Sodepur is located at 22.71°N 88.39°E.[2] It has an average elevation of 15 m (49 ft). Sodepur is located at 22.71°N 88.39°E.[2] It has an average elevation of 15 m (49 ft). Sodepur is located at 22.71°N 88.39°E.[2] It has an average elevation of 15 m (49 ft).
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born Oct. 29, 1910, London, Eng.died June 27, 1989, London) British philosopher. He taught at University College London (194659) and later at Oxford (195978). He gained international notice in 1936 with the publication of his first book, Language, Truth and Logic, a manifesto of logical positivism that drew on the ideas of the Vienna Circle and the tradition of British empiricism as represented by David Hume and Bertrand Russell. He is also remembered for his contributions to epistemology and his writings on the history of Anglo-American philosophy ( analytic philosophy). His other works include The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), The Origins of Pragmatism (1968), Russell and Moore (1971), The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973), and Wittgenstein (1985).
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Alfred Jules Ayer
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Biographies
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910-1989) was a leading philosopher of the 20th century who rigorously attacked metaphysics. His major work was "Language, Truth and Logic".
Alfred Jules Ayer was born in 1910. He was educated at Eton and Oxford University. After his graduation from Oxford, he studied at the University of Vienna, concentrating on the philosophy of Logical Positivism. From 1933 to 1940 he was lecturer in philosophy at Christ Church (College), Oxford. During World War II he served in the Welsh Guards and was also engaged in military intelligence. In 1945, he returned to Oxford where he became a fellow and Dean of Wadham College. In the following year, he became Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College, London. In 1959, he returned to Oxford, where he became Wykeham Professor of Logic, a position he held until his retirement in 1978. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1952 and honorary fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, in 1957. Among his many awards, Ayer received an honorary doctorate from Brussels University in 1962 and was knighted in 1970. He was also an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur.
Contributions to Philosophy
Ayer's books include: Bertrand Russell: Philosopher of the Century (Contribution), 1967; British Empirical Philosophers (editor with Raymond Winch), (1952); The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973); The Concept of a Person (1963); The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940); Freedom and Morality and Other Essays (1984); Hume (1980); Language, Truth and Logic (1956); Logical Positivism (editor), (1960); Metaphysics and Common Sense (1970); The Origins of Pragmatism: Studies in the Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce and William James (1968); Philosophical Essays (1954); Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (1982); Probability and Evidence (1972); The Problem of Knowledge (1956); The Revolution in Philosophy (Contribution), (1956); and Russell and Moore; The Analytical Heritage (1971).
Language, Truth and Logicis one of Ayer's most important books and may be considered as one of the most influential philosophical works of the 20th century. In the second edition (1946), Ayer clarified some of his ideas and replied to his critics, but essentially his philosophical position remained the same. He called his philosophy "logical empiricism," a variation of logical positivism, the philosophical orientation he learned in Vienna. He was largely influenced by the thought of the 20th century philosophers Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein and by the earlier empiricism of George Berkeley and David Hume.
The book is a milestone in the development of philosophical thought in the 20th century. The implications of Ayer's "logical empiricism" would be felt by many branches of the discipline of philosophy, especially metaphysics, ethics, and philosophy of religion, and also logic, mathematics, and the philosophy of science. Although Ayer acknowledged the influences upon his philosophical perspective, he remained an independent thinker, accepting no position uncritically.
Ayer asserted that the criterion of meaning is found in the "verification principle": "We say that a sentence is factually significant to any given person if, and only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it purports to express - that is, if he knows what observations would lead him, under certain conditions, to accept the proposition as being true, or reject it as being false." (Language, Truth and Logic). The a priori statements of logic and mathematics do not claim to provide factual content. Those statements can be said to be true only because of the conventions which govern the use of the symbols that make up the statements.
Ayer was known in the 20th century for his rigorous attack on metaphysics and as the main representative of the British empirical tradition. Genuine statements are either logical or empirical. Metaphysical statements do not purport to express either logical truths or empirical hypotheses. For that reason, metaphysical statements are pseudo-statements and do not have any meaning. The metaphysician had been tied to the attempt to construct a deductive system of the universe from "first principles." These first principles, Ayer argued, can never be derived from experience. They are merely hypotheses. As a priori principles, they are hypotheses only, and therefore are tautologies and notcertain empirical knowledge.
Theology, as a special branch of metaphysics which attempts to gain knowledge that transcends the limits of experience (for example, the affirmation of the existence of God) is not only false but it too has no meaning. Value statements in ethics and aesthetics are also meaningless, not genuine statements, and can be understood as emotive utterances of an imperative character.
Ayer therefore discovered for philosophy a function in the 20th century. Once the traditional tasks of philosophy have been discarded, philosophy can be seen as an intellectual discipline which endeavors to clarify the problems of science. Philosophy is, therefore, finally identical with the logic of science.
In Language, Truth and Logic Ayer argued that it is the task of the philosopher to give a correct definition of material things in terms of sensation. The philosopher does not deal with the properties of things in the world, but only with the way we speak of them. The propositions of philosophy are not factual, but linguistic in character: " (Propositions) … do not describe the behavior of physical, or even mental, objects; they express definitions, or the factual consequences of definitions."
