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20. Breeding Practices in the Merino Industry
20. Breeding Practices in the Merino Industry Andrew Swan Learning objectives On completion of this topic you should understand: • The structure of the commercial and ram breeding sectors of the industry • The traits which influence production and how to include them in a breeding objective • Merino genetic evaluation and breeding systems Key terms and concepts Commercial production sector, ram breeding sector, closed nucleus breeding scheme, open nucleus breeding scheme, breeding objective, selection index, micron premium, heritability, genetic correlation, genetic evaluation system, breeding program. Introduction to the topic In this topic we explore genetic improvement programs in the Merino industry. We start by looking at breeding trends in the commercial production sector, which are strongly related to market signals for the two main sheep products, wool and meat. We also briefly touch on the structure of the ram breeding sector which is the driver of genetic change for the industry. The traits which influence profit in commercial enterprises can be combined to develop breeding objectives, mainly for ram breeders but also for commercial breeders. These breeding objectives and the genetic variability of the individual traits involved are discussed at length. Evaluating both ram sources and individual animals for the objective and component traits is a key step in making selection decisions, and we will also discuss the development of across flock genetic evaluation systems for Merinos. Finally, we will look at an experiment currently under way which aims to provide objective information on alternative breeding systems used by Merino breeders. 20.1 The commercial and ram breeding sectors Commercial production sector The sheep industry in Australia has been traditionally dominated by the Merino which comprises around 85% of the national flock. -
High-Resolution Analysis of Selection Sweeps Identified Between Fine
Gutiérrez‑Gil et al. Genet Sel Evol (2017) 49:81 DOI 10.1186/s12711-017-0354-x Genetics Selection Evolution RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access High‑resolution analysis of selection sweeps identifed between fne‑wool Merino and coarse‑wool Churra sheep breeds Beatriz Gutiérrez‑Gil1* , Cristina Esteban‑Blanco1,2, Pamela Wiener3, Praveen Krishna Chitneedi1, Aroa Suarez‑Vega1 and Juan‑Jose Arranz1 Abstract Background: With the aim of identifying selection signals in three Merino sheep lines that are highly specialized for fne wool production (Australian Industry Merino, Australian Merino and Australian Poll Merino) and considering that these lines have been subjected to selection not only for wool traits but also for growth and carcass traits and parasite resistance, we contrasted the OvineSNP50 BeadChip (50 K-chip) pooled genotypes of these Merino lines with the genotypes of a coarse-wool breed, phylogenetically related breed, Spanish Churra dairy sheep. Genome re-sequenc‑ ing datasets of the two breeds were analyzed to further explore the genetic variation of the regions initially identifed as putative selection signals. Results: Based on the 50 K-chip genotypes, we used the overlapping selection signals (SS) identifed by four selec‑ tion sweep mapping analyses (that detect genetic diferentiation, reduced heterozygosity and patterns of haplotype diversity) to defne 18 convergence candidate regions (CCR), fve associated with positive selection in Australian Merino and the remainder indicating positive selection in Churra. Subsequent analysis of whole-genome sequences from 15 Churra and 13 Merino samples identifed 142,400 genetic variants (139,745 bi-allelic SNPs and 2655 indels) within the 18 defned CCR. Annotation of 1291 variants that were signifcantly associated with breed identity between Churra and Merino samples identifed 257 intragenic variants that caused 296 functional annotation variants, 275 of which were located across 31 coding genes. -
152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 to 1700): SPAIN by Mauricio Drelichman the University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 E
152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 TO 1700): SPAIN By Mauricio Drelichman The University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 2G2 Canada [email protected] Forthcoming in Gerard Caprio (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization Elsevier Synopsis In the early modern era, Spain went from being a fractious European backwater to rule over one of the largest empires in history. By 1700, it had once again sunk into relative obscurity. This article surveys the political institutions and the public finance instruments that made such a remarkable historical trajectory possible. Table of Contents Introduction Political organization a) Crown and Kingdom b) Nobility c) The Church d) Dominions and Colonies Revenues a) Direct taxes b) Indirect taxes c) American silver Debt a) Juros b) Asientos c) Bankruptcies Keywords Bankruptcy, Bonds, Castile, Debt, Default, Habsburgs, Loans, Revenue, Silver, Spain JEL Codes N23, N43, F34, H1, H2 Glossary Alcabala: A sales tax, technically amounting to 10% of all transactions in the kingdom of Castile, but almost always collected at a lower rate. It was the most important source of Crown revenue. Arrendamiento: A tax farming arrangement whereby the Crown gave a private party the right to collect a tax in exchange for a lump sump payment. The tax farmer was entitled to keep any tax proceeds exceeding the payment to the Crown. Asiento: A short-term loan between the Crown and international financiers. Cortes: The representative assembly of the cities of Castile. Encabezamiento: An agreement between the Crown and the Cortes, allowing the cities to manage tax collection in their own territories in exchange for a lump sum payment. -
