Planning for a Non-Mulesed Merino Enterprise Table of Contents
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No. 31 Animals Australia
Submission No 31 INQUIRY INTO PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS AMENDMENT (RESTRICTIONS ON STOCK ANIMAL PROCEDURES) BILL 2019 Organisation: Animals Australia Date Received: 6 August 2020 6 August 2020 The Hon. Mark Banasiak MLC Chair, Portfolio Committee No. 4 - Industry New South Wales Legislative Council By Email: [email protected] Dear Mr Banasiak, Animals Australia’s Submission to the New South Wales Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment (Restrictions on Stock Animal Procedures) Bill 2019 Thank you for the opportunity to make a submission on this important Bill to amend the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (POCTA), and to provide evidence at the Inquiry on 11 August 2020. If the Committee requires any further information or clarification prior to my appearance, we are able to provide these on request. Animals Australia is a leading animal protection organisation that regularly contributes advice and expertise to government and other bodies in Australia, and though our international arm (Animals International) works on global animal welfare issues. On behalf of our individual members and supporters, we are pleased to be able to provide this submission. A. THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT Schedule 1 Amendment of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 No 200 [1] Section 23B Insert after section 23A— 23B Mules operation prohibited (1) A person who performs the Mules operation on a sheep is guilty of an offence. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units or imprisonment for 6 months, or both. (2) A person does not commit an offence under subsection (1) until on or after 1 January 2022. [2] Section 24 Certain defences Insert “or” at the end of section 24(1)(a)(iii). -
Dorper Sheep and the Production of Lean Lamb in Arid Australia
International Specialised Skills Institute Inc DORPER SHEEP AND THE PRODUCTION OF LEAN LAMB IN ARID AUSTRALIA Richard Knights International ISS Institute/DEEWR Trades Fellowship Fellowship supported by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Australian Government ISS Institute Inc. MARCH 2010 © International Specialised Skills Institute ISS Institute Suite 101 685 Burke Road Camberwell Vic AUSTRALIA 3124 Telephone 03 9882 0055 Facsimile 03 9882 9866 Email [email protected] Web www.issinstitute.org.au Published by International Specialised Skills Institute, Melbourne. ISS Institute 101/685 Burke Road Camberwell 3124 AUSTRALIA March 2010 Also extract published on www.issinstitute.org.au © Copyright ISS Institute 2010 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. This project is funded by the Australian Government under the Strategic Intervention Program which supports the National Skills Shortages Strategy. This Fellowship was funded by the Australian Government through the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. The views and opinions expressed in the documents are those of the Authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Whilst this report has been accepted by ISS Institute, ISS Institute cannot provide expert peer review of the report, and except as may be required by law no responsibility can be accepted by ISS Institute for the content of the report, or omissions, typographical, print or photographic errors, or inaccuracies that may occur after publication or otherwise. ISS Institute does not accept responsibility for the consequences of any actions taken or omitted to be taken by any person as a consequence of anything contained in, or omitted from, this report. -
Prevention and Control of Blowfly Strike in Sheep
RESEARCH REPORT: Prevention and control of blowfly strike in sheep JANUARY 2019 CONTENTS The RSPCA view ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Flystrike ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Mulesing .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 An integrated approach to flystrike prevention and control ............................................................................ 6 Breeding and selection ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Breeding and selection - SRS Merino .................................................................................................................. 7 Breeding – getting started .................................................................................................................................. 8 Monitoring blowfly activity and reducing blowfly populations .......................................................................... 8 Preventative chemical fly treatments ................................................................................................................ -
20. Breeding Practices in the Merino Industry