In the second edition of Language, Truth and Logic, Ayer provided an extended reworking of his notion of the verification principle. It was this principle which was chiefly criticized by the philosophical commentators. It would seem that the verification principle, as formulated by Ayer, is a kind of meaningless metaphysical statement that the verification principle itself was supposed to prohibit.
In his later works, Ayer proceeded boldly, and with wisdom and clarity, to deal with the major problems that have confronted and confounded other 20th century philosophers: such problems as perception, induction, knowledge, meaning, truth, value theory, other minds, the mind-body dichotomy, personal identity, and intention. Ayer was always an original and bold thinker who, in later life, espoused a more selective assessment of metaphysics due to the works of his trusted colleagues. His views on death, dying and the afterlife were slightly altered after briefly dying for four minutes and subsequently being revived. His death on June 27, 1989 marked the end of the second golden age of British philosophy.
Further Reading
Ayer provided an autobiographical volume which is filled with trenchant philosophical insights about the role of the philosopher in the 20th century; A. J. Ayer, Part of My Life: The Memoirs of a Philosopher (1977). Ayer was a popular broadcaster for the British Broadcasting Company (BBC). One of the most exciting broadcasts was in the form of a debate with a Jesuit Christian philosopher; see "Logical Positivism - A Debate" delivered on the BBC June 13, 1949, with A. J. Ayer and F. C. Copleston, published in P. Edwards and A. Pap (editors), A Modern Introduction to Philosophy (1957). Among the many commentators of A. J. Ayer's philosophical perspective, the following are helpful: Carl G. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation (1965); Viktor Kraft, The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-Positivism (1969); John Wisdom, "Note on the New Edition of Professor Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic," reprinted in Wisdom's Philosophy and Pyscho-analysis (Oxford, 1953); H. H. Price, "Critical Notice of A. J. Ayer's The Foundation of Empirical Knowledge," in Mind (1941); H. H. Price, "Discussion: Professor Ayer's Essays," in Philosophical Quarterly (1955); D. J. O'Connor, "Some Consequences of Professor A. J. Ayer's Verification Principle," in Analysis (1949-1950); W. V. O. Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism," in From a Logical Point of View (1953).
Reflections on Ayer's legacy can be found in "The Logical End of an Empire, " Economist (July 8, 1989) and "Logic in High Gear, " Spectator (July 8, 1989).
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy:
Alfred Jules Ayer
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Ayer, Alfred Jules (1910-89) English philosopher and left-wing intellectual. Born of a Swiss father and Belgian mother, Ayer was educated in Britain. After graduating from Oxford in 1932 he studied in Vienna for a year, before returning to teach at Oxford. His exposure to the logical positivists produced the scintillating and iconoclastic Language, Truth, and Logic (1936), which introduced positivism to the wider English-speaking public. It was followed by the Foundations of Empirical Knowledge in 1940. After the second world war Ayer held chairs at University College London, from 1946, and at Oxford from 1959. The Problem of Knowledge (1956) has been an influential introduction to that topic. In later years Ayer turned increasingly to the history of philosophy, producing volumes on Moore and Russell, Pragmatism, Hume, and Voltaire. His philosophy was infused with the empiricism of Hume and the logic of Russell, and inherited both the strengths and weaknesses of those thinkers. Ayer also played a prominent intellectual role in British political life, writing for a wider public and espousing a variety of liberal causes with notable flair and wit The definitive biography is by Ben Rogers (2002).
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Alfred Jules Ayer
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Columbia Encyclopedia - People Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules (ā'ər, âr), 1910-89, British philosopher, b. London, grad. Oxford, 1932. From 1933 to 1944 he was lecturer and research fellow at Oxford's Christ Church College and then was fellow (1944-45) and dean (1945-46) of Wadham College. From 1946 to 1959 Ayer was Grote professor of the philosophy of mind and logic at the Univ. of London, and in 1959 he became Wykeham professor of logic at Oxford. His extremely influential Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) brought logical positivism to the attention of British and American philosophers. Among his other works are The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), Philosophical Essays (1954), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), and The Concept of a Person (1963). He was knighted in 1970.
Bibliography
See biography by B. Rogers (2000).
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
A. J. Ayer
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A. J. Ayer
Alfred Jules Ayer Born 29 October 1910 London, England, United Kingdom
27 June 1989 (aged 78) Died London, England, United Kingdom
Era 20th-century philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Analytic
Language · Epistemology Main interests Ethics · Meaning · Science
Logical positivism Notable ideas Verification principle Emotivist ethics Influenced by
Hume · Vienna Circle · Popper · Russell Wittgenstein[1] · Kant · Voltaire Influenced
R. M. Hare · Strawson · Honderich Marković
Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer pron.: /ɛər/ (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989)[2] was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
Ayer was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent during the Second World War.[3] He was the Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, when he became Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952. He was knighted in 1970.
Among British philosophers of the 20th century, he has been ranked by Stanford as second only to Bertrand Russell.[4]
Contents
1 Life 2 Personal life o 2.1 Near-death experience 3 Works 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 Selected publications 9 External links
Life
Ayer was born in St John's Wood, London, to a wealthy European family. His mother, Reine Citroën, was from the Dutch Jewish family who founded the Citroën car company in France. His father, Jules Ayer, was a Swiss Calvinist financier who worked for the Rothschild family.
