusion and Agency in Willis and Associates’ CARLA Platform MEREDITH SATTLER California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Twenty years before the ‘Digital Turn,’ the architecture firm process affords a reexamination of our discipline’s current of Beverly Willis and Associates innovated the Computerized relationships to production as informed by its conceptualiza- Approach to Residential Land Analysis (CARLA) workflow. tion of relationships between systemic ecologies, inclusion, CARLA captured a range of non-human others, within a agency, tooling, politics, and ethics. systems-based environmental design process, developed to optimize the cost and environmental impact of large- CARLA converged in response to an entanglement of scale residential development in challenging hillslope American cultural crises. Each year of the early 1970’s sites. Emerging from the confluence of environmental brought increasing economic, political, and environmental ethics, novel policy, economic depression, and the dawn strife which had grave implications for the practice of archi- of Computer Assisted Overlay Mapping, CARLA not only tecture. Skyrocketing inflation and unemployment were redefined the firm’s scope of services to attract large devel- unsuccessfully curtailed by “Nixon Shock” economic policies, oper driven projects such as Oahu’s Aliamanu Community game-changing U.S. EPA environmental regulation rapidly for Military Housing project, which produced 2,600 units altered business protocols, and in 1971 housing starts “… of housing, safely, within a volcanic caldera, but simultane- reached a rate of 2,235,000 units, their highest level in the ously prototyped complex systemic computational design postwar period.”1 Simultaneously, nonresidential construc- strategies years ahead of their ubiquitous use within design tion was declining. In 1973 the Oil Embargo created a perfect firms. In the 1970’s, CARLA leveraged the use of ‘big data’ economic storm that brought the construction industry, along and algorithms in the design process thereby rehearsing with most others, to a screeching halt. “The result was a seri- contemporary ethical debates surrounding agency in sys- ous recession during the 1970’s that decimated if not closed tems thinking and inclusion, through the strategic formation many architectural offices.”2 From 1970 to 1972 Willis’s firm of a hybrid digital-analog, and ultimately political, design averaged approximately 40 projects on their books per year, platform. in 1973 the firm was down to 19 and in 1974 they bottomed out at 8.3 FROM STATES TO SYSTEMS In 1978 enlisted Army, Navy, and Marine Corps personnel Starting in the late 1960’s, Willis was keenly aware of her and their families began moving into the newly constructed firm’s, and the nation’s, increasing economic vulnerability. Aliamanu Valley Community for Military Family Housing which While a defensive strategy, incorporating environmental sat within an inactive volcanic caldera near Pearl Harbor, risk mitigation, fueled her desire to diversify the portfolio Hawai’i. Aside from its unique site, on the surface this 542 of services offered by WAI, her entrepreneurial spirit wel- acre, 2,600 residential unit development appeared similar comed forays into a series of extra-disciplinary endeavors to countless others constructed in the U.S. between the late which not only enriched office culture but also provided 1950’s and 1980’s, despite the fact that it was the first built enough work to keep her employees on payroll.4 She had community predominantly designed using computational been working on several novel market-defining products code. Yet it’s precisely the caldera’s unstable sloping site that that leveraged environmental, economic, and emergent initially drove the project’s radical means of production, from computational technologies which created options and design through construction. Beverly Willis and Associates’ efficiencies previously unexperienced in the profession. As Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, affec- opportunities presented themselves, WAI nimbly choreo- tionately known as CARLA, facilitated the integration and graphed hardware, software, and novel architectural design analysis of diverse environmental conditions while evaluating process into CARLA, which ultimately forecast and rehearsed their impacts on overall project costs and performance, with three significant current modes of architectural production: nearly real-time feedbacks. The project couldn’t have been data-driven design, parametric design, and systems design produced within its very reasonable $115 million (1975 dollar) processes. Anticipating what Pierre Bélanger has identi- budget and tight time frame without CARLA, which generated fied as the “…moment when environmentalism began to fail rapid iterations, effectively prototyping systemic parametric and ecology emerged between the ‘70’s and ‘90’s.”5 CARLA design process the likes of which we still struggle to leverage ultimately wavered between these environmentalism and systemically in architectural production today. Revisiting the ecological paradigms, utilizing early computational tech- development of CARLA’s computationally driven production nologies to incorporate the agency of non-human others via 588 The Next Digital Turn: Identifying Inequalities Willis was no stranger to politics and the larger San Francisco business community. She had to be as “…the only woman in San Francisco with her own firm…She spent time with developers, businessmen and political figures, as well as with architects, and she inevitably entered the architecture of politics and planning.”7 Willis initiated a pro-bono relationship with state officials to contribute to the development of urgently needed protocols which ultimately became