The Cloth Exports of Flanders and Northern France During The
The Cloth Exports of Flanders and Northern France during the Thirteenth Century: A Luxury Trade? Author(s): Patrick Chorley Reviewed work(s): Source: The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 349-379 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Economic History Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2596250 . Accessed: 14/03/2012 04:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Blackwell Publishing and Economic History Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Economic History Review. http://www.jstor.org Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XL, 3 (i987), pp. 349-379 The cloth exports of Flanders and northern France during the thirteenth century: a luxury trade? By PATRICK CHORLEY pirenne was emphatic that the wool textiles of Flanders and northern France that were exported throughout Europe and to the Levant during the thirteenth century and formed the basis of the prosperity of the region were "in the full force of the term luxury products". Although this view has been questioned, it remains the accepted orthodoxy. The most recent historian of Flanders, for example, repeats Pirenne almost word for word and goes on to describe the Flemish cloth as a product held in "matchless esteem" by an "exclusive public throughout Europe". -
2010/11 Annual Report
AUSTRALIAN WOOL INNOVATION LIMITED ANNUAL REPORT 2010/11 2 UP FRONT ABOUT AWI WHAT AWI DOES Established in 2001, AWI is a not-for-profit company owned by over 28,000 wool levy payers who have registered as AWI shareholders. AWI’S MISSION The company invests along the global supply chain for Australian wool – from woolgrowers through to retailers. AWI’s mission is to invest in research, development, marketing AWI’s vision is for it to be a significant contributor to a vibrant, and promotion in order to: stable and profitable wool industry providing the world with the best natural fibre. enhance the profitability, international competitiveness AWI’s goal is to help increase stable and sustained demand for and sustainability of the wool through investments in marketing, innovations and R&D – Australian wool industry; and from farm to fashion. increase demand and market HOW AWI IS FUNDED access for Australian wool. AWI investments are funded through a wool levy paid by woolgrowers (currently two per cent of the sale price received for their shorn greasy wool) and a matching contribution from the CONTENTS Australian Government for eligible R&D activities, capped at 0.5 per cent of the value of gross national value of wool production. UP FRONT The sale of Woolmark licences contributes a further source of 2 About AWI income for AWI, directly funding AWI’s global business development network. 4 Highlights of 2010/11 5 Financial summary Woolgrowers vote every three years on the percentage of wool 6 AWI Board of Directors proceeds they would like to invest in wool innovation, marketing, sales, off-farm R&D and on-farm R&D. -
Contamination – Dark and Medullated Fibres and Vegetable Matter
Lecture 4: Contamination – Dark and Medullated Fibres and Vegetable Matter Malcolm Fleet and Colin Langford Learning Objectives On completion of this lecture you should be able to: • discuss the relevance of dark and medullated fibre contamination in wool • document the main origins of dark and medullated fibres and the economic implications • justify practices implemented to prevent or control occurrences of dark and medullated fibres and the opportunities for improvement • document the causes of Vegetable Contamination (VM) • calculate how VM is measured • describe the effect of VM on wool processing • describe the economic importance of VM • list and describe the plant species causing VM problems • illustrate your understanding of the strategies which can be employed to reduce VM • plan management strategies in a sheep management system to reduce VM problems in wool. Key terms and concepts Dark and medullated fibres in wool, measurement and description, economic importance and occurrence, strategies to reduce, vegetable matter (VM), VM Types, Names of VM Types, VM Type categories, Economic importance, Wool processing and VM, Strategies to reduce VM, Sheep coats, Shearing, Grazing management. Introduction Australian wool is primarily of Merino origin (AWEX 2004a) and this together with sheep management and wool classing practices (AWEX 2004b) has assisted in generating a reputation for relative freedom from dark and medullated fibres (Satlo 1963; Cardellino 1978; Pattinson and Hanson 1993; Burbidge et al. 1991, 1993; Hansford and Swan 2005). Furthermore, this wool is primarily used for finer apparel end-uses that are more sensitive to objectionable fibres even when present in trace amounts. The type and level of objectionable fibre that can be tolerated will vary widely with the end-product application but a common threshold for dark fibre in Merino top is 100 per kg (Foulds et al. -
