Making Sense of China's Missile Forces
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Subnational Debt of China: the Politics-Finance Nexus*
Subnational Debt of China: The Politics-Finance Nexus* HAOYU GAO, HONG RU and DRAGON YONGJUN TANG September 12, 2017 Abstract Using comprehensive proprietary loan-level data, we analyze the borrowing and defaults of local governments in China. Contrary to conventional wisdom, policy bank loans to local governments have significantly lower default rates than commercial bank loans with similar characteristics. Policy bank loans are relatively more important for local politician’s career advancement. Distressed local governments often strategically choose to default on loans from commercial banks. This selection is more pronounced after the abrupt ending of the “four trillion” stimulus when China started tightening local government borrowing. Our findings shed light on potential approach to hardening budget constraint for local government. JEL Codes: G21, G32, H74 * Haoyu Gao, Central University of Finance and Economics, 39 South College Road, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100081, China; [email protected]. Hong Ru, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798; [email protected]. Dragon Yongjun Tang, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; [email protected]. We thank Warren Bailey, Patrick Bolton, Anna Cieslak, Jinquan Duan, Di Gong, Brett Green, Zhiguo He, Harrison Hong, Sheng Huang, Liangliang Jiang, Bo Li, Hao Liang, Jose Liberti, Ruichang Lu, Wenlan Qian, Jay Ritter, Jose Scheinkman, Victor Shih, Michael Song, Mark Spiegel, Chenggang Xu, Xiaoyun Yu, Weina Zhang, Li-An Zhou, Hao Zhou, staff at China Development -
Prepared by Textore, Inc. Peter Wood, David Yang, and Roger Cliff November 2020
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES CAPABILITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Prepared by TextOre, Inc. Peter Wood, David Yang, and Roger Cliff November 2020 Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN 9798574996270 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute Cover art is "J-10 fighter jet takes off for patrol mission," China Military Online 9 October 2018. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-10/09/content_9305984_3.htm E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI https://twitter.com/CASI_Research @CASI_Research https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. -
Distributed Scatterer Insar Reveals Surface Motion of the Ancient Chaoshan Residence Cluster in the Lianjiang Plain, China
Article Distributed Scatterer InSAR Reveals Surface Motion of the Ancient Chaoshan Residence Cluster in the Lianjiang Plain, China Yuzhou Liu 1, Peifeng Ma 1,2,3,*, Hui Lin 1,4,5, Weixi Wang 2,6 and Guoqiang Shi 1 1 Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; [email protected](Y.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (G.S.) 2 Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China 4 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518063, China 5 Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 6 Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +852-3943-4407 Received: 14 December 2018; Accepted: 15 January 2019; Published: 16 January 2019 Abstract: The Lianjiang Plain in China and ancient villages distributed within the plain are under the potential threat of surface motion change, but no effective monitoring strategy currently exists. Distributed Scatterer InSAR (DSInSAR) provides a new high-resolution method for the precise detection of surface motion change. In contrast to the first-generation of time-series InSAR methodology, the distributed scatterer-based method focuses both on pointwise targets with high phase stability and distributed targets with moderate coherence, the latter of which is more suitable for the comprehensive environment of the Lianjiang Plain. -
Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 23 Issue 3 2002 Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China Randall Peerenboom University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Randall Peerenboom, Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China, 23 MICH. J. INT'L L. 471 (2002). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol23/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LET ONE HUNDRED FLOWERS BLOOM, ONE HUNDRED SCHOOLS CONTEND: DEBATING RULE OF LAW IN CHINAt Randall Peerenboom* I. THIN VERSIONS OF RULE OF LAW ................................................ 477 A. Advantages of Thin Theories................................................ 480 B. Normative Concerns About Thin Theories and the Relation Between Thin and Thick Theories .................... 482 II. FOUR IDEAL TYPES: STATIST SOCIALIST, NEO-AUTHORITARIAN, COMMUNITARIAN, LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC .................................... 486 A . The Economic Regim e ......................................................... -
World Bank-Financed Jiangxi Poyang Lake Basin and Ecological
E4011 V4 rev World Bank-financed Jiangxi Poyang Lake Basin and Ecological Economic Zone Small Town Development Demonstration Public Disclosure Authorized Project Environmental Codes of Practice For Public Disclosure Authorized Bridge and Culvert Public Disclosure Authorized Institute of Poyang Lake Eco-economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Public Disclosure Authorized Economics Beijing Huaqing Lishui Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. Environmental Engineering Technology Development Center, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences September 2012 Jiangxi Environmental Codes of Practice for Bridge and Culvert Table of Contents 1 PREFACE .................................................................................................................. 1 2 MAIN CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT ............................................................... 1 3 KEY POINTS OF DESIGN ..................................................................................... 6 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE IN CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 7 4.2 MANAGEMENT ON THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT ................ 10 4.3 RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES ..................................................... 11 4.4 ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES OF DANGEROUS WASTES AND FLAMMABLE & EXPLOSIVE ARTICLES ............................................................................................... -
Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33745 SUMMARY RL33745 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) September 30, 2021 Program: Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O'Rourke The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense Specialist in Naval Affairs Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as North Korea and Iran. MDA’s FY2022 budget submission states that “by the end of FY 2022 there will be 48 total BMDS [BMD system] capable ships requiring maintenance support.” The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA’s budget. The Navy’s budget provides additional funding for BMD-related efforts. MDA’s proposed FY2021 budget requested a total of $1,647.9 million (i.e., about $1.6 billion) in procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania. MDA’s budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) funding for the Aegis BMD program. Issues for Congress regarding the Aegis BMD program include the following: whether to approve, reject, or modify MDA’s annual procurement and research and development funding requests for the program; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the execution of Aegis BMD program efforts; what role, if any, the Aegis BMD program should play in defending the U.S. -
A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK
Occasional Paper No. 2 A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. Monitoring Proliferation Threats Project MONTEREY INSTITUTE CENTER FOR NONPROLIFERATION STUDIES OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE CENTER FOR NONPROLIFERATION STUDIES The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS) is the largest non-governmental organization in the United States devoted exclusively to research and training on nonproliferation issues. Dr. William C. Potter is the director of CNS, which has a staff of more than 50 full- time personnel and 65 student research assistants, with offices in Monterey, CA; Washington, DC; and Almaty, Kazakhstan. The mission of CNS is to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction by training the next generation of nonproliferation specialists and disseminating timely information and analysis. For more information on the projects and publications of CNS, contact: Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies 425 Van Buren Street Monterey, California 93940 USA Tel: 831.647.4154 Fax: 831.647.3519 E-mail: [email protected] Internet Web Site: http://cns.miis.edu CNS Publications Staff Editor Jeffrey W. Knopf Managing Editor Sarah J. Diehl Copyright © Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., 1999. OCCASIONAL PAPERS AVAILABLE FROM CNS: No. 1 Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future, by Gulbarshyn Bozheyeva, Yerlan Kunakbayev, and Dastan Yeleukenov, June 1999 No. 2 A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK, by Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., November 1999 No. 3 Nonproliferation Regimes at Risk, Michael Barletta and Amy Sands, eds., November 1999 Please contact: Managing Editor Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies 425 Van Buren Street Monterey, California 93940 USA Tel: 831.647.3596 Fax: 831.647.6534 A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK [Note: Page numbers given do not correctly match pages in this PDF version.] Contents Foreword ii by Timothy V. -
Phillip Saunders Testimony
Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China’s Nucle ar Force s June 10, 2021 Phillip C. Saunders Director, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute of National Strategic Studies, National Defense University The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government. Introduction The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is in the midst of an ambitious strategic modernization that will transform its nuclear arsenal from a limited ground-based nuclear force intended to provide an assured second strike after a nuclear attack into a much larger, technologically advanced, and diverse nuclear triad that will provide PRC leaders with new strategic options. China also fields an increasing number of dual-capable medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles whose status within a future regional crisis or conflict may be unclear, potentially casting a nuclear shadow over U.S. and allied military operations. In addition to more accurate and more survivable delivery systems, this modernization includes improvements to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) and strategic intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) systems that will provide PRC leaders with greater situational awareness in a crisis or conflict. These systems will also support development of ballistic missile defenses (BMD) and enable possible shifts in PRC nuclear -
HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare
Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare Bern, 15 May 2009 Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University © 2009 The President and Fellows of Harvard College ISBN: 978-0-9826701-0-1 No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed in any form without the prior consent of the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Con- fl ict Research at Harvard University. This restriction shall not apply for non-commercial use. A product of extensive consultations, this document was adopted by consensus of an international group of experts on 15 May 2009 in Bern, Switzerland. This document does not necessarily refl ect the views of the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Confl ict Research or of Harvard University. Program on Humanitarian Policy and Confl ict Research Harvard University 1033 Massachusett s Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, MA 02138 United States of America Tel.: 617-384-7407 Fax: 617-384-5901 E-mail: [email protected] www.hpcrresearch.org | ii Foreword It is my pleasure and honor to present the HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare. This Manual provides the most up-to-date restatement of exist- ing international law applicable to air and missile warfare, as elaborated by an international Group of Experts. As an authoritative restatement, the HPCR Manual contributes to the practical understanding of this important international legal framework. The HPCR Manual is the result of a six-year long endeavor led by the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Confl ict Research at Harvard University (HPCR), during which it convened an international Group of Experts to refl ect on existing rules of international law applicable to air and missile warfare. -
Air-Directed Surface-To-Air Missile Study Methodology
H. T. KAUDERER Air-Directed Surface-to-Air Missile Study Methodology H. Todd Kauderer During June 1995 through September 1998, APL conducted a series of Warfare Analysis Laboratory Exercises (WALEXs) in support of the Naval Air Systems Command. The goal of these exercises was to examine a concept then known as the Air-Directed Surface-to-Air Missile (ADSAM) System in support of Navy Overland Cruise Missile Defense. A team of analysts and engineers from APL and elsewhere was assembled to develop a high-fidelity, physics-based engineering modeling process suitable for understanding and assessing the performance of both individual systems and a “system of systems.” Results of the initial ADSAM Study effort served as the basis for a series of WALEXs involving senior Flag and General Officers and were subsequently presented to the (then) Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. (Keywords: ADSAM, Cruise missiles, Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense, Modeling and simulation, Overland Cruise Missile Defense.) INTRODUCTION In June 1995 the Naval Air Systems Command • Developing an analytical methodology that tied to- (NAVAIR) asked APL to examine the Air-Directed gether a series of previously distinct, “stovepiped” Surface-to-Air Missile (ADSAM) System concept for high-fidelity engineering models into an integrated their Overland Cruise Missile Defense (OCMD) doc- system that allowed the detailed analysis of a “system trine. NAVAIR was concerned that a number of impor- of systems” tant air defense–related decisions were being made -
World Bank Document
Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: ICR00004880 Public Disclosure Authorized IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT IBRD 82340-CN ON A LOAN FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$150 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CN-JIANGXI POYANG LAKE BASIN AND ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC ZONE SMALL TOWN Public Disclosure Authorized DEVELOPMENT PROJECT June 27, 2020 Water Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective December 31, 2019) Currency Unit = Renminbi (RMB) RMB 6.96 = US$1 US$0.14 = RMB 1 FISCAL YEAR July 1 – June 30 Regional Vice President: Victoria Kwakwa Country Director: Martin Raiser Regional Director: Benoit Bosquet Practice Manager: Sudipto Sarkar Task Team Leader(s): Xiaokai Li, Qi Tian ICR Main Contributor: Si Gou, Qi Tian ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPF Country Partnership Framework CPS Country Partnership Strategy DRC Development and Reform Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ERR Economic Rate of Return FYP Five-Year Plan GoC Government of China ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MTR Midterm Review O&M Operation and Maintenance PAD Project Appraisal Document PDO Project Development Objective PLEEZ Poyang Lake Ecological and Economic Zone PLG Project Leading Group PMO Project Management Office PPMO Provincial Project Management Office RF Results Framework RP Resettlement Plan SDG Sustainable Development Goal ToC Theory of Change VOC Vehicle Operating Cost TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA SHEET ........................................................................................................................... -
China Center Annual Report — Building U.S.-China Bridges Since 1979 — a University of Minnesota Delegation Visiting China in 1980
2018–2019 China Center Annual Report — Building U.S.-China Bridges Since 1979 — A University of Minnesota delegation visiting China in 1980 In 2019, the China Center marks 40 years of building and strengthening relationships with partners, sharing and exploring cultures, and exchanging people and ideas . Contents From the Executive Director . 1 Campus Support . .. 2-3 Scholarships and Exchanges . 4-5 Community Engagement . .. 6-9 Training Programs . 10-11 40 Years of Building U .S .-China Bridges . 12-15 China Office . 16-17 Contributors . 18-19 Corporate and Government Relations . 20 About Us . 21 Note about Chinese names: The China Center’s policy is to list an individual’s name according to the custom of the place where they live (e.g., family name first for a person who lives in China). From the Executive Director 主任致辞 Dear Friends, 亲爱的朋友们: As we mark the 40th anniversary of 当中国中心步入四十周年之际,我们 the China Center, we look back at all 回顾往昔、庆祝多年来携手取得的成 we have accomplished together and 就。与此同时,我们也在这美中关系 celebrate our successes . At the same 的非常时刻,瞩目未来的需求。当今 time, we are anticipating the needs of 世界,两国关系日趋紧张,而当此之 the future in this time of challenging 际,中国中心身负使命、继续在两国 U .S .-China relations . The relationship 之间架起桥梁,其意义则是前所未有 between our two countries has 之重。 become ever more fractious, making 美中两国历经风风雨雨,而明尼苏达 it more vital than ever that the China 大学与中国的深情厚谊从未断绝。这 Center continues to fulfill its mission 其中离不开中国中心的努力。在明尼 of building U .S .-China bridges . 苏达大学与中国悠久交流历史的基础 Our countries have gone through 上,中国中心建立并加强了明大与合 difficult times before, but the University 作伙伴的关系、共享和探索文化、促 of Minnesota’s strong relationship 进两国人民与观念的交流——正因如 with China has endured .