the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) administrative procedures.8 She soon became head of the Facility Council.9 At the time, Willis lacked the comprehensive environmen- tal knowledge necessary to ensure that overarching CEQA goals remained intact through new design and approvals processes. But she proved an intuitive systems thinker, studying and synthesizing geology, biology, ecology, and economics to better understand the larger picture of CEQA’s intent.10 Later she would write: “The various participants [in the Environmental Design profession] tend to look myopically at the system Figure 1: Environmental Impact Report Impact Detail Matrix: WAI’s EIR parts (elements) and see only the ‘parts’ within their Analysis of Environmental and Project Characteristics - Ms1992-019, own sphere of activity. However, each has an impact Special Collections, University Libraries, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University on the other. Because of this myopic viewpoint, some- times various elements work against each other…[this] the development of probabilistic code to optimize grading, often hampers and restricts environmental protection siting, civil, space planning, and costing of large scale resi- rather than enhancing and protecting it.”11 dential developments within hillslope topographies. These topographies had proven problematic for large-scale subur- Willis’s after hours work on the EIA ultimately had a ban residential developers for over 25 years, particularly in profound effect on the firm’s production and scope of California. At the time CARLA was significantly more efficient services, which were welcomed by many of Willis’s native than the analogue planning and architectural workflows of California employees who shared her environmental ethos. the day, minimizing project risk, maximizing project budgets, WAI developed internal office procedures for authoring providing more client control in the decision making process, Environmental Impact Reports (EIR’s), and included EIR’s and providing WAI a significant competitive edge during a within the scope of their work, both at the initiation of severe economic downturn. their projects, and as a stand-alone service. Not only was the EIA service a novel product in the market space, gen- RETOOLING CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENTAL erating additional revenue and notoriety for the firm, it FEEDBACKS also facilitated the immediate State permitting approvals In 1970, in astoundingly rapid succession the Federal of WAI projects. Government passed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the EPA was founded, and the State of California’s But its effect was far more structural in its shift of the Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) was legislated. These regu- firm’s conceptual underpinnings about design’s relation- lations were astonishing in their ambition and scope, and upon ship with the environment. Projects were conceived and coming into force they proved challenging regulatory cocktails, ultimately initiated through increasingly environmental particularly problematic to implement and enforce. Willis’s frameworks which went well above and beyond CEQA San Francisco based firm was situated near the front line of regulation requirements. They included analysis of feed- CEQA. “Six of our major multifamily projects were put on hold backs between 63 environmental issues, sensitivities, and by the California legislation. To avoid bankruptcy and to get impacts ranging from existing site and biotic character- permits for our projects, I met with state officials and learned istics to socio-economic settings. Flow-chart diagrams they had not developed guidelines by which to evaluate proj- guided project designers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blueprintsvolume XXVII, No
    blueprintsVolume XXVII, No. 1–2 NATIONAL BUILDING MUSEUM In Between: The Other Pieces of the Green Puzzle in this issue: HEALTHY Communities, GREEN Communities Word s ,Word s ,Word s Winter & Spring 2008/2009 The Lay of the Landscape Annual Report 2008 in this issue... 2 8 13 18 19 21 23 In Between: The Other Pieces of the Green Puzzle The exhibition Green Community calls attention to important aspects of sustainable design and planning that are sometimes overshadowed by eye-catching works of architecture. The environmental implications of transportation systems, public services, recreational spaces, and other elements of infrastructure must be carefully considered in order to create responsible and livable communities. This issue of Blueprints focuses on the broad environmental imperative from the standpoints of public health, urban and town planning, and landscape architecture. Contents Healthy Communities, ! 2 Green Communities M Cardboard Reinvented Physician Howard Frumkin, of the Centers for Disease Cardboard: one person’s trash is another Control and Prevention, brings his diverse expertise as B an internist, an environmental and occupational health N person’s decorative sculpture, pen and pencil expert, and an epidemiologist to bear on the public health holder, vase, bowl, photo and business card holder, above: Beaverton Round, in suburban Portland, Oregon, was built as part of the metropolitan area’s Transit-Oriented Development Program. implications of community design and planning. p Photo courtesy of the American Planning Association and Portland Metro. stress toy, or whatever you can imagine. Bring out your o Creating Sustainable Landscapes creativity with these durable, versatile, eco-friendly LIQUID h CARDBOARD vases that can be transformed into a myriad from the executive director 8 In an interview, landscape architect Len Hopper discusses s his profession’s inherent commitment to sustainability and of shapes for a variety of uses in your home.
