DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Hawai'i Library

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Hawai'i Library UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY BEYOND THE SCl-llSM: TEACHERS' UNIONS AND THE REVISION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF EDUCATION IN JAPAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2008 By Yoko I. Wang Thesis Committee: Patricia G. Steinhoff, Chairperson Lonny E. Carlile Petrice R. Flowers We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion. it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Asian Studies. THESIS COMMITIEE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Patricia G. Steinhoff. Without her expertise and dedicated guidance this thesis would not have been possible. I admire her all-rounded scholarship and incomparable enthusiasm in teaching, as well as her warm support for her students. I am most privileged that I can continue my studies with her here at University ofHawai'i at Minoa, as a new doctorate student in Sociology. I would also like to thank my committee members, Professor Lonny E. Carlile and Professor Petrice R. Flowers. The courses provided by Professor Carlile have always been my inspiration, and his guidance based on his expertise in Japanese labor movement has been the greatest resource for my newly developing academic interest My first Political Science course with Professor Flowers challenged my view of Japanese politics intellectually, and it was one of my favorite classes in my Master's program. I would also like to thank Mr. ShOji Kitano, for sending me precious primary sources from Japan on his personal expenses. His generous support certainly enriched this Master's research, as it did not have the opportunity of fieldwork. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Mr. Hiroshi llda and Mrs. Emiko Iida. There is little doubt that my family environment has been the most determining factor in motivating me to study the subject of Japanese teachers' union movement iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements •...........•...........•.........••.•...........•...•.•........•....•...•......•.•........••..•••.•..••.•••.... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter I: Introduction and Methods Unions in a Vertical Society?: Labor Movements in Post-WWTI Japan •.•.••.••. .1 Nikky6s0: Teachers' Union Movement in Post-WWTI Japan •••.•.••..•••••..••...•••••..••. 6 Analyzing Opposition Campaigns: Social Movement Theories and the .............. 14 FLE Revision Methods .•..••.•..•..••••...•..•.••.•........•.............••.................•...............•....•.................••..... 20 Chapter 2: NikkyGso, 1947-1989 Fights between NikkyGso and the Conservatives .................................................. 22 Membership Decline and the Schism ofNikky6s0 ................................................ 30 Chapter 3: Reconstruction ofthe Union Identity Rengl): Characteristics and Orientation .......•............................•....................••..•••.. 38 Rengo: Unity or Division? ....................................................................................... 41 Reconstruction of the Union Identity .................................................................... 44 Chapter 4: Opposition Campaigns against the FLE Revision ............................................ 48 The Case: Revision of the Fundamental Law of Education .................................. 50 Central Rallies Zenkyo and Nikkyoso 's Central Rallies .................................................... 54 Outside Network Groups and Their Central Rallies ............................... 56 Joint Struggles at the Local Level. .......................................................................... 59 Hokkaido .................................................................................................... 60 Tokyo ........................................................................................................... 6I Nagano ....................................................................................................... 62 Miyagi ........................................................................................................ 63 Caravan Campaign.................................................................................................. 64 Shared Views, Different Audiences ....................................................................... 65 Chapter 5: Conclusion Perpetual Factionalism in Japanese Labor Movement .......................................... 70 Contribution oflntemational Norms to the Process of the FLE Revision .•.....•... 72 Social Movement Theories and the Case of Japanese Teachers' Union .............. 74 Movement Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 78 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. The Change of Teachers' Unions' Membership .•.•.•....••...............•..•..•........ 36 2. After the Schism: Teachers' Union Membership in 1992 ......•..............•.... 37 3. Date and Size of Central Rallies held by Nikkyoso and Zenk:yo ...........•.... 55 4. Date & Size ofKyokiren's Central Events ................................................ 58 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure ~ 1. Offe's Model of Union Mobilization .............•..•..........................•...........•... 3 2. Evolution of Teachers' Unions in Post-WWII Japan ...••.•.....•...................... 8 3. Evolution of Political Parties of Japan ....................................................... 34 4. Evolution of National Union Federations in Post-WWII Japan ........•.•.....•. 35 5. The Opposition Rally at the Meiji Park, Tokyo ............•.....•..•................•.•. 