AVBS4012 Lecture Notes
AVBS4012 Lecture Notes Lecture 2 – History of the Australian Merino 1821 → 1823 First load of Saxons to Tasmania (wool contained little wax or grease and fleece lacked density) Lecture outcomes: 1834 → Wool became colony’s major export ahead of - Understand history of Merino whaling and sealing - Describe 3 main strains of Merina in Aus and 1869 → Introduction of American Vermont Merino to environments they’re best adapted local peppin (large size), more wrinkles and wax - Understand difference between wool, meat and purpose >1870 → Peppins introduced Lincolns and Southdowns sheep enterprises into gene pool Higher rainfall regions = higher production 1840’s – interbreeding between Saxons, Spanish and Coastal areas not ideal as humidity is not suitable for plenty of dumped non-descripts left when ships hit sheep. Adelaide (included cape sheep, Bengali sheep, English More impact fibre sheep wool is the more it. merinos and English long wool breeds (English 3 contaminants of sheep wool: mineral (dust), vegetable Leicester, Lincoln). matter and dust. → Higher proportion of impurities if wool fibres are less compact. Peppins of Wanganella Peppins first to recognise value of salt bush feed base. History Selection policy based on environment – major turning - First sheep around 9000 BC point in breeding philosophy. - Need for domestication was driven by colder climatic - created large, medium wool genotype to the Riverina conditions - Ewes exceeded 91kg. Body weight (BW) producing - From nomadic lifestyle (hunting and foraging) to 6.4kg fleece. -
The Influence of Season and Nutrition on Oestrus and Ovulation in South
1. go .Yo THE TNËLUENCE OT' SEASON AND NUTRITION zt'l ON OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN SOUTH ATJSTRALIAÀI STRONG-I^]OOL MERINO EW]TS by Ian N. Cutten B.Ag.Sc. (AdeI) A thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide. ir¡ fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science Department of Animal PhYsiologY V'Iaite Agricultural Research Instit-uüe University of Adelaide August 1979 t) ì I'c l_ TARI,E OF CONTEIII'S Pag:r= Title page Taj¡le of conte¡rts I Summary l_l_ l_ Declaration x Acknowledgements )(I T. INTRODUCTION l_ ïï. LITERATURE REVTEW I A. The effect of season, the presence of rams, I nutritj-onal- status and bod,y si.ze on the occurrence of oestrus in ewes I. fntroduction I 2. Oestrus and season 9 (a) Introduction 9 (b) Daylength l-Q (c) Tnherent rhythm IJ (i) continuous and l,ong-day light 1¿l (ii) Equaroriat tiçIhr L4 (iii) Short-day lig-hr 1.6 (d) Temperature 18 (e) Atmospheric pressure 19 3. Oestrus and the presence of rams 19 (a) Length of the breeding season 19 (i) Continuously associated r'¡ith ralns 20 (ii.) Suddenly associated with rams 2! (iii) SeParat-ed f::om rams 2T (b) Synchronisation of oest'rus 2L (c) Nat-ure of synchronisation effect 23 4. Oest-.rus and nutritiona_t staCus 25 5. Oestrus and bod.y size 28 6. Oestrus among Koonoona s train Merj-no ewes .l0 rl- Page B.Theeffectofnutrj.tionalstatus'seasonandbody 31 size on ovulation in ewes I. Introducti-on 3I 2. -
Merino Sheep Breeding Trainer Guide
Merino Sheep Breeding Trainer Guide Nicole Sallur (DPI&F, Qld), Michael Williams (NSW TAFE) and Tony Hamilton (DPI&F, Qld). Editor: Stan Jacobs (ByteDisk Pty Ltd) May 2008 © Sheep CRC Ltd 2008 Authors: Nicole Sallur (Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland) Michael Williams (NSW Tafe) Tony Hamilton (Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Editor: Stan Jacobs (ByteDisk Pty Ltd) Merino Sheep Breeding Trainer Guide © Sheep CRC Ltd This publication is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 or other relevant laws no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without specific written permission from the copyright holder. Neither may be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Special permission is granted for Australian Registered Training Organisations to reproduce the Merino Sheep Breeding Trainer Guide in full from the web www.sheepcrc.org.au/msbtg without changes for use in delivering training. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction should be addressed to; The Communication Officer Australian Sheep Industry CRC CJ Hawkins Homestead The University of New England Armidale NSW 2351 [email protected] MERINO SHEEP BREEDING TRAINER GUIDE PAGE 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The development of the Merino Sheep Breeding Trainer Guide has drawn on the work undertaken by various organisations and individuals in the application of breeding and genetics across the Australian sheep and wool industry. In particular, acknowledgement is made of information drawn from: • Merino Breeding and Selection – a commercial focus (1999), S. Hatcher and D. Bayley, The Woolmark Company and Department of Primary Industries, NSW • Money-making Merinos (2005), EDGE network, Meat and Livestock Australia and Department of Primary Industries, Victoria • $electing $tuds for $uccess (2001), R. -
The Golden Fleece of the Cotswold Sheep