20. Breeding Practices in the Merino Industry Andrew Swan Learning objectives On completion of this topic you should understand: • The structure of the commercial and ram breeding sectors of the industry • The traits which influence production and how to include them in a breeding objective • Merino genetic evaluation and breeding systems Key terms and concepts Commercial production sector, ram breeding sector, closed nucleus breeding scheme, open nucleus breeding scheme, breeding objective, selection index, micron premium, heritability, genetic correlation, genetic evaluation system, breeding program. Introduction to the topic In this topic we explore genetic improvement programs in the Merino industry. We start by looking at breeding trends in the commercial production sector, which are strongly related to market signals for the two main sheep products, wool and meat. We also briefly touch on the structure of the ram breeding sector which is the driver of genetic change for the industry. The traits which influence profit in commercial enterprises can be combined to develop breeding objectives, mainly for ram breeders but also for commercial breeders. These breeding objectives and the genetic variability of the individual traits involved are discussed at length. Evaluating both ram sources and individual animals for the objective and component traits is a key step in making selection decisions, and we will also discuss the development of across flock genetic evaluation systems for Merinos. Finally, we will look at an experiment currently under way which aims to provide objective information on alternative breeding systems used by Merino breeders. 20.1 The commercial and ram breeding sectors Commercial production sector The sheep industry in Australia has been traditionally dominated by the Merino which comprises around 85% of the national flock. -
Welfare Assessments of Analgesic Options in Female Lambs for Surgical Mulesing and Its Alternatives
Project No.: ON-00026 Contract No.: PO4500006124 AWI Project Manager: Bridget Peachey Contractor Name: CSIRO Agriculture & Food Prepared by: Alison Small & Caroline Lee Publication date: 29 May 2018 Welfare assessments of analgesic options in female lambs for surgical mulesing and its alternatives Published by Australian Wool Innovation Limited, Level 6, 68 Harrington Street, THE ROCKS, NSW, 2000 This publication should only be used as a general aid and is not a substitute for specific advice. To the extent permitted by law, we exclude all liability for loss or damage arising from the use of the information in this publication. © 2018 Australian Wool Innovation Limited. All rights reserved. Australian Wool Innovation Limited gratefully acknowledges the funds provided by the Australian government to support the research, development and innovation detailed in this publication. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction/Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................... 6 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Success in Achieving Objectives..................................................................................................................... 11 Methodology......................................................................................................................................................... -
High-Resolution Analysis of Selection Sweeps Identified Between Fine
Gutiérrez‑Gil et al. Genet Sel Evol (2017) 49:81 DOI 10.1186/s12711-017-0354-x Genetics Selection Evolution RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access High‑resolution analysis of selection sweeps identifed between fne‑wool Merino and coarse‑wool Churra sheep breeds Beatriz Gutiérrez‑Gil1* , Cristina Esteban‑Blanco1,2, Pamela Wiener3, Praveen Krishna Chitneedi1, Aroa Suarez‑Vega1 and Juan‑Jose Arranz1 Abstract Background: With the aim of identifying selection signals in three Merino sheep lines that are highly specialized for fne wool production (Australian Industry Merino, Australian Merino and Australian Poll Merino) and considering that these lines have been subjected to selection not only for wool traits but also for growth and carcass traits and parasite resistance, we contrasted the OvineSNP50 BeadChip (50 K-chip) pooled genotypes of these Merino lines with the genotypes of a coarse-wool breed, phylogenetically related breed, Spanish Churra dairy sheep. Genome re-sequenc‑ ing datasets of the two breeds were analyzed to further explore the genetic variation of the regions initially identifed as putative selection signals. Results: Based on the 50 K-chip genotypes, we used the overlapping selection signals (SS) identifed by four selec‑ tion sweep mapping analyses (that detect genetic diferentiation, reduced heterozygosity and patterns of haplotype diversity) to defne 18 convergence candidate regions (CCR), fve associated with positive selection in Australian Merino and the remainder indicating positive selection in Churra. Subsequent analysis of whole-genome sequences from 15 Churra and 13 Merino samples identifed 142,400 genetic variants (139,745 bi-allelic SNPs and 2655 indels) within the 18 defned CCR. Annotation of 1291 variants that were signifcantly associated with breed identity between Churra and Merino samples identifed 257 intragenic variants that caused 296 functional annotation variants, 275 of which were located across 31 coding genes. -
152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 to 1700): SPAIN by Mauricio Drelichman the University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 E