54 vi CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION AND MEmODS Unions in a Vertical Sodety?: Labor Movements in Post-wwn Japan Huw does inequality persist in a society where equality should have been institutionaliwl as an element of basic citizenship? To answer such a question, Claus Offe argues, we must not be blinded by such popular concepts as "interest group" that Instead, Offe suggests, we have to closely look at the reality of people's lives in the society in which they operate and see how the social structure allows inequality to persist. 1'bus. in hisessa.y "Two Logics of Collective Action." OtIe'sanalysis is fncngeA on the fundamentally different patterns of communication exercised by capital and labor. According to Offe, becanse capital and labor have conflicting interests in iruJuslrial socictWs, they also have cOJ'l.tnrsting patterns ofc.mpmtmication tPrough which. they define their interests. While capital has rather self-evident interest and purpose and therefore only needs a "monological" communication process to define its interests, labor basmnltip1e. oftenooutlicting interestsamong itsgmup (presumably a union) membership and thus the members are required to have a "dialogical" communication process to define their interests in order to achieve consensus and unity.2 As an individual his or her employer, moreover, maintaining unity is the only way for labor to be able to 1 Claus Offe. "Two logics of Collective Action," In Disorganized Capitalism: Contemporary nU11O.fmmations ajWorktmdPri/itir:$. (Caillb,idge, Maslr.TheMffl'nlss, 19I5), t"ffl..22(t 2 ibid., 198 1 confront capital. At the same time, Offe also points out, "for the sake of their power, unions are foroedto maintain a precarious balaooe bet!' : en znobjlkarion ofWSOU«leS and mobilization of activity, between size and collective identity, and between bureaucracy (which allows them to accumulate power) and internal democracy (which allows them to exercise power)" {empbeSfl'l uumginatj. This me ns that the power of a union doesoot necessarily increase as its size does, because it is a 'union' of multiple interests, which has to maintain its membership's motivational power that tends to be weakened once it becomes too bureaucratic and thus internal democmcyis andu ired Consequently, whereas labor needs a union to represent their collective interest, a union has to maintain an appropriate size and internal dynamics. On the other hand, capital is simply stronger when it is Digger. Thus, in mauy iRdustriesunbpl'l"Ced power reIationsbetw«mcapitBl 3 and labor persist. (see Figure 1) : 3 Offe, 187 2 Figure 1. Offe's Model of Union Mobilization Material resources (potential of power) , J''­ +/'1----__.. ' ' "'-, + .,. i M. Weber, ~/+'. DiVCISity of !....---+~E~~a§] c:'''~ Size r- interests I' - :Michels Power '------'\ ~I Democracy I / - \o\lson :lL,,/( Motivational resources ,/ , ,(Exercise of.powcr) Source: Claus Offe. Disorganized Capitalism: Contemporary Transformations ofWork and Politics. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1985, 187, Fugure 7.3. In addition to such perpetual antagonism between capital and labor, Offe continues, we must not forget the role that the state plays, mostly in favor of capital, as .their ,interests are common in.maintaining the existing ·social.structurewhere·they·occupy a privileged position economically and politically. This insight ofOffe is to be considered when we examine labor movements in a particular country, in this present study, Japan. In·her famous·book Japanese Society, Nakane·Chie·demonstrates·the ·vertical social structure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Collective Employee Representation Systems in France and Japan1
    Isabelle VERRET ROUSSEL Research Fellow COLLECTIVE EMPLOYEE REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS IN JAPAN AND FRANCE August 9th 2006 1 First Part: The characteristics of employee representation systems in Japan and France .............................................................................................................................. 7 I. The traditional form of employee representation systems: labor unions........................ 7 A. The organizations of labor unions ...................................................................................................7 B. The features and functions of labor unions....................................................................................11 C. The structure of labor unions.........................................................................................................18 Conclusions on the characteristics of labor unions in each country:..................................................21 II. The evolution of employee representation systems........................................................ 22 A. The development of non-union representation systems in Japan ..................................................22 B. The recognition of new actors for negotiations in France .............................................................25 III. The role of the government in the relations between labor and management representatives ....................................................................................................................... 27 A. The indirect and guiding
    [Show full text]
  • Murakami Haruki's Short Fiction and the Japanese Consumer Society By
