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A Short History of Georgian Architecture
A SHORT HISTORY OF GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE Georgia is situated on the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In the north it is bounded by the Main Caucasian Range, forming the frontier with Russia, Azerbaijan to the east and in the south by Armenia and Turkey. Geographically Georgia is the meeting place of the European and Asian continents and is located at the crossroads of western and eastern cultures. In classical sources eastern Georgia is called Iberia or Caucasian Iberia, while western Georgia was known to Greeks and Romans as Colchis. Georgia has an elongated form from east to west. Approximately in the centre in the Great Caucasian range extends downwards to the south Surami range, bisecting the country into western and eastern parts. Although this range is not high, it produces different climates on its western and eastern sides. In the western part the climate is milder and on the sea coast sub-tropical with frequent rains, while the eastern part is typically dry. Figure 1 Map of Georgia Georgian vernacular architecture The different climates in western and eastern Georgia, together with distinct local building materials and various cultural differences creates a diverse range of vernacular architectural styles. In western Georgia, because the climate is mild and the region has abundance of timber, vernacular architecture is characterised by timber buildings. Surrounding the timber houses are lawns and decorative trees, which rarely found in the rest of the country. The population and hamlets scattered in the landscape. In eastern Georgia, vernacular architecture is typified by Darbazi, a type of masonry building partially cut into ground and roofed by timber or stone (rarely) constructions known as Darbazi, from which the type derives its name. -
Spa Catalogue 2015/2016
TRAVELSLOVAKIA.SK Sharing the real Slovakia with you since 2003 CONTENTS Company profile ................................................................................................................... 3 Basic facts and information ................................................................................................. 4 Wellness & Spa in Slovakia .................................................................................................. 5 Piešťany Spa ........................................................................................................................... 6 Piešťany Spa facilities ................................................................................................... 7 Piešťany Spa hotels ....................................................................................................... 8 Piešťany Spa stays ....................................................................................................... 10 Piešťany Spa rates 2015/16 ....................................................................................... 13 Rajecké Teplice Spa ........................................................................................................... 19 Rajecké Teplice Spa facilities .................................................................................... 20 Rajecké Teplice Spa hotels ........................................................................................ 21 Rajecké Teplice Spa stays ........................................................................................ -
Initial Project Summary Project Location: Stepantsminda, Kazbegi
Initial Project Summary Project Location: Stepantsminda, Kazbegi Municipality, Georgia Name of Applicant: Dariali Energy Name of Project: Dariali Hydropower Project Project Description: The proposed Project involves the construction and operation of a 108 MW hydropower project on the Tergi River near the village of Stepantsminda, close to the Georgia- Russia border. The Project will impound the Tergi River with a 6 m high concrete dam and will include a .25 hectare intake pond. Water will be diverted around approximately 5 km of the river from the intake structure through an underground power house and back to the river through the tailrace channel. The Project will be required to maintain a minimum flow of at least 2.54 m3/s. The power will initially be evacuated via a 110 kV transmission line which connects the Georgian and Russian energy systems until a new 220 or 500 kV capacity line that is being considered by the Georgian State Electricity system is completed. Environmental and Social Categorization and Rationale: The Project has been reviewed against OPIC’s policy related to dam projects and determined to be categorically eligible for further consideration. The Project has been screened as Category A because potential impacts are diverse and potentially irreversible. The main environmental and social concerns are related to diversion of river flow and subsequent flow reduction in the 5 km of the Tergi River and the Project’s impact on the nearby Kazbegi National Park. Environmental and Social Standards: As this Project will be co-financed with the EBRD, OPIC will apply EBRD policies in order to facilitate U.S. -
Law of Georgia Tax Code of Georgia
LAW OF GEORGIA TAX CODE OF GEORGIA SECTION I GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter I - Georgian Tax System Article 1 - Scope of regulation In accordance with the Constitution of Georgia, this Code sets forth the general principles of formation and operation of the tax system of Georgia, governs the legal relations involved in the movement of passengers, goods and vehicles across the customs border of Georgia, determines the legal status of persons, tax payers and competent authorities involved in legal relations, determines the types of tax offences, the liability for violating the tax legislation of Georgia, the terms and conditions for appealing wrongful acts of competent authorities and of their officials, lays down procedures for settling tax disputes, and governs the legal relations connected with the fulfilment of tax liabilities. Law of Georgia No 5942 of 27 March 2012 - website, 12.4.2012 Article 2 - Tax legislation of Georgia 1. The tax legislation of Georgia comprises the Constitution of Georgia, international treaties and agreements, this Code and subordinate normative acts adopted in compliance with them. 2. The tax legislation of Georgia in effect at the moment when tax liability arises shall be used for taxation. 3. The Government of Georgia or the Minister for Finance of Georgia shall adopt/issue subordinate normative acts for enforcing this Code. 4. (Deleted - No 1886, 26.12.2013) 5. To enforce the tax legislation of Georgia, the head of the Legal Entity under Public Law (LEPL) within the Ministry for Finance of Georgia - the Revenue Service (‘the Revenue Service’) shall issue orders, internal instructions and guidelines on application of the tax legislation of Georgia by tax authorities. -
