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Genetic Diversity of the Andean Tuber-Bearing Species, Oca (Oxalis Tuberosa Mol.), Investigated by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats

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Genetic Diversity of the Andean Tuber-Bearing Species, Oca (Oxalis Tuberosa Mol.), Investigated by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats 8 Genetic diversity of the Andean tuber-bearing species, oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.), investigated by inter-simple sequence repeats A. Pissard, M. Ghislain, and P. Bertin Abstract: The Andean tuber-bearing species, Oxalis tuberosa Mol., is a vegetatively propagated crop cultivated in the uplands of the Andes. Its genetic diversity was investigated in the present study using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique. Thirty-two accessions originating from South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru) and maintained in vitro were chosen to represent the ecogeographic diversity of its cultivation area. Twenty-two primers were tested and 9 were selected according to fingerprinting quality and reproducibility. Genetic diversity analysis was performed with 90 markers. Jaccard’s genetic distance between accessions ranged from 0 to 0.49 with an average of 0.28 ± 0.08 (mean ± SD). Dendrogram (UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging)) and facto- rial correspondence analysis (FCA) showed that the genetic structure was influenced by the collection site. The two most distant clusters contained all of the Peruvian accessions, one from Bolivia, none from Argentina or Chile. Analy- sis by country revealed that Peru presented the greatest genetic distances from the other countries and possessed the highest intra-country genetic distance (0.30 ± 0.08). This suggests that the Peruvian oca accessions form a distinct ge- netic group. The relatively low level of genetic diversity in the oca species may be related to its predominating repro- duction strategy, i.e., vegetative propagation. The extent and structure of the genetic diversity of the species detailed here should help the establishment of conservation strategies. Key words: oca, Oxalis tuberosa, Andean tuber, genetic diversity, ISSR, vegetative propagation. Résumé : L’espèce andine tubéreuse, Oxalis tuberosa Mol., est une plante cultivée dans les Andes et propagée par voie végétative. La détermination de sa diversité génétique par la technique ISSR est présentée dans cet article. Trente-deux accessions provenant d’Amérique du sud (Argentine, Bolivie, Chili et Pérou) et maintenues in vitro ont été sélection- nées pour représenter la diversité eco-géographique de son aire de culture. Vingt-deux amorces ISSR ont été testées et 9 ont été sélectionnées sur base de la qualité et de la reproductibilité des empreintes génétiques obtenues. L’analyse de diversité génétique a été réalisée avec 90 marqueurs. Les distances génétiques de Jaccard entre accessions variaient de 0 à 0,49, la moyenne étant de 0,28 ± 0,08 (moyenne ± déviation standard). Le dendrogramme (méthode UPGMA) et l’analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC) ont montré que la structure génétique est influencée par la provenance géographique. Les deux groupes les plus distants contenaient toutes les accessions péruviennes, une seule provenant de Bolivie, aucune provenant d’Argentine ni du Chili. L’analyse par pays a montré que le Pérou présente les plus grandes distances génétiques vis-à-vis des autres pays et possède la diversité génétique la plus élevée (0.30 ± 0.08). Cela sug- gère que les accessions péruviennes d’oca forment un groupe génétique distinct. Le niveau de diversité génétique relati- vement bas chez cette espèce peut être mis en relation avec son mode de propagation prédominant c’est-à-dire la propagation végétative. Le niveau et la structure de la diversité génétique mis en évidence dans cette étude devraient pouvoir contribuer à la mise en place de stratégies de conservation de l’espèce. Mots clés : Oca, Oxalis tuberosa, plante à tubercule des Andes, diversité génétique, ISSR, propagation végétative. Pissard et al. 16 Introduction still forms part of the staple diet of many peasant communi- ties along the Andes. Today, oca is sporadically cultivated in Oxalis tuberosa Mol. is an Andean tuber-bearing crop all Andean countries, especially in southern Peru and species that has been cultivated since the pre-Inca times and Bolivia (Trognitz et al. 1998), although it is also found rang- Received 25 January 2005. Accepted 30 August 2005. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://genome.nrc.ca on 6 January 2006. Corresponding Editor: J.P. Gustafson. A. Pissard and P. Bertin.1 Université catholique de Louvain, département de Biologie appliquée et Productions agricoles, Ecologie des Grandes Cultures, Place Croix du Sud, 2 bte 11, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium. M. Ghislain. International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). Genome 49: 8–16 (2006) doi: 10.1139/G05-084 © 2006 NRC Canada Pissard et al. 9 ing from Venezuela to Chile. Oca is the only known The impact of the reproduction mode, cultural practices, octoploid (2n =8x = 64) member of the O. tuberosa alliance and the relative marginalisation of the oca species on its ge- group of species that comprises a polyploid series between