He was educated at Ascham St Vincent's Preparatory School and Eton. It was at Eton that Ayer first became known for his characteristic bravado and precocity.[5] In the final examinations at Eton, Ayer came second in his year, and first in classics. In his final year, as a member of Eton's senior council, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the abolition of corporal punishment at the school. He won a classics scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford. He served as an officer in the Welsh Guards during World War II, working for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and spying for MI6.[6] He was an extrovert, social mixer and womaniser, and was married four times, including to Dee Wells and Vanessa Salmon (thus becoming stepfather to Nigella Lawson). Reputedly he liked dancing and attending the clubs in London and New York. He was also obsessed with sport: he had played rugby for Eton, and was a noted cricketer and a keen supporter of the Tottenham Hotspur football team. For an academic, Ayer was an unusually well- connected figure in his time, with close links to 'high-society' and the establishment. Presiding over Oxford high-tables, he is often described as charming, but at times he could also be intimidating.[7]
In Language, Truth and Logic (1936), Ayer rejected atheism, as he understood it, on the grounds that any religious discourse was meaningless. He believed that religious language was unverifiable and as such literally nonsense. Consequently "There is no God" was for Ayer as meaningless and metaphysical an utterance as "God exists." Though Ayer could not give assent to the declaration "There is no God," he was an atheist in the sense that he withheld assent from affirmations of God's existence. However, in "Language, Truth and Logic" he distinguishes himself from both agnostics and atheists by saying that both these stances take the statement "God exists" as a meaningful hypothesis, which Ayer himself does not. He also criticises C A Mace's opinion[8] that metaphysics is a form of intellectual poetry.[9] The stance of a person who believes "God" denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as igtheism (for example, by Paul Kurtz).[10] In later years Ayer did refer to himself as an atheist[11] and stated that he did not believe in God.[12] He followed in the footsteps of Bertrand Russell by debating with the Jesuit scholar Frederick Copleston on the topic of religion.
Between 1945 and 1947, together with Russell and George Orwell, he contributed a series of articles to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater.[13][14]
Ayer was closely associated with the British humanist movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1947 until his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963.[15] In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded Julian Huxley as president of the British Humanist Association, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited The Humanist Outlook, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism. In addition he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.[16]
He taught or lectured several times in the United States, including serving as a visiting professor at Bard College in the fall of 1987. At a party that same year held by fashion designer Fernando Sanchez, Ayer, then 77, confronted Mike Tyson who was forcing himself upon the (then) little- known model Naomi Campbell. When Ayer demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer said: "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which Ayer replied: "And I am the former Wykeham Professor of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men". Ayer and Tyson then began to talk, while Naomi Campbell slipped out.[17]
From 1959 to his retirement in 1978, Sir Alfred held the Wykham Chair, Professor of Logic at Oxford. He was knighted in 1970.
Ayer died on 27 June 1989. From 1980 – 1989, Ayer lived at 51 York Street, Marylebone, where a memorial plaque was unveiled on 19 November 1995.[18] Personal life
Ayer was married four times to three women.[19] His first marriage was from 1932-1941 to (Grace Isabel) Renée (d. 1980), who subsequently married philosopher Stuart Hampshire; Ayer's friend and colleague.[20] In 1960 he married Alberta Constance (Dee) Wells (1925–2003), with whom he had one son.[21] Ayer's marriage to Wells was dissolved in 1983 and that same year he married Vanessa Mary Addison, former wife of politician Nigel Lawson. She died in 1985 and in 1989 he remarried Dee Wells, who survived him.[22] Ayer also had a daughter with Hollywood columnist Sheilah Graham Westbrook.[23]
Near-death experience
In 1988, shortly before his death, Ayer wrote an article entitled, "What I saw when I was dead",[24] describing an unusual near-death experience. Of the experience, Ayer first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be."[25] However, a few days later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief".[26]
In 2001 Dr. Jeremy George, the attending physician, claimed that Ayer had confided to him: "I saw a Divine Being. I'm afraid I'm going to have to revise all my books and opinions." Ayer's son Nick, however, said that he had never mentioned this to him though he did find his father's words to be extraordinary, and said he had long felt there was something possibly suspect about his father's version of his near death experience.[27] Works
Ayer is best known for popularising the verification principle, in particular through his presentation of it in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called Vienna Circle which Ayer visited as a young guest, and others including the leading light of the circle, Moritz Schlick were already offering their own papers on the issue.[28] Ayer's own formulation was that a sentence can only be meaningful if it has verifiable empirical import, otherwise it is either "analytical" if tautologous, or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started work on the book at the age of 23[29] and it was published when he was 26. Ayer's philosophical ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and David Hume. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes Language, Truth and Logic essential reading on the tenets of logical empiricism– the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century analytic philosophy, and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, Ayer also proposed that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between 'different types of perceptible behaviour',[30] an argument which anticipates the Turing test published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence (consciousness).
Ayer wrote two books on the philosopher Bertrand Russell, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage (1971) and Russell (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of Voltaire.
In 1972–1973 Ayer gave the Gifford Lectures at University of St Andrews, later published as The Central Questions of Philosophy. In the preface to the book, he defends his selection to hold the lectureship on the basis that Lord Gifford wished to promote '"Natural Theology", in the widest sense of that term', and that non-believers are allowed to give the lectures if they are "able reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth".[31] He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy"– including the whole of metaphysics, theology and aesthetics– were not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them.