The Golden Fleece of the Cotswold Sheep By Richard Martin HEEP HAVE GRAZED on the Cotswold hills for more than 2000 years - and the most famous breed was The Cotswold, whose lustrous, curly Sfleece was famous throughout Europe. Here is the story of that sheep - justifiably known as The Lion of the Cotswolds...Today there is not much more than a ton or two of Cotswold fleece-wool available each year. It is long-stapled (more than six inches), reasonably lustrous and of mid 40's quality (For comparison Merino is mid 60's plus, Lincoln about mid 30's). Until recently, Cotswold wool was for many years lumped in with other English lustre-wools - and used mainly for carpets and industrial cloths. During the early 1980's Cotswold Woollen Weavers recognised its potential and revived its use. In particular, the natural lustre and the clarity with which it accepts dye made the wool ideal for loose-twist worsted spinning, and weaving into soft-furnishing cloths - a range of dramatic block-weave throws and rugs. Visitors are welcome all year at the mill to see both the processes involved and the products. Cotswold Woollen Weavers' activities have been coincident with a renewed interest in the Cotswold breed, so this is a good time for re-appraisal. For too long the illustrious historical pedigree of Cotswold wool has been ignored as irrelevant. But it was not always so. The Cotswolds are indelibly marked with the history of the Cotswold sheep and its fleece. But it is a puzzling, clouded history. When Aldous Huxley nearly said that facts begin as heresies and end as superstitions, he might have been thinking of the Cotswold sheep. -
Merino Lifetime Productivity Project Newsletter No.8
Merino Lifetime Productivity Project Newsletter No.8 2020 Pingelly Field Day & MLP quick facts MerinoLink Inspection Day • The Australian Wool Innovation (AWI) funded MLP project is a $8m (plus $5m from partners), 10-year In late October both the Pingelly and MerinoLink MLP partnership between AWI, the Australian Merino Sire sites were open with their MLP ewes on public display. Evaluation Association (AMSEA), nominating stud Pingelly was able to host a full MLP Field Day while Merino breeders and site hosts. MerinoLink hosted an Inspection Day. • The MLP project runs at five sites where sire evaluation trials operate for the first two years and then continue Pingelly’s Field Day saw an eager crowd attend the site tracking performance of ewe progeny as they proceed which is managed by Murdoch University and located at through four to five joinings and annual shearings. the University of Western Australia’s ‘Ridgefield’ Farm. The • Balmoral, VIC Host: Tuloona Pastoral day commenced with a dedicated ASBV workshop and Committee: Balmoral Breeders Association followed with industry and research presentations along Pingelly, WA Host: Murdoch University / UWA with penside introductions. Attendee feedback noted the Committee: day as a great success. Federation of Performance Sheep Breeders (WA Branch) MerinoLink, Temora NSW Host: Moses & Son Pingelly’s 2016 and 2017 drop ewes were displayed Committee: MerinoLink Inc. with 11 months’ wool growth. MerinoLink’s ewes were Macquarie, Trangie NSW Host: NSW DPI Committee: Macquarie Sire Evaluation Association displayed with 12 months’ wool growth and were shorn New England, NSW Host: CSIRO the following week. A webinar and results are available at Committee: New England Merino Sire Evaluation Association merinosuperiorsires.com.au/merinolink2020mlp. -
3. Fibre Diameter, Staple Strength, Style, Handle and Curvature
3. Fibre Diameter, Staple Strength, Style, Handle and Curvature Tony Schlink Learning Objectives On completion of this topic you should be able to: • demonstrate an understanding of fibre diameter and the economic importance of fibre diameter • explain and calculate the difference between the standard deviation of diameter and the coefficient of variation of diameter • define the relationship between mean diameter, diameter variation and “coarse edge” or “prickle” • measure staple strength and describe its economic importance • explain the sources of variation in staple strength within a mob of sheep • describe localised vs generalised fibre weakness as determinants of staple strength • define and quantify the relationship between staple strength and each of minimum diameter, along-staple diameter variation, rate of change in diameter, fibre length variation and intrinsic fibre strength • relate raw wool style including the main component traits to economic importance • explain the influence of fibre diameter and fibre crimp on wool handle • describe fibre curvature and the value of curvature Key terms and concepts Fibre diameter; coefficient of variation of fibre diameter; prickle and coarse edge; micron blowout; staple strength; variation in staple strength; determinants of staple strength; style; handle; curvature. Introduction to the topic This topic will discuss the economic importance of and sources of variation in fibre diameter, staple strength, style; handle and curvature. WOOL412/513 Sheep Production - 3 - 1 ©2009 The Australian Wool Education Trust licensee for educational activities University of New England 3.1 Fibre diameter Diameter is defined as the length of a straight line through the centre of a circle or sphere and wool fibres are assumed to be circular.