    Murakami Haruki’s Short Fiction and the Japanese Consumer Society By © 2019 Jacob Clements B.A. University of Northern Iowa, 2013 Submitted to the graduate degree program in East Asian Language and Cultures and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ___________________________ Chair: Dr. Elaine Gerbert ___________________________ Dr. Margaret Childs ___________________________ Dr. Ayako Mizumura Date Defended: 19 April 2019 The thesis committee for Jacob Clements certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Murakami Haruki’s Short Fiction and the Japanese Consumer Society _________________________ Chair: Dr. Elaine Gerbert Date Approved: 16 May 2019 ii Abstract This thesis seeks to describe the Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki’s continuing critique of Japan’s modern consumer-oriented society in his fiction. The first chapter provides a brief history of Japan’s consumer-oriented society, beginning with the Meiji Restoration and continuing to the 21st Century. A literature review of critical works on Murakami’s fiction, especially those on themes of identity and consumerism, makes up the second chapter. Finally, the third chapter introduces three of Murakami Haruki’s short stories. These short stories, though taken from three different periods of Murakami’s career, can be taken together to show a legacy of critiquing Japan’s consumer-oriented society. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Maggie Childs and Dr. Ayako Mizumura, for their guidance and support throughout my Master's degree process. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Elaine Gerbert her guidance throughout my degree and through the creation of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Japanese Employment Relations
    The Transformation of Japanese Employment Relations 9780230_209084_01_prexiv.indd i 11/25/2010 8:21:42 PM 9780230_209084_01_prexiv.indd ii 11/25/2010 8:21:43 PM The Transformation of Japanese Employment Relations Reform without Labor Jun Imai Assistant Professor, Center for the Study of Social Stratification and Inequality, Tohoku University 9780230_209084_01_prexiv.indd iii 11/25/2010 8:21:43 PM © Jun Imai 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Labor Situation in Japan 2001/2002
    The Japan Institute of Labour The Japan Institute of Labour (JIL) is engaged in the comprehensive research and study of labor problems, collecting and classifying information and data both domesti- cally and internationally, and publicizing them. Another important role of JIL is to inform labor, management and the general public in order to deepen understanding and knowledge of labor problems (Article 1, the Japan Institute of Labour Law). 1. Comprehensive Research and Study on Labor Issues Amid rapid changes in industry and the employment structure in recent years and drastic development of the international community, such as the end of the Cold War, labor issues are becoming increasingly complicated and diversified. In order to cope with such changes, the JIL carries out comprehensive research and study from mid- and long-term perspectives. (1) Research and study for the purpose of providing foundations for assessing, analyzing, and planning of labor policies. (2) Research and study for supporting workers’ efforts to find an appropriate job. (3) Research and study for providing foundations for forming mutual understanding between labor and management. 2. Collection and Provision of Information on Labor Issues The Institute provides you with various types of labor-related information, systematically collected in Japan and overseas, through the Internet, newspapers, books, videos and other media. (1) Provision of information via the Internet (2) Operation of an open center of specialized books and materials (3) Issuance of various publications 3. International Exchanges that Promote Understanding of Labor Issues With progress in international cooperation and the rapid globalization of economies, it is increasingly vital that international mutual understanding be further enhanced.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual on Labor-Management Relations (2014)
    Manual on Labor-Management Relations: Japanese Experiences and Best Practices Manual on Labor-Management Relations: Japanese Experiences and Best Practices 2014 Manual on Labor-Management Relations: Japanese Experiences and Best Practices First published in Japan by Asian Productivity Organization Leaf Square Hongo Building, 2F 1-24-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan www.apo-tokyo.org © 2014 Asian Productivity Organization The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) or any APO member. The APO is not responsible for the accuracy, usability, and safety of its contents. All rights reserved. None of the contents of this publication may be used, reproduced, stored, or transferred in any form or by any means for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the APO. ISBN 978-92-833-2454-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-92-833-2455-3 (PDF) 200.10.2014 Designed and Printed by Joho Print Corporation, Japan CONTENTS FOREWORD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii SPECIAL MESSAGE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix 1. THE JAPANESE STYLE OF LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS ………………………………… 1 1-1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1-2. Concepts and Characteristics of Labor-Management Relations …………………………………… 1 1-2-1. Broad Meaning of Labor-Management Relations …………………………………………………… 1 1-2-2. Characteristics and Features of Labor-Management Relations ……………………………… 2 1-3. Background of the Formation of the Japanese Style of Labor-Management Relations 3 1-3-1. A New Phase of Economic Development ………………………………………………………………… 3 1-3-2. Intense Labor-Management Conflicts …………………………………………………………………… 4 1-4. Background of the Formation of the Japanese Style of Labor-Management Relations 8 1-4-1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of the Japanese Labor Movement Takano Fusatarō