In "The Concept of a Person and Other Essays" (1963), Ayer heavily criticized Wittgenstein's private language argument.
Ayer's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian J. L. Austin in Sense and Sensibilia, a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. Ayer responded to this in the essay "Has Austin Refuted the Sense-data Theory?", which can be found in his Metaphysics and Common Sense (1969). See also
A priori knowledge Notes
1. ^ Spurling, Hilary (24 December 2000). "The Wickedest Man in Oxford". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 1February 2008. 2. ^ Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers. London: Routledge. 1996. pp. 37– 39. ISBN 0-415-06043-5. 3. ^ Scott-Smith, Giles (2002). The politics of apolitical culture: the Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA, and post-war American hegemony. London: Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-415-24445-9. 4. ^ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayer/ 5. ^ Rogers, Ben (2000) [1999]. A.J. Ayer: A Life. London: Vintage. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-0-09- 953681-9. 6. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (21 September 2010). "Graham Greene, Arthur Ransome and Somerset Maugham all spied for Britain, admits MI6". The Guardian (London). 7. ^ Wilson, A. N. (2003). Iris Murdoch as I knew her. London: Hutchinson. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-09- 174246-1. 8. ^ "Representation and Expression," Analysis , Vol.1, No.3; "Metaphysics and Emotive Language," Analysis Vol. II, nos. 1 and 2, 9. ^ Language, Truth and Logic 1946/1952, New York/Dover 10. ^ Kurtz, Paul (1992). The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-87975-766-3. 11. ^ "I trust that my remaining an atheist will allay the anxieties of my fellow supporters of the British Humanist Association, the Rationalist Press Association and the South Place Ethical Society." (Ayer 1989, p. 12) 12. ^ "I do not believe in God. It seems to me that theists of all kinds have very largely failed to make their concept of a deity intelligible; and to the extent that they have made it intelligible, they have given us no reason to think that anything answers to it." Ayer, A.J. (1966). "What I Believe," Humanist, Vol.81 (8) August, p 226. 13. ^ Buckman, David (13 November 1998). "Where are the Hirsts of the 1930s now?". The Independent (London). 14. ^ Collini, Stefan (2006). Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978- 0-19-929105-2. 15. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011. 16. ^ "Humanist Manifesto II". American Humanist Association. Retrieved 4 October 2012. 17. ^ Rogers (1999), page 344. 18. ^ City of Westminster green plaques http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ 19. ^ ODNB 20. ^ ODNB 21. ^ ODNB 22. ^ ODNB 23. ^ ODNB 24. ^ Ayer, A. J.. "What I Saw When I Was Dead" (PDF). Retrieved 4 November 2011. 25. ^ Lougrhan, Gerry (18 March 2001). "NDE Analysis of Atheists: Can there be life after life? Ask the atheist!". Near-death.com. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 26. ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (3 November 2006). "THANK GOODNESS!". Edge.org. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 27. ^ Cash, William (28 April 2009). "Did atheist philosopher see God when he ‘died’?". National Post. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 28. ^ Schlick, Moritz (1935). Unanswerable Questions. XIII. The Philosopher. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 29. ^ page ix, "Language, Truth and Logic", Penguin, 2001 30. ^ page 140, Language, Truth and Logic, Penguin, 2001 31. ^ The Central Questions of Philosophy, p. ix References
Ayer, A.J. (1989). "That undiscovered country", New Humanist, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13. Rogers, Ben (1999). A.J. Ayer: A Life. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3869-9. (Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling, The New York Times, 24 December 2000.) Wollheim, Richard. "Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules [Freddie]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39796. (subscription or UK public library membership required); cited as ODNB Further reading
Ted Honderich, Ayer's Philosophy and its Greatness. Anthony Quinton, Alfred Jules Ayer. Proceedings of the British Academy, 94 (1996), pp. 255–282. Graham Macdonald, Alfred Jules Ayer, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 May 2005. Foster, John (1985), Ayer, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-0602-X, 071020602X Selected publications
1936, Language, Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (2nd edition, 1946.) OCLC 416788667 Reprinted 2001 with a new introduction, London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-118604-7 1940, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, London: Macmillan. OCLC 2028651 1954, Philosophical Essays, London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) OCLC 186636305 1957, "The conception of probability as a logical relation", in S. Korner, ed., Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 1956, The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan. OCLC 557578816 1963, The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, London: Macmillan. (Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.) OCLC 3573935 1967, "Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?" Synthese vol. XVIII, pp. 117–140. (Reprinted in Ayer 1969). 