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Locating Feminist Progress in Professional Military Education

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Locating Feminist Progress in Professional Military Education Special Issue: Gender and the Candian Armed Forces Research Locating Feminist Progress in Professional Military Education Vanessa Brown is an assistant professor at the Dallaire benefits of incorporating feminist perspectives in Ca­ Centre of Excellence for Peace and Security within the nadian PME and demonstrates how and under what Canadian Defence Academy. She facilitates graduate conditions military graduates with this education have level learning in senior officer education programmes begun to apply gender and cultural learning to make offered by the Canadian Forces College. Vanessa local feminist interventions both within and outside teaches in the broad areas of military sociology, gender their institution. Ultimately, this research shows that and security, military leadership, operations, and collective efforts toward localized and incremental policy. Her graduate research and written work focus changes by military members are paving the way for on gender, intersectionality, and (in)security through meaningful feminist progress within the military. the domain of Professional Military Education and the institutional social dynamics of the Canadian Keywords: Canadian Armed Forces, feminist, gender, Armed Forces. intersectionality, leadership, military, Professional Mil­ itary Education Abstract: A continuing debate in feminist scholarship on gender, security, and the military has been whether e views expressed in this article are solely those of the militaries can facilitate feminist progress and be forces author. ey are not intended to reflect the views and for good. Feminists committed to working outside of values of the Department of National Defence or the Ca­ militaries note that gender perspectives have often nadian Armed Forces. is research was granted ethics been used to advance the military’s goals of winning approval by Carleton University Ethics Review Board, wars rather than commitments to feminist social which follows national standards for the conduct of re­ transformation of military institutions and societies. search involving human subjects outlined by the Tri­ However, influences from international normative Council Policy Statement. e research has also been ap­ frameworks on Women, Peace and Security; Canada’s proved through coordination with DGMPRA Social feminist foreign policy; and an emphasis on diversity Science Research Review Board, with the finding that the and inclusion within Canada’s Defence Policy have research falls under the programme evaluation category in presented the Canadian Armed Forces with a solid accordance with DAOD 5062­0 and 5062­1. platform from which it has begun to make change. e central tenets of this broad feminist platform have begun to permeate Canadian Professional Military Education (PME) through the collective efforts of educators, staff, and military students at Canada’s de­ fence colleges. Drawing on a review of policy and pro­ grammes as well as a qualitative analysis of interviews with educators, staff, and military students, the article demonstrates that feminist transformational change by military members is possible by exploring its nas­ cent reality. e article highlights the challenges and Atlantis Journal Issue 41.2 / 2020 26 s a feminist anti­racist scholar researching the in­ have increasingly privileged militaries as primary act­ A tegration of gender and cultural perspectives in ors in the provision of peace and security (Kirby and the Professional Military Education (PME) of Cana­ Sheppard 2016). us, expecting the military to do dian military personnel, I have struggled intellectually this work without feminist engagements from within and personally with the possibility for transforma­ could result in militaries pushing feminist conceptions tional change within militaries as well as the potential of peace and security even further from feminist vis­ for militaries to be “forces for good” (Duncanson and ions. While some feminists choose to forgo relation­ Woodward 2016, 13). After all, militaries are sanc­ ships with the military altogether and focus attention tioned by states to apply lethal violence. eir mem­ on collaboration and advocacy with non­government­ bers are called upon to kill or be killed (Ibid.). al organizations and civil society groups (Cockburn Historically, military violence has served to uphold the 2011), other feminists argue that it is possible to shape world’s most oppressive socially constructed systems: the content and process of military engagements in patriarchy, colonialism, imperialism, and capitalism peace and security for good (Duncanson and Wood­ (Razack 2004). ese systems of oppression are noted ward 2016). to be reproduced in militaries including the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) through intense processes of mil­ Indeed, influences from international normative itary socialization (Whitworth 2005). On the other frameworks on peace and security, Canada’s Feminist hand, militaries have been used to end conflict, pro­ Foreign Policy (adopted in 2017 following Sweden’s tect civilians, and provide humanitarian aid and disas­ lead), and a focus on gender and diversity within ter response domestically and internationally. In the Canada’s Defence Team have created a solid platform process, militaries have been engaged in improving from which the CAF has begun to make change. e women’s social, political, economic, and legal condi­ Canadian military has committed to creating an in­ tions particularly through the implementation of the clusive culture where each member is treated with dig­ Women, Peace and Security agenda, a set of United nity and respect (Chief of Defence Staff 2009). It has Nations Security Council Resolutions aimed at also committed to applying gender perspectives and achieving gender equality and addressing the analyses in all mission plans and actions (Chief of De­ disproportionate impact of crises and conflict on fence Staff 2016b). But does this change within the women and girls (Kirby and Sheppard 2016). us, military indicate feminist progress? Drawing from re­ the military’s relationship to feminist progress is com­ search on transformational change within militaries as plicated. In view of this complicated relationship, well as findings from my PhD research, I provide a might militaries be capable of transforming the very “conceptual approach to understand how, and under systems of oppression they have traditionally helped to what circumstances, militaries can change” and sup­ develop and reproduce? port feminist progress (Duncanson and Woodward 2016, 11). Feminist progress in militaries could in­ e question of whether the military can be a force for clude work towards more equitable and inclusive good continues to present a significant dilemma for working conditions for women, men, and non­binary feminists. ere has been recurring debate on whether personnel with diverse ethnicities, languages, cultures, feminist scholars should work to intervene to trans­ gender identities, sexualities, and abilities. Feminist form the inner workings of militaries in hopes of mak­ progress through military engagements could mean ing feminist change from within (Duncanson and exploring the military’s role in the facilitation of Woodward 2016). Some feminists committed to gender equality in societies and pursuing ways and working outside of militaries note that feminist goals means to prevent violence against the most marginal­ of gender equality are often eclipsed by institutional ized groups in Canada, and societies abroad. More goals of operational effectiveness and winning wars broadly, feminist progress through military engage­ (Cockburn 2011). However, international organiza­ ment could mean working to understand how tions such as the United Nations (UN) as well as states policies, plans, and actions of the Canadian military Atlantis Journal Issue 41.2 / 2020 27 could lead to inclusive security and enduring peace for education on the critical race, feminist, and intersec­ all people. tional theories behind Gender­based Analysis Plus (GBA+; described in greater detail below) is necessary I argue that feminist progress of this sort is possible for military professionals to fully understand how to with concerted efforts to support military professionals apply this tool. In addition, my research illuminates in learning about the root causes of social, political, how the incorporation of gender and cultural perspect­ and economic inequality in the military and societies, ives in curriculum helps military members to achieve and the military’s role in facilitating change. I posit the military’s commitments to the Women, Peace and that military members can be important agents for Security agenda (Chief of Defence Staff 2016b). is change when: they become aware of and work to con­ institutionally mandated feminist progress (Ibid.) re­ front masculinist institutional norms and oppressive quires the calibre of feminist training and education intersectional social orders (Razack 2004; Taber 2015); only made possible through the concerted efforts of they commit to a process of “regendering” to redefine military and civilian faculty and staff. the soldierly identity as inclusive of femininities, mas­ culinities, women, men, and non­binary people, as is article demonstrates that transformational change well as racialized, sexual, and linguistic diversity within the military is possible by empirically exploring (Duncanson and Woodward 2016); they reframe pro­ its nascent reality. In the first section, I build the case fessionalism around principles of
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