    [Show full text]
  • Past the Parapets of Patriarchy? Women, the Star System, and the Built Environment
    Past the Parapets of Patriarchy? Women, the Star System, and the Built Environment Cynthia Hammond, Concordia University, has On June 10, 2009, the Beverly Willis received awards for her writing on the roles Architecture Foundation (BWAF) premiered a played by such women as Florence Nightingale short documentary at the Guggenheim Museum and Catherine Bauer Wurster in the in New York as part of the events related to the development of institutional and modern upcoming retrospective on the American architecture, showing how their production was architect, Frank Lloyd W right (1867-1959). This embedded within larger questions of nation, film, entitled A Girl Is a Fellow Here: 100 colonialism, and gender. She holds a Women Architects in the Studio of Frank Lloyd three-year, Emerging Scholar award (FQRSC) Wright, presents for the first time an account of for the study of Montreal's public, modernist 6 of the more than 100 women who, as buildings and spaces. architects, helped to build Wright's reputation as the greatest American architect of the Abstract twentieth century. The launch was followed by Twenty years after architect Denise Scott a panel discussion about how such an Brown challenged the patriarchal exclusion of important omission has endured. The film is a women from the "star system," what is the brief but potent counterthesis to the myth of status of women in architecture today? Drawing Wright's solitary and unique genius, a narrative examples from architectural history, recent that has many echoes in a recent spate of films statistics and current initiatives, the author devoted to individual, male architects.
    [Show full text]
  • About Beverly Willis
    About Beverly Willis 2018 AIA New York/Center for Architecture Foundation Visionary Award conferred on Beverly Willis, FAIA Award Certificate Text “Beverly Willis FAIA, has produced a steady stream of contributions to the building profession in the realms of design, planning, and practice through innovation and leadership. Beverly Willis' long career as an artist, architect, filmmaker and author provides inspiration to women of all ages.” 2017 AIA California Council Lifetime Achievement Award. Conferred up on Beverly Willis FAIA by AIA California Council October 2017 Monterrey Design Conference, Monterrey, CA Award Certificate Text “A Lifetime of Exemplary Service to the Architectural Profession. Your commitment to design excellence and your dedication to the highest standard of the profession is inspiring. Your courage for exploration created a litany of firsts and paved the way for many women who dreamed of working in the architectural profession. Your example has been empowering to many and your career is replete with numerous appointments to prestigious boards, commissions. Your unwavering dedication to enhancing the appreciation of architects and architecture will long be remembered”. For more than seventy years, Beverly Willis, FAIA, (b. 1928) has steadily made contributions to the architecture profession in the realms of design, planning, and practice, whether through research, innovation, leadership, or filmmaking. An autodidact ever willing to take risks, Willis accepted commissions for which there were no built precedents, adopted practices that did not become mainstream until decades later, and sought research-driven solutions unique to each project. Designing separate projects during parallel years, Willis together with William Wurster and Lawrence Halprin, pioneered the concept of adaptive reuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Beverly Willis: a Life in Architecture
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Beverly Willis BEVERLY WILLIS: A LIFE IN ARCHITECTURE Interviews conducted by Victor Geraci, PhD in 2008 Copyright © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Beverly Willis dated October 15, 2008. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chat with the Beverly Willis Architecture
    01.23.17 GIVING VOICE TO THOSE WHO CREATE WORKPLACE DESIGN & FURNISHINGS An Ad Agency Moves Outside Boulder’s City Center Urban landscapes are becoming more dense and amenity-rich, and real estate costs are continuing to rise; the combination of these factors is creating a confusing contrast in priorities for companies operating in urban areas. IMM, a digital advertising agency facing growth – a good problem to have – chose to leave its offices on bustling Pearl Street in downtown Boulder, CO, and move into a new space on the edge of town in East Boulder. It hired OZ Architecture to design the new space, originally an old shipping and receiving warehouse. FULL STORY ON PAGE 3… Womens’ March on Architecture: A Chat with the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation’s new Director, Cynthia Phifer Kracauer In light of this past weekend’s Womens’ March across the coun- try and the world, we decided