1968, The Origins of Pragmatism, London: Macmillan. OCLC 641463982 1969, Metaphysics and Common Sense, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to Austin on sense-data theory [Ayer 1967].) ISBN 978-0-333-10517-7 1971, Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage, London: Macmillan. OCLC 464766212 1972, Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-12756-8 1972, Russell, London: Fontana Modern Masters. OCLC 186128708 1973, The Central Questions of Philosophy, London: Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-297-76634-6 1977, Part of My Life, London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216017-9 1979, "Replies", in G. Macdonald, ed., Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J. Ayer, With His Replies, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1980, Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1982, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, London: Weidenfeld. 1984, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein, London: Penguin. 1984, More of My Life, London: Collins. 1988, Thomas Paine, London: Secker & Warburg. 1989, "That undiscovered country", New Humanist, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13. 1990, The Meaning of Life and Other Essays, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1992, The Philosophy of A.J. Ayer (The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXI), edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, Open Court Publishing Co. External links
Ayer's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics Ayer entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A. J. Ayer at Philosophy An Atheist Meets the Masters of the Universe by Peter Foges A.J. Ayer: Out of time by Alex Callinicos Works by A. J. Ayer on Open Library at the Internet Archive
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-ayer#ixzz2M7RGnsE4 http://fileme.us/1n65i9] http://fileme.us/1n65i9 http://www.ee.kntu.ac.ir/computer/En/Research/Areas/Files/Introduction%20to%20the%20C%20Progr amming%20Language/book.pdf http://www.ee.kntu.ac.ir/computer/En/Research/Areas/Files/Introduction%20to%20the%20C%20Progr amming%20Language/book.pdf http://www.ericlindsay.com/applix/ctutor.pdf http://www.ericlindsay.com/applix/ctutor.pdf
COM CS Oxford University Computer Services pdf COM CS Oxford University Computer Services pdf http://www.ee.kntu.ac.ir/computer/En/Research/Areas/Files/Introduction%20to%20the%20C%20Progr amming%20Language/book.pdf http://www.ee.kntu.ac.ir/computer/En/Research/Areas/Files/Introduction%20to%20the%20C%20Progr amming%20Language/book.pdf http://publications.gbdirect.co.uk/c_book/the_c_book.pdf http://publications.gbdirect.co.uk/c_book/the_c_book.pdf
Complex Numbers. Matrices and Determinants: Introduction to Matrices, Determinants Differential Calculus: Preliminaries, Limits and Continuity, Derivatives. Integral Calculus. Infinite Series. Analytical Geometry. Vectors.
Data Representation: Fixed Point and Floating Point Numbers. Linear Algebraic Equations: Matrix Equation, Cramer’s rule, Gauss elimination, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iterations. Interpolation: Lagrange Interpolation, Newton’s interpolating formula. Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule. Probability Theory. Probability Distribution. Sampling Distributions. Estimation. Hypothesis Testing. Correlation & Regression.
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Source(s): www.truecrypt.org http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-087-practical- programming-in-c-january-iap-2010/lecture- notes/MIT6_087IAP10_lec01.pdfhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer- science/6-087-practical-programming-in-c-january-iap-2010/lecture-notes/MIT6_087IAP10_lec01.pdf
Central Administrative Tribunal
Principal Bench
New Delhi
O.A.No.6/2012
Order reserved on 24.07.2012
Order pronounced on 21.12.2012
Honble Shri G. George Paracken, Member (J)
Honble Shri Sudhir Kumar, Member (A)
Shri N.C.Joshi
F-5 Golf Link Sadan
NDMC Flats
New Delhi 110 003. Applicant
(By Advocate: Shri S.K.Bhattacharya)
Versus
The Chairperson
New Delhi Municipal Council
Palika Kendra
Parliament Street
New Delhi 110 001.
The Secretary
New Delhi Municipal Council Palika Kendra
Parliament Street
New Delhi 110 001.
The Director (Education)
New Delhi Municipal Council
Palika Kendra
Parliament Street
New Delhi 110 001. Respondents
(By Advocate: Ms. Ritika Chawla for Shri Arun Bhardwaj)
O R D E R
By Sudhir Kumar, Member (A):
The applicant of this OA is aggrieved by the respondents having rejected his numerous representations for consideration of his name for promotion to the post of Vice Principal/District Education Officer stating through the impugned order dated 08.06.2011 that his request cannot be acceded to as he has not completed the required qualifying service in the capacity of the post of Post Graduate Teacher, and that his name will be considered only on completion of the required qualifying service as PGT, and his position in the seniority list.
2. The grounds taken by the applicant are that such action of the respondents is illegal, and violative of his fundamental rights under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, and he has prayed for the following relief(s), including the interim relief:
8. Relief(s) sought:
Declare that the action of the respondent in not considering the name of the petitioner in the panel of candidates for selection to the post of vice principal is wholly illegal and violative of article 16 of the Constitution of India.
Issue a writ of mandamus directing the authorities to consider the case of the petitioner for selection to the post of vice principal
Issue a writ of certiorari quashing the letter dated 8.06.2011 as being illegal null and void.
Issue rule nisi commanding the respondents as to why the writ as prayed for should not be granted.
Pass any such or further orders as this Honble Court may deem fit and necessary under the facts and circumstances of this case.
9. Interim order, if any prayed for.:
Pending disposal of the application the petitioner most respectfully prays that this Honble Court may graciously be pleased to;
Grant stay of all proceedings relating to appointment of the Vice principal till the pendency of the proceedings before this Honble Tribunal.
Pass such further or other orders as may be deemed fit and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case.