    The Birth of the Japanese Labor Movement Takano Fusatarō. (Courtesy of Iwanami Shoten) The Birth of the Japanese Labor Movement TAKANO FUSATARŌ AND THE RŌDŌ KUMIAI KISEIKAI Stephen E. Marsland Open Access edition funded by the National En- dowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non- commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/li- censes/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Creative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copy- righted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824883874 (PDF) 9780824883867 (EPUB) This version created: 5 September, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1989 University of Hawaii Press All Rights Reserved CONTENTS Preface ix 1 The Setting 1 2 Takano Fusatarō 46 3 Birth of the Labor Movement 62 4 The Metalworkers’ Union 74 5 Growth of the Labor Movement 87 6 The Turning Point 112 7 Crisis and Collapse 126 8 Legacy of the Movement 148 Appendixes 159 A Constitution of the Alliance for Industrial Organization 161 B Constitution of the Tokyo Ship Carpenters’ Union 167 C “A Summons to the Workers” 172 D Rules of the Rōdō Kumiai Kiseikai 180 E Constitution of the Metalworkers’ Union 183 F Constitution of the Reform Society 195 G Printers’ Friendly Association Rules 201 H Proposed Factory Law of 1898 204 I Constitution of the Printers’ Union 211 J Reference Tables 220 Notes 225 Bibliography 249 Index 267 viii PREFACE This work has two purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Relations in the United States and Japan: the Role of the Enterprise in Labor-Management Relations
    Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 9 Number 3 Article 3 6-1-1987 Labor Relations in the United States and Japan: The Role of the Enterprise in Labor-Management Relations Derek H. Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Derek H. Wilson, Labor Relations in the United States and Japan: The Role of the Enterprise in Labor- Management Relations, 9 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 577 (1987). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol9/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Labor Relations In The United States And Japan: The Role Of The Enterprise In Labor-Management Relations DEREK H. WILSON* I. INTRODUCTION The image of Japanese labor relations is one of harmony and co- operation between management and labor. American business man- agers, among others, have looked enviously at the ability of their Japanese counterparts to avoid the degree of industrial unrest so often encountered in this country's industrial relations. Indeed, many com- mentators have argued that only by studying and applying Japanese management principles may the United States maintain its dominant position in the world economy. Uncritical endorsement of this ap- proach, however, could prove both difficult and ultimately damaging to American labor relations.
    [Show full text]
  • National Factors and Employment Relations in Japan Prepared By
    National Factors and Employment Relations in Japan Prepared by Dev Raj Adhikari Central Department of Management Tribhuvan University Email: [email protected] Submitted to: Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training, Tokyo Japan March 28, 2005 Executive Summary A number of changes have occurred in the management of employment relations practices as triggered by the changes in the Japanese national factors—national institutions, labour market, national culture and business and economy. Available Anglo-Saxon literature provides abundant evidence that changes in these national factors in the past had jolted the three prevailing sacred aspects of Japanese employment relations— life-time employment, seniority based system and enterprise-based unions. Realizing this fact, this study attempts to examine the influence of national factors on employment relations practices in Japanese companies. National institutions, in this study, refer to government rules and regulations, educational system, unions and employers’ associations. The government is deregulating its role of protectionism. Educational institutions have played roles to provide cooperative, disciplined and committed manpower. However, there is increasing demand to reform the educational system to support creativity and innovation. In the process of economic development in post-war Japan, the role of trade unions remained highly significant. However, the current rate of unionization is declining due to new developments in internal and external labour markets, changing government policies and declining interest of young recruits to join unions. The role of employers’ associations is highly regarded to strengthen relations with unions and government. Japanese society is recognized as one of the highly cultured societies. The main value system existing in the society is cooperation, collectivism, harmony, respect for seniors and hard-work.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Karoshi Activism in a Corporate- Centered Society: Medical, Legal, and Housewife Activist Collaborations in Constructing Death from Overwork in Japan
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Anti-Karoshi Activism in a Corporate- Centered Society: Medical, Legal, and Housewife Activist Collaborations in Constructing Death from Overwork in Japan A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Rika Morioka Committee in charge: Professor Christena Turner, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Steven Epstein Professor Richard Madsen Professor Masao Miyoshi Professor Laurence Palinkas 2008 Copyright Rika Morioka, 2008 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Rika Morioka is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page………………………………………………………………….... iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… iv List of Tables and Figures………………………………………………………. v Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………. vi Vita……………………………………………………………………………….. vii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… vii Chapter 1 Introduction…..………………………………………………………. 1 I. Death of a Worker………….. ……………………………………...…….... 2 II. Background………………………………………………………………... 5 III. Anti-Karoshi Activism……………………………………………….……. 11 IV. Theoretical
