Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians Alexandre Alie,†,1 Laurel Sky Hiebert,†,2,3 Paul Simion,†,4 Marta Scelzo,1 Maria Mandela Pru¨nster,1 Sonia Lotito,1 Frederic Delsuc,4 Emmanuel J.P. Douzery,4 Christelle Dantec,5 Patrick Lemaire,5 Sebastien Darras,6 Kazuo Kawamura,7 Federico D. Brown,2,3,8 and Stefano Tiozzo*,1 1Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France 2Departamento de Zoologia – Instituto Bioci^encias, Universidade de S~ao Paulo, S~ao Paulo, Brazil 3Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de S~ao Paulo, S~ao Paulo, Brazil 4ISEM, Universite de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France 5CRBM, Universite de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 6Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Biologie Int[1]egrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM),Observatoire Oc[1]eanologique, Banyuls/Mer, 06230 Paris, France 7Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan 8Instituto Nacional de Ci^encia e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evoluc¸~ao (IN-TREE), Salvador, Brazil †These authors contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding author: E-mail:
[email protected]. Associate editor: Nicole King Abstract Asexual propagation and whole body regeneration are forms of nonembryonic development (NED) widespread across animal phyla and central in life history and evolutionary diversification of metazoans. Whereas it is chal- lenging to reconstruct the gains or losses of NED at large phylogenetic scale, comparative studies could benefit from being conducted at more restricted taxonomic scale, in groups for which phylogenetic relationships are well established. The ascidian family of Styelidae encompasses strictly sexually reproducing solitary forms as well as colonial species that combine sexual reproduction with different forms of NED.