3. The interim relief was never granted in the case before the case came to be finally heard on merits, and reserved for orders. 4. The applicant was appointed as a Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT, in short) in the New Delhi Municipal Corporation, Department of Education, Government of NCT of Delhi, in the year 1988. In the year 1997, applications were invited to fill up the headquarters level post of Assistant Education Officer (Midday Meals Scheme) [in short AEO (MMS)]. This being a headquarters level post, the retirement age in the case of the post was 58 years, which was lesser than that in respect of the teaching posts under the Directorate of Education with retirement age of 60 years, and as is apparent from the file notings dated 20.11.1997 onwards, filed by the respondents along with the counter reply, the Director of Education had stated that TGTs may perhaps not like to join the post of AEO (MMS) on absorption basis, on account of the lower retirement age. It was, therefore, suggested in the file notings that the post of AEO (MMS) may be made as a tenure post, for a tenure period of three years, which tenure can be extended at the discretion of the Chairman, NDMC, but that even the extended tenure will expire at the age of 57 years, in any case, so that the incumbent concerned may then come back in the teaching cadre, and avail the benefit of higher retirement of age of 60 years in the teaching field. This proposal was approved by both the Secretary, NDMC, and Chairman, NDMC through their orders dated 28.11.1997 and 10.12.1997 respectively.
5. Thereafter, applications were invited for the single tenure post of AEO(MMS) as per the draft recruitment rules prepared for that post, by way of promotion from amongst TGTs having 5 yearsregular service in the grade, on the basis of seniority cum option. As is apparent from the minutes of the DPC held on 08.06.2001 in the chambers of Secretary, NDMC, to select the candidate for the post of AEO(MMS), out of the 7 candidates who had applied for the tenure post for a period of 3 years, only 2 were found eligible, and after examining the ACRs and service records of the 2 TGTs concerned, the DPC recommended the name of the applicant to be selected as AEO (MMS) which post he joined for a period of 3 years tenure initially.
6. However, on 18.07.2001, in pursuance of order dated 17.07.2001(Annexure P/4), the applicant was allowed the option for fixation of his pay under FR 22(I)(a)(i), as the post of AEO was higher than the post of Science Teacher (TGT) which he was occupying earlier. Though it was mentioned in the order dated 17.07.2001 that the applicant will be on probation for a period of one year, he not only finished his three years tenure in full, but actually continued to serve as AEO (MMS) for nearly 8 years till 16.11.2009, without any orders of confirmation on completion of period of probation ever being issued.
7. The applicant has submitted that after 5 years in the post as AEO, he had become eligible for promotion to the post of Vice Principal/DEO, for which the recruitment rules prescribed the requirements as below:
6. Educational & other qualifications required ESSENTIAL
Masters Degree from a recognized University/Institution with degree in Teaching from recognized University/Institution with 5 years regular service in the feeder cadres mentioned in Ch1 no,10. However the qualification of degree or Diploma in teaching is relaxable in cases of those promoted or appointed on the feeder cadre having no such degree. 9. Method of rectt. whether by direct rectt. or by promotion/or by deputation/transfer & percentage of the vacancies to be filled by various method. By promotion
10. In case of rectt. by Promotion/deputation/transfer grades from which promotion in the grades from which promotion in the grade deputation to be made. From amongst the following categories as per inter se seniority in their cadre
1. A.E.O. ) with 5 years
2.Post ) regular
Graduate )service in the
Teachers ) respective cadre
3. H.Ms )
Middle )
Schools )
8. However, while the respondents circulated the seniority lists of PGTs, like the one produced by the applicant at Annexure P/6 dated 26.05.2006, and Annexure P/7 dated 14.01.2009, they did not circulate any such seniority list of AEOs, even while the applicant continued to function as AEO against the single post in that Cadre. Thereafter, it was only through Annexure P/8 dated 16.11.2009, the necessary orders promoting the applicant as PGT/Lecturer (Maths) were issued, substantively promoting him to the pay scale of Rs.6500-10500, which pay scale he was already enjoying from 18.07.2001 as AEO (MMS).
9. The applicant has decried the actions of the respondents in not having placed him on the seniority list of AEOs as he was sole incumbent in that cadre, and had to be ranked as No.1 in the Cadre. He has also denounced the actions of the respondents in having promoted, in the meanwhile, 5 persons to the posts of Vice Principals in the year 2007, vide Annexure P/9 dated 05.09.2007. The applicant represented against such perceived discrimination through his representation dated 22.07.2008 addressed to Director of Education, NDMC, vide Annexure P/10 (Colly.), praying that his services as AEO may be treated at par with Head of the Middle School Lecturer, and thus his candidature may be considered for the departmental promotion for the post of Vice Principal/DEO. Through the same Annexure A/10 (Colly.) representation dated 12.05.2011, the applicant re-emphasized that his seniority has to be considered from the date of his promotion as AEO (MMS) w.e.f. 19.07.2001 for the purpose of promotion to the posts of Vice Principal/DEO, but the respondents did not oblige, and have ultimately issued the impugned reply dated 08.06.2011. 10. It is submitted by the applicant that in the seniority list of Lecturer/PGTs circulated by the respondents through Annexure P/11 dated 06.07.2011, the applicant has been shown to have been appointed in the cadre of Lecturer/PGT w.e.f. 18.11.2009, and placed at Sl. No.34, disregarding his services as AEO (MMS). Therefore, he has submitted that the action of the respondents is bad in law in not having considered his service against the post of AEO (MMS), as it was one of the feeder cadres for the post of Vice Principal, and not considering his name in the panel of selection to the posts of Vice Principals is wrong, illegal, arbitrary, and in violation of his rights under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, and also in violation of statutory Recruitment Rules, and has submitted that denial of the post of Vice Principal to him till date is per se illegal and discriminatory, and violative of his rights under Article 14 of the Constitution of India, and that the respondents have failed to take into account that his name in the seniority list of PGTs should have ranked higher than that of his other colleagues, as his services as AEO have not been taken into consideration, and, as a result, inter se seniority determined between the various categories have not been taken into account, rendering the entire process of selection of Vice Principals as arbitrary, and devoid of reasonings. Hence, he has sought reliefs as prayed in the OA, as produced above.