to check in with an A&D group advocating for women’s rights in our own industry; the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation (BWAF) came to mind. While women make up 42% of architecture school grads, they repre- sent only 26% of licensed practitioners, and only 16% reach the partner level. We spoke to the BWAF’s new executive director, Cynthia Phifer Kracauer, about the foundation’s short and long term goals for the future. FULL STORY ON PAGE 9… A Lesson in Sales: Less Can Lead to More Everyone is a sales person – whether you work at a dealership or interior design firm. The great designer Angelo Donghia said, “You could have all the talent or the best product in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • LEGO® Architecture: Towering Ambition in 2010, and It Proved to Be So Popular That We Extended It Into W2012
    NATIONAL BUILDING MUSEUM 2011 Annual Report 1 Annual Report 2011 Message from the Chair and the Executive Director he National Building Museum reached an exciting milestone during fiscal year 2011 (October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011), attracting more than half a million annual visitors for the T first time in its history. In fact, we dramatically surpassed that benchmark, with attendance of 581,421 people. There was a pleasant and consistent hum throughout the Museum as steady crowds came to enjoy our exhibitions, educational programs, and special events. The Museum’s Great Hall. Photo by Kevin Allen The excellent attendance figures were especially encouraging in the context of the Museum’s decision to begin charging a modest admission fee for exhibitions during the summer of 2011. Although entrance to the building—including the Museum Shop, café, and historic building tours—is still free, we now charge $8 for adults and $5 for children, students, and seniors to visit our exhibitions. This fee was implemented as a result of the ongoing economic challenges that many cultural institutions are facing, including cutbacks in government funding. For instance, although the Museum is a private, nonprofit entity, it has long received a significant grant through the National Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs program. This federal program was established to provide crucial operating support to qualifying cultural organizations in the nation’s capital. The program still exists, but funding levels were dramatically reduced in 2011. Combined with diminishing support from other traditional areas of giving, the Museum experienced a sudden and substantial reduction in projected funding midway into our fiscal year.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Beverly's Award Response
    AIANY VISIONARY AWARD ACCEPTANCE By Beverly Willis, FAIA AIANY HERITAGE BALL and GALA, PIER 6, NEW YORK, NY Oct 22, 2018 Page 1 Thank you, Guy, for your very special introduction. And- my heartfelt thanks to the New York Chapter for the honor of being recognized by my colleagues. It means a lot to me. Let me tell you why: I went to art school in Honolulu and in 1955 began my first career there as a multi-media artist. The 4-star generals and admirals there- hired me to redesign their officer’s clubs. I needed to hire architects for the construction documents. One architect that I hired, bristling at my comments about his work, snarled, “if you think you are so smart, why don’t you become an architect.” … A good idea, I thought ---, so I applied to the California licensing board to take the exam. But it took a senator and a governor to convince the board to let me take the examination. The issue was that I had never worked FOR an architect. I proudly passed on the very first take in 1966. Then I happily joined the AIA San Francisco Chapter, and signed up for work on a committee. Yet, despite my many repeated complaints, I never received any notices of meetings. What to do? By sheer co-incidence, I received a call from the national AIA asking if I would be interested in serving on a national committee. So, I began a long-term cross- country commute from San Francisco to Washington, DC to participate on a committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Architecture: Learning from the Past to Change the Future
    Women in Architecture: Learning from the Past to Change the Future Denise F. Yoshimori-Yamamoto May 2012 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i Doctorate Project Committee Spencer Leineweber, Chairperson Joyce Noe Meda Chesney-Lind Beverly Willis Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1: Overview of the History of Women in America 1880-1980 …………3 Chapter 2: Overview of the History of Women in Architecture 1880-1980 …….20 Chapter 3: Case Studies (1880-1980) Jennie Louise Blanchard Bethune …………………………………..29 Marion Mahony Griffin ……………………………………………..39 Julia Morgan ………………………………………………………...55 Denise Scott Brown …………………………………………………67 Beverly Willis ……………………………………………………….78 Chapter 4: Extraordinary Women of the Past…..………………………………..90 Chapter 5: The Twenty-first Century Female Architect …….…………………. 99 Chapter 6: Case Studies (1980-present) Jeanne Gang ……………………………………………………….103 Anna Franz ………………………………………………………...113 Maya Lin …………………………………………………………..123 Monica Ponce de Leon …………………………………………….135 Chapter 7: Conclusion: Current Obstacles in the Profession…………………………………………………………. 143 What Needs to Change .……………………………………………158 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………….167 Abstract: Women in Architecture: Learning from the Past to Change the Future Until recently the inclusion of women in the history of architecture in America was non-existent. The current pedagogy of architectural programs, internship training, and practice