netic diversity are not known. The determination of its ge- 2x and 8x (De Azkue and Martínez 1990). The domestica- netic diversity and its evolution are necessary steps for tion of the species happened in the central region of Peru establishing appropriate conservation strategies. The purpose and in the north of Bolivia where the highest diversity of of the present study is to develop the ISSR technique on the cultivated forms, as well as wild forms, is encountered oca genome to assess its genetic diversity. (Arbizu and Tapia 1992). Pictograms like pottery and deco- rative patterns of the old highland civilization have consti- Materials and methods tuted the best evidence of its original home (Hodge 1951). Two wild tuber-bearing taxa were recently identified as pro- Plant materials genitor candidates, Oxala picchensis R. Knuth from southern Plant materials were obtained from the in vitro germplasm Peru and an as yet unnamed taxon from Bolivia (Emshwiller collection of CIP (International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). and Doyle 2002). Cultivated forms gather together in a Thirty-two oca accessions collected from different Andean unique species that includes a large range of forms and countries (9 from each Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru and colours and many indigenous cultivars exist as a result of 5 from Chile) were examined (Table 1). The accessions were the long history of cultivation of the species (Arbizu and chosen according to their collection site (country, latitude, Tapia 1992). longitude, and altitude) to represent the ecogeographic diver- The breeding system added to the traditional farming sys- sity of its cultivation area (Fig. 1). In each country, as many tem applied by Andean peasant communities for centuries regions as possible were sampled and, within each region, must have been of primary importance for the oca genetic accessions coming from different altitude areas were chosen. diversity which has never been clearly investigated. Indeed, Since oca is cultivated widely in Peru, in several regions in the crop possesses an intact trimorphic system of genetic in- Bolivia (Lake Titicaca; Cochabamba), and in small areas in compatibility (Gibbs 1976; Trognitz and Hermann 2001) and Argentina and Chile (Altiplano region), the apparent unequal the extent of both fruit and seed production appears to be distribution of the sampled accessions between and among controlled mainly by the expression of the tristylous system countries is the consequence of the geographical and agro- of incompatibility (Trognitz et al. 1998). This autoincom- nomic reality. patibility system and the consequent cross-pollination, in ad- dition to the morphological selection applied by farmers, DNA extraction must have favoured the great diversity of colour and form of DNA was isolated from fresh leaflets tissue in the CIP tubers. Moreover, sympatry of cultivated forms and related laboratory. Several leaflets from two plants of each acces- wild forms has been observed (Arbizu and Tapia 1992). Presently, oca is propagated essentially by tubers and botani- sion were ground with liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was immediately transferred to a microfuge tube with cal seed propagation by farmers has never been observed µ (Trognitz et al. 1998). This propagation mode is likely to de- 700 L extraction buffer (100 mmol/L Tris–HCl (pH 8.0), crease the genetic diversity since the genetic recombination 2 mol/L NaCl, 2% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is avoided. However, the coexistence of different cultivars in (CTAB), 2% polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP), 20 mmol/L EDTA (pH 8.2), 1% β-mercaptoethanol) and mixed vigourously. the same field or in the neighbouring fields is a common µ practice to develop a defensive versatility against climate After 40 min incubation at 65 °C, 600 L of chlorophorm – changes, blights, and various environmental conditions. Lo- isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was added. After mixing, it was cen- cal cultivars are also conserved by the cultivation of each trifuged at 14 000 r/min for 10 min at room temperature. one in a range of microclimatic conditions (Terrazas and The aqueous phase was recovered in a new Eppendorf tube. Valdivia 1998). These agronomic practices and cultivation The extraction step with chlorophorm – isoamyl alcohol and conditions are favourable to genetic exchanges by potential the centrifugation were repeated. After addition of 550 µL cross-pollination, which could contribute sporadically to the isopropanol at –4 °C, the DNA was left to precipitate for heterozygosity of the cultivated Oxalis tuberosa germplasm 15 min at –20 °C, centrifuged at 14 000 r/min for 10 min (Gibbs 1976). and then washed twice with 500 µL ethanol (70%). Finally, µ ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) amplification uses the DNA was dissolved in 150 L TE (10 mmol/L Tris–HCl, µ anchored or non-anchored simple-sequence repeat (SSR) 1 mmol/L EDTA (pH 8.0)). After addition of 1 L RNAse, primers to amplify DNA sequences between two inverted DNA concentration and quality were estimated by running µ SSRs made up of the same sequence. It is known to differen- 1 L sample on 1% w/v agarose gel in TBE buffer along tiate between closely related individuals.
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