11. The respondents filed their reply on 23.02.2012. They first took the preliminary objection of limitation, and stated that the applicant cannot be aggrieved of his not having been promoted as Vice Principal, since he was promoted as PGT only on 16.11.2009. If the applicant had felt that he is eligible to be promoted as Vice Principal and not PGT, he should have approached this Tribunal at that stage only, and, therefore, on account of delay of more than 2 years till the date of his filing of the OA on 23.12.2011, the OA is liable to be rejected on this count alone.
12. It was further submitted that since in 2009 the applicant had accepted his promotion as PGT without any protest, therefore, he is now estopped from laying a claim for promotion to the post of Vice Principal. It is further submitted that it had been clearly stipulated in the Circular dated 23.01.1998, in response to which the applicant had applied, that the post of AEO (MMS) is a tenure post, for a period of three years, and as it was a single post only, it was not a substantive post, and it was only administrative in nature, which does not involve any teaching duties. Further, they submitted that it was clear that when for the post of AEO (MMS) the method of recruitment was selection-cum-option, which is similar to deputation, the incumbent had maintained a lien in his parent cadre, as, throughout his period of working as AEO (MMS) for 8 years, his substantive post has remained as TGT, and at any point of time he could have given an option to return back to the parent cadre of TGT.
13. It was submitted that the applicant was duly promoted as PGT, in normal course only, on 16.11.2009, and that promotion order was even accepted by the applicant, without any challenge in any Court of law. It was further explained that while the minimum qualifying service required for appointment to the post of Vice Principal/DEO was 5 years in the post of AEO or PGT, since there was a contradiction in the Recruitment Rules of Vice Principal, the Recruitment Rules have since been revised vide NDMC Resolution dated 23.12.2011, and the post of AEO, being only a tenure post, now does not form the feeder cadre for promotions to the posts of Vice Principal/DEO. It was submitted that the applicant has wrongly relied upon the redundant Recruitment Rules for the post of Vice Principal, as they stood prior to their revision. It was submitted that the applicant has mistakenly claimed his appointment as AEO, as having been against a regular post, while it was only made for a tenure period of 3 years, which came to be continued for a longer period, and throughout this period his substantive post was that of TGT, and not AEO, and the petitioner never objected to his placement in the seniority list of TGTs throughout these years of his deputation as AEO. In support of this contention, the respondents had filed the inter-se final seniority list of TGTs by way of Annexure VI, in which the name of the applicant appeared at Sl. No.38, which had not been challenged by the applicant at the time of issuance of the said seniority list.
14. It was also submitted that since AEO (MMS) was a single tenure post, and nobody, including the applicant, had been substantively appointed as AEO (MMS), there was no need for the respondents to issue a separate seniority list of AEOs. It was also submitted that the applicant had never objected at the relevant point of time about non publishing of a separate seniority list for AEOs, all throughout the period of 8 years of his tenure as AEO (MMS), when he was holding the substantive post of TGT, and his name was reflected at the appropriate position in the seniority list of TGTs.
15. The respondents also justified the promotions given by them to various persons as TGT/Headmaster (Middle) in the year 2007, and submitted that the applicant had unnecessarily raised this issue after nearly 5 or 6 years, since he had never worked as PGT/HM (Middle) prior to the year 2007, and even if he had felt aggrieved by the said promotions during the year 2007 to the posts of Vice Principals, he should have challenged such an order at that point of time, and he cannot now be allowed to oppose the said selection list, without making the concerned persons as party to the present proceedings. It was also submitted that all persons who had been promoted as Vice Principal/DEO were senior to the applicant, and, therefore, the claim of the applicant is not fair and justified. They had also justified the impugned reply issued to the applicant since he had not yet completed 5 yearsregular service on the post of PGT, which is required for the purpose of promotion to the post of Vice Principal as per Recruitment Rules, and no person junior to the applicant has been considered for the post of Vice Principal. It was, therefore, prayed that the applicant cannot be allowed to combine the seniority of a substantive post with his experience of a tenure post for the purpose of seeking promotion, and, therefore, the OA deserves to be rejected.
16. The applicant field a rejoinder on 16.04.2012, more or less reiterating his contentions as raised in his OA. Denying the contentions of the respondents that he was not properly selected and promoted in a substantive capacity as AEO, he submitted that the records filed by the respondents themselves show that the DPC meeting was held, wherein the applicant was selected as AEO out of seven persons, and, therefore, it was submitted that since it was a promotion post, any contentions raised by the respondents now to the contrary are incorrect.
17. It was also submitted that the contention of the respondents that AEO is a tenure post is misconceived, when the rules itself clearly show that he could have held the post till reaching the age of 57 years, and when once the residency in a tenure post is extended till the age of 57 years, it loses the character of a tenure post, and that the question of his coming back to the parent post would be only for the purposes of extension of age of retirement. He also submitted that the Office Order dated 17.07.2001 issued to him did not state that his promotion as AEO was against a tenure post, and he was also but on probation for a period of one year, after having been placed in the list of panel as AEO. It was also submitted that the amendments to the Recruitment Rules for the posts of Vice Principal/DEO are only proposed Recruitment Rules, and no resolution of NDMC has been annexed, and, in any case, these rules cannot be given retrospective effect. He, therefore, prayed that his eligibility has to be seen from the date he became eligible, as the amended Recruitment Rules cannot be applied respectively.