152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 TO 1700): SPAIN By Mauricio Drelichman The University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 2G2 Canada [email protected] Forthcoming in Gerard Caprio (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization Elsevier Synopsis In the early modern era, Spain went from being a fractious European backwater to rule over one of the largest empires in history. By 1700, it had once again sunk into relative obscurity. This article surveys the political institutions and the public finance instruments that made such a remarkable historical trajectory possible. Table of Contents Introduction Political organization a) Crown and Kingdom b) Nobility c) The Church d) Dominions and Colonies Revenues a) Direct taxes b) Indirect taxes c) American silver Debt a) Juros b) Asientos c) Bankruptcies Keywords Bankruptcy, Bonds, Castile, Debt, Default, Habsburgs, Loans, Revenue, Silver, Spain JEL Codes N23, N43, F34, H1, H2 Glossary Alcabala: A sales tax, technically amounting to 10% of all transactions in the kingdom of Castile, but almost always collected at a lower rate. It was the most important source of Crown revenue. Arrendamiento: A tax farming arrangement whereby the Crown gave a private party the right to collect a tax in exchange for a lump sump payment. The tax farmer was entitled to keep any tax proceeds exceeding the payment to the Crown. Asiento: A short-term loan between the Crown and international financiers. Cortes: The representative assembly of the cities of Castile. Encabezamiento: An agreement between the Crown and the Cortes, allowing the cities to manage tax collection in their own territories in exchange for a lump sum payment. -
The Cloth Exports of Flanders and Northern France During The
The Cloth Exports of Flanders and Northern France during the Thirteenth Century: A Luxury Trade? Author(s): Patrick Chorley Reviewed work(s): Source: The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 349-379 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Economic History Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2596250 . Accessed: 14/03/2012 04:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Blackwell Publishing and Economic History Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Economic History Review. http://www.jstor.org Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XL, 3 (i987), pp. 349-379 The cloth exports of Flanders and northern France during the thirteenth century: a luxury trade? By PATRICK CHORLEY pirenne was emphatic that the wool textiles of Flanders and northern France that were exported throughout Europe and to the Levant during the thirteenth century and formed the basis of the prosperity of the region were "in the full force of the term luxury products". Although this view has been questioned, it remains the accepted orthodoxy. The most recent historian of Flanders, for example, repeats Pirenne almost word for word and goes on to describe the Flemish cloth as a product held in "matchless esteem" by an "exclusive public throughout Europe". -
Brief History of the Breed in Australia
A Brief History of the Dorper and White Dorper sheep in Australia. SAABCO first introduced the breed into Australia in 1996 with the release of Dorper embryos for sale. Westcorp, the importer, was based in Perth and the majority of the embryos sold went into Western Australia, although some were bought by sheep breeders in the other states. White Dorper embryos were imported soon after going mainly onto farms in South Australia and NSW. The Ad which appeared in the Weekly Times for the SAABCO auction of the first Dorper embryos sold in Australia. Initially Australian farmers displayed lukewarm interest in the Dorper sheep. Their introduction was fairly low key, unlike the Damaras (introduced at the same time), which received full entrepreneurial promotion. Prices for early stock were very high as their numbers were few and it was a costly exercise getting animals on the ground. At this time a lot of traditional farmers had difficulty getting their heads around the concept of NOT shearing a sheep. It is not a breed that slots in where the Merino or traditional prime lamb breeds fitted. There is no necessity for annual shearing, mulesing, flystrike treatment, lice and tail docking. Because of their polyestrus breeding there is also no mating season; they can be mated at whatever time of the year suits their owner. The wool industry was quite derisive of the “exotic sheep breeds” arguing that the breed would contaminate wool clips. If the experience in South Africa was to be repeated the risk was not to the clip but to the dominant position held by the merino. -
Mulesing and Tailstripping : for the Prevention of Fly-Strike
Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 3 Number 10 1962 Article 8 1-1-1962 Mulesing and tailstripping : for the prevention of fly-strike W L. McGarry Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Entomology Commons, Sheep and Goat Science Commons, and the Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons Recommended Citation McGarry, W L. (1962) "Mulesing and tailstripping : for the prevention of fly-strike," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 3 : No. 10 , Article 8. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol3/iss10/8 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mulesing and Tailstripping . for the prevention By W. L. McGARRY, Officer in Charge, Sheep and Wool Section ULESING and tailstripping are basic to fly strike control. During emergencies M and bad fly waves they may need to be supplemented by temporary protective measures such as jetting and crutching. When carried out efficiently, these Whether from rain, urine, or sweat, treatments, with correct tail length, con constant moisture causes an irritation and fer life-long and permanent protection, scalding of the skin. The skin becomes and reduce crutch strike to negligible inflamed and an exudate from the in proportions. Crutch strike causes most of flamed area adds to the moisture present the costly loss due to fly strike. -
Mulesing - What Are the Alternatives?