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CARLA (Revised 9-8-18) CARLA, Or
    CARLA (revised 9-8-18) CARLA, or Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, is a proprietary software package developed in-house by Willis and Associates, Inc. Architects and Planners (WAI) from 1971. The rapid assessment tool was publicly introduced through marketing brochures in 1974 as the logical application of “space age” technologies. It was designed to address the complexities of large-scale suburban land development facing builders, developers, and environmental planners at the time. The Context Tumultuous currents of social and ideological change fueled the developments of the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1969 the United States succeeded in landing astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on the Moon, where they completed the first lunar walks. New technologies advanced space exploration and opened many other new frontiers. At the same time, however, political and socio-economic pressures confronted the nation, giving rise to record rates of inflation, an energy crisis, and heightened environmental awareness and concerns. Two building depressions nearly paralyzed the construction development market. Architectural historian Leland Roth lamented that “the result was a serious business recession during the 1970s that decimated, if not closed, many architectural offices.” Willis and her associates recognized the need to find a niche where architectural work was still viable. Beverly Willis’ Vision Where others saw limitations, Willis saw opportunities, and she took a series of calculated risks that positioned her firm to succeed and grow in a climate where others failed. During the 1970s, large-scale, multi-acre, multi-family condominium communities emerged as a new concept. Prohibitive expense was associated with building on hillsides versus building on flat land.
    [Show full text]
  • National Building Museum Board of Trustees
    Annual Report 2019 Statement of Financial Activities Fiscal Year 2019 was another successful 12 months for the National Building Museum. Our success would not be possible without the many people whose work and generosity sustain the institution, from the Board of Trustees, to the staff, volunteers, and interns. Most of all, we thank our donors for their continuing support and commitment to the Museum’s future. This document provides a listing of the Board of Trustees during FY19 and the Museum’s Financial Statement for the fiscal year. A downloadable version may be found at go.nbm.org/financials. National Building Museum Board of Trustees Board of Trustees Caryn A. Halifax Gary Haney, FAIA, RIBA Chair Philip L. Harrison, FAIA, LEED AP Philip L. Harrison, FAIA LEED AP James G. Davis Hany Hassan, FAIA Robert W. Holleyman Kevin J. Hilton Thomas J. Klutznick Secretary Christopher A. McFadden Frederick A. Kober Sabrina Kanner Chris Morrison, FAIA, NCARB, LEED AP A. Eugene Kohn, FAIA, RIBA, JIA Treasurer BD+C Stuart A. McFarland Stephen Lovett Sherida E. Paulsen, FAIA Hollis S. McLoughlin President Keith J. Sellars Elizabeth Moynihan Chase W. Rynd, Hon. ASLA Annie Senatore Marilyn Perry Maik Strecker General Counsel Stephen E. Sandherr Whayne S. Quin Jose Antonio Tijerino Robert A.M. Stern, FAIA Douglas Wignall, AIA, RAIC, LEED AP James W. Todd Elected Trustees Tim Williams, AIA Mallory Walker Jeffrey S. Abramson Steve Zahm Kenneth P. Baker, IIDA, Assoc. AIA, Ex Officio Trustees Assoc. RIBA, Assoc. ASID Founding Trustees The American Institute of Architects Meg Bartow Cynthia R. Field Architect of the Capitol Larry Beam, PE, LEED AP Herbert M.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California General Wesley Peel: Beverly Willis Oral History Project Interviews conducted by Victor W. Geraci, PhD in 2008 Copyright © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and General Wesley Peel, dated September 29, 2008. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California John Casey: Beverly Willis Oral History Project Interviews conducted by Victor W. Geraci, PhD in 2008 Copyright © 2009 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and John Casey, dated December 18, 2008. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]