18. Heard. The case was argued vehemently by both the parties. The learned counsel for the applicant relied heavily upon the Judgement of the Honble Apex Court in Y.V.Rangaiah & Others v. J.Srinivasa Rao & Others, AIR 1983 SC 852, to submit that any vacancy which had occurred prior to the amended Recruitment Rules, would be governed by the old rules, and not by the new rules or amended rules.
19. On the other hand, the learned counsel for the respondents (who has submitted a written brief also) argued that while inviting the applications from the departmental candidates for the post of AEO (MMS) on 30.10.2000, it had been made quite clear that the post of AEO was a tenure post for a period of three years, and that the incumbent can go back to his parent post after expiry of three years, or upon reaching the age of 57 years, whichever is earlier. It was also reiterated that it has all through been in the applicants knowledge that he was retaining his lien in the parent cadre post of TGT, and had the applicant not been promoted to the post of PGT on 16.11.2009, even in that case, he would have been reverted to the parent cadre of TGT on attaining the age of 57 years. It was further argued that it is settled law that a tenure post cannot be a feeder cadre for any promotional post, and it was only because of this reason that the applicant had, with all his satisfaction, accepted his promotion to the post of PGT on 16.11.2009, for which post the feeder cadre is TGT only. It was, therefore, reiterated that the reply issued by the respondents is correct, and the applicants case can only be considered for the post of Vice Principal in his own turn, on the basis of his seniority in the feeder cadre of PGT w.e.f. 16.11.2009, and that no TGT junior to the applicant has so far been considered for promotion as Vice Principal. Accordingly, it was reiterated that the OA deserves to be dismissed.
20. We have given our anxious consideration to the facts of the case. It is quite clear that the applicant was fully in the knowledge that he is applying for the post of AEO(MMS) in the Headquarters for the administrative functions of supervising MMS Scheme, and that it was a tenure post. Since he was occupying the supervisory post having jurisdiction over the whole of the organization of NDMC, the applicant chose to continue to remain on such deputation against the tenure post of AEO (MMS). It was also not denied by the applicant either in his oral arguments, or through his rejoinder, that all through this period of 8 years, he was fully aware that even when he was serving as AEO (MMS) his seniority was being counted in his substantive capacity as TGT. The applicant has never challenged the inclusion of his name in the seniority list of TGTs in the whole period of 8 years when he was occupying the administrative post of AEO (MMS), and did not perform the teaching duties as TGT. Also, when his turn came in the regular course, he also availed of the promotion due to him as PGT, along with his counterparts, without any protest, and knowing fully well that the only feeder cadre to the posts of PGTs is the cadre of TGTs, and if he had denied his seniority being counted in the TGTs, he would not have been held to be eligible for promotion as PGT. 21. Having pocketed his promotion, as due, to the post of PGT, without any protest, the applicant cannot now be allowed to turn around and state that all through the period of 8 years, when he was performing the administrative functions of AEO (MMS), he did not enjoy his lien and substantive appointment against the post of TGTs, which made him eligible for the promotion granted to him on 16.11.2009 to the post of PGT. We also find merit in the contention of the respondents that the seniority list of AEOs was never issued in all this period of 8 years of the applicant occupying the post of AEO on tenure basis, since he was never substantively appointed to the post of AEO, and there being no person substantively appointed in the cadre of AEO, no seniority list was required to be issued by the respondents in respect of that cadre, without such a substantive appointee. In case the applicant was, all through this period of eight years, under the impression that his appointment as AEO (MMS) was in substantive capacity, as he has now pleaded through this OA, he should have challenged the non- issuance of the seniority list of AEOs at the appropriate time, at any time during all the eight years when he was occupying the post of AEO (MMS), which he did not do.
22. Even if we apply the ratio in the case of Y.V.Rangaiah (supra), we can only hold that AEOs holding substantive appointment, and seniority of 5 years as such substantive appointee, have to be held to be eligible for appointment as Vice Principal/DEO, along with PGTs with five years of seniority. When there was no substantively appointed AEO, the eligibility subset of AEOs with substantive appointment of 5 yearsseniority was a nullity. Just because the applicant was occupying the post of AEO as a tenure post, and not in a substantive capacity, he cannot be allowed to plead for his 8 years of tenure posting as AEO to be counted as 5 years substantive appointment as AEO, and be counted among those who could have formed the part of the set to be in the zone of consideration for appointment as Vice Principal/DEO. Therefore, with or without amendment of the Recruitment Rules for the posts of Vice Principal/DEO, the applicant before us cannot be allowed to claim the eligibility for appointment to the posts of Vice Principal/DEO, when he was not occupying the post of AEO in substantive capacity all these years. Therefore, the benefit of the Honble Apex Court judgment in Y.V.Rangaiah(supra) cannot be made available to the applicant, and the OA is, therefore, dismissed. But there shall be no order as to costs.
(Sudhir Kumar) (G. George Paracken)
Member (A) Member (J)
/nsnrsk/