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Labor Market in a Comparative Perspective with the United States
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 347 346 CE 061 584 AUTHOR Hashimoto, Masanori TITLE The Japanese Labor Market in a Comparative Perspective with the United States. A Transaction-Cost Interpretation. INSTITUTION Upjohn (W.E,) Inst. for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, Mich. REPORT NO ISBN-0-88099-104-6 PUB DATE 90 NOTE 160p. AVAILABLE FROMW. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 300 South Westnedge Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 (paperback ISBN 0-88099-104-6: $15; hardcover ISBN 0-88099-103-8: $25). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Adults; Capitalism; Communication (Thought Transfer); Developed Nations; *Economic Development; Economic Factors; *Economics; *Employer Employee Relationship; Foreign Countries; kHuman Capital; L.vestment; *Labor Market; *Socioeconomic Influences IDENTIFIERS *Japan; United States ABSTRACT A comparison is made of some of the notable features of the Japanese and U.S. labor markets. In Japan,as compared to the United States, for example, levels of employment tenureare higher, employer-employee attachment stronger, earnings-tenure profilesmore steeply sloped, layoffs and dismissals much less frequent, andjoint consultation and consensus-based decision makingmore common. To bring together these phenomena in a single conceptual framework,a theory is formulated that incorporates transaction-cost (communication cost) considerations into human capitaltheory. The theory draws a distinction between two types of investments: investments in firm-specific technical skills and investmentsin the reliability of information exchanged between employerand employees and among employees. This latter type of investmenttakes place in the Japanese practices. It is hypothesized thatthere are more investments in Japan than in the United States because, forvarious reasons, the investment costs are lower in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essence and Challenges of Industrial Relations in Japan
    Journal of Business and Economics, ISSN 2155-7950, USA December 2017, Volume 8, No. 12, pp. 977-988 DOI: 10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/12.08.2017/001 © Academic Star Publishing Company, 2017 http://www.academicstar.us Subtheme: “Toward Better Industrial Relations in the Future” — The Essence and Challenges of Industrial Relations in Japan Hak-soo Oh (The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training, Japan) Abstract: I expect this paper will provide debate materials to contribute to a better understanding of the essence and challenges of industrial relations in Japan. I will separate industrial relations into those at large companies and those at small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), showing the ideal types respectively, and I would like to discuss the content and the historical formation processes of these. Key words: labor-management communication; management resources; industrial relations JEL codes: L 1. The Structure of Industrial Relations in Japan Industrial relations in Japan have basically been formed and developed in individual company. Enterprise-based unions have played very critical role in industrial relations. Enterprise-based unions exercise the three labor rights: the right for workers to organize, to bargain collectively, and to act collectively. The right for workers to organize is guaranteed primarily by union shop agreements (Ministry of Health, 2012)1. According to these agreements, company employees, except for certain persons such as management, automatically become union members. Persons who are not employees of the company are unable to become members of the enterprise-based union. Collective bargaining rights are intended to be exercised to determine wages and other working conditions, and spring offensive, Shunto in Japanese is well known as a typical example of exercising collective bargaining rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Employee Representation in Japanese Family and Non-Family Smes
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Employee representation in japanese family and non-family SMEs Matsuura, Tsukasa and Noda, Tomohiko Chuo University, Osaka Prefecture University 23 September 2017 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81539/ MPRA Paper No. 81539, posted 27 Sep 2017 04:46 UTC Employee Representation in Japanese Family and Non-Family SMEs Tsukasa Matsuura, Tomohiko Noda Abstract This paper analyzes differences in the effects of employee representations between family firms and non-family firms. First, managers from non-family firms have a more favorable response towards unions as organizations than managers from family firms. Managers from family firms tend to regard unions as harmful to their management, because unions may bring in outsiders, to the detriment of the management. Second, voice-oriented employee associations tend to exist more in non-family firms than in family ones. Third, these associations have a voice effect suppressing turnover rates in non-family firms, though not in family ones. Key Word: Family Firm, Employee Representation, Industrial Rotations, Exit-Voice Model JEL Classification Code: J53, J63, L20 Associate Professor, Chuo University [email protected] Professor, Osaka Prefectural University [email protected] 1 1. Introduction Most of the existing literature on industrial relations tend to target large firms rather than small ones in spite of the significance to shed light on the latter in Japan as well as in Western countries. As a result, industrial relations in Japanese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been invisible. This is by no means a small problem.
    [Show full text]