Mulesing - what are the alternatives? By Adele Lloyd Introduction The blowfly is the most detrimental parasite affecting the Australian sheep and wool industry (Armstrong et al, 2005). The most practical and effective technique in controlling blowfly strike involves the practice of mulesing (AWI, 2005), which is one of the most sensitive welfare issues concerning the sheep industry today (Evans, 2004). The pain associated with mulesing is well documented and has been described as the "greatest acute stressor" of all lamb- marking procedures (Fell & Shutt, 1988). Over the next four years nearly seven million dollars will be spent on research into alternatives in an attempt to satisfy animal welfare organisation guidelines, improve wool quality and limit blowfly resistance to insecticides (AWI, 2005). With the recent news that two American retailers have boycotted Australian wool over sheep welfare issues (Fawcett, 2004), there are now more reasons than ever to stop the mulesing process. Discussion Computer software is currently being developed to predict flystrike (AWI, 2005). This would be invaluable for farmers for planning when to crutch or shear their sheep, and when to apply pesticides, as the environmental impact resulting from the inappropriate use of these chemicals is becoming increasingly commercially and socially unacceptable (AWI, 2005). This is because pesticide residue is released into the environment during wool processing as scour effluent or sludge (Jordan, 2005). The wool industry is therefore under pressure to reduce the level of chemical residues in wool by reducing the use of these chemicals on farms (Wilson & Armstrong, 2005). These pesticides include diflubenzuron (for example, Magnum®), and triflumuron (for example, Zapp®), which are Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) chemicals (AWI, 2005). -
Tail Docking. There Is Anecdotal Evidence That Wound Healing Is Slower in Thicker Tails When Using the Hot Knife Method
SHEEP STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES – TAIL DOCKING DISCUSSION PAPER Prepared by the Sheep Standards and Guidelines Writing Group, January 2013 Tail docking is the removal of a portion of a sheep’s tail. ISSUES The main issues are: 1) Recommended methods 2) Age limits before pain relief is required 3) Tail length 4) Knowledge, experience and skills to perform the task 5) Availability of pain relief drugs. RATIONALE Tail docking of lambs remains an important husbandry practice in Australia for sheep health, welfare and management reasons outlined below: Reduces urine and faecal soiling or dag formation and thus minimises susceptibility to fly-strike which is one of the most important welfare concerns for sheep in Australia Improves external parasite control Improves effectiveness and efficiency of dagging, crutching and shearing Reduces WHS issues and handling required at dagging, crutching and shearing Allows for management flexibility to finish lambs to meet market specifications under variable seasonal conditions Improves the cleanliness of the wool Reduces handling required pre-slaughter for crutching/dagging Reduces faecal contamination and risks to food safety at livestock processing plants There is no available replacement procedure. Furthermore optimum tail length has additional health consequences for sheep: Influences rate of healing and risk of infection post-docking Influences rate of rectal prolapse in lambs May influence the rate of squamous cell carcinoma formation in the perineal region in older ewes. Flystrike is one of the most important health and welfare concerns for sheep in Australia and tail docking is highly effective at reducing the incidence of flystrike. Webb Ware et al 2000 reported that leaving the tail on lambs can result in a 3fold increase in flystrike rates in Australia.