DEVIN, the Name of a Bulgarian Town, Can Be Registered As an EU Trade Mark for Mineral Water
General Court of the European Union PRESS RELEASE No 162/18 Luxembourg, 25 October 2018 Judgment in Case T-122/17 Press and Information Devin v EUIPO DEVIN, the name of a Bulgarian town, can be registered as an EU trade mark for mineral water The geographical name remains available to third parties not only for descriptive use, such as the promotion of tourism in that town, but also as a distinctive sign in cases of ‘due cause’ and where there is no likelihood of confusion On 21 January 2011, the company Devin AD, obtained from the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) registration of the EU word mark DEVIN for non-alcoholic drinks. In July 2014, Haskovo Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Bulgaria), filed an application with EUIPO for a declaration of invalidity of the contested mark. By a decision of 29 January 2016, EUIPO, in essence, found that the town of Devin in Bulgaria was known to the general public in Bulgaria and a significant proportion of consumers in neighbouring countries such as Greece and Romania, especially as a renowned spa town, and that the name of that town was linked by the relevant public with the designated goods covered by the contested mark, especially mineral waters. EUIPO therefore declared the mark invalid in its entirety. Devin AD brought an action before the General Court seeking annulment of the decision of EUIPO. By today’s judgment, the General Court annuls the decision of EUIPO. The General Court notes first that, for the Bulgarian consumer, even if he recognises the word ‘devin’ as a geographical name, it seems extremely implausible that the trade mark DEVIN has not acquired, at least in Bulgaria, a normal distinctive character, without there being any need to rule on its reputation. -
15 Day Georgian Holidays Cultural & Sightseeing Tours
15 Day Georgian Holidays Cultural & Sightseeing Tours Overview Georgian Holidays - 15 Days/14 Nights Starts from: Tbilisi Available: April - October Type: Private multy-day cultural tour Total driving distance: 2460 km Duration: 15 days Tour takes off in the capital Tbilisi, and travels through every corner of Georgia. Visitors are going to sightsee major cities and towns, provinces in the highlands of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountains, the shores of the Black Sea, natural wonders of the West Georgia, traditional wine- making areas in the east, and all major historico-cultural monuments of the country. This is very special itinerary and covers almost all major sights in Tbilisi, Telavi, Mtskheta, Kazbegi, Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Mestia, and Batumi. Tour is accompanied by professional and experienced guide and driver that will make your journey smooth, informational and unforgettable. Preview or download tour description file (PDF) Tour details Code: TB-PT-GH-15 Starts from: Tbilisi Max. Group Size: 15 Adults Duration: 15 Days Prices Group size Price per adult Solo 3074 € 2-3 people 1819 € 4-5 people 1378 € 6-7 people 1184 € 8-9 people 1035 € 10-15 people 1027 € *Online booking deposit: 60 € The above prices (except for solo) are based on two people sharing a twin/double room accommodation. 1 person from the group will be FREE of charge if 10 and more adults are traveling together Child Policy 0-1 years - Free 2-6 years - 514 € *Online booking deposit will be deducted from the total tour price. As 7 years and over - Adult for the remaining sum, you can pay it with one of the following methods: Bank transfer - in Euro/USD/GBP currency, no later than two weeks before the tour starts VISA/Mastercard - in GEL (local currency) in Tbilisi only, before the tour starts, directly to your guide via POS terminal. -
Nails South Africa Shines
THE NO.1 MAGAZINE FOR SPA AND WELLNESS Issue 58 | June/July 2017 | www.europeanspamagazine.com WORLD OF WELLNESS THE BEST OF BRITISH EXPERT GUIDE: NAILS SOUTH AFRICA SHINES Finding balance at Oman's Look inside London's luxurious Invaluable spa mani-pedi How European brands combine Anantara Al Jabal Al Akhdar Lanesborough Club & Spa advice and product innovations with locally inspired treatments DEVELOPMENTSN APPOINTMENTSews INVESTMENT DIARY DATES EDITED BY SARAH TODD Spa town’s legacy ‘recaptured’ in new £9.5m development Rudding Park Spa in Harrogate features a striking roof-top spa garden and will use natural spring waters from the hotel grounds UK: A new £9.5m (E11.24m) spa has launched at In addition, a rooftop spa and garden includes history using natural waters from Rudding the privately-owned luxury Rudding Park hotel in a hydrotherapy infinity pool, a panoramic sauna, Park itself and features an awe-inspiring Harrogate, Yorkshire. experience showers, a garden sauna cabin and rooftop spa and garden to take our guests to Intending to enhance the town’s considerable sun deck. Speaking about his vision for the new heights of relaxation,” said spa director spa heritage, the 4,180sqm Rudding Park Spa rooftop spa garden design, leading horticulturalist Matthew Mackaness. uses natural waters from the surrounding grounds Matthew Wilson said: “I’ve created a space that The spa’s interior fixtures and fittings were and boasts a range of comprehensive facilities to is very calming with its topiary beech domes supplied by interior design company Horsley ‘enhance the wellness of mind, body and soul’. -
Tour to Georgia 10 Days /9 Nights
TOUR TO GEORGIA 10 DAYS /9 NIGHTS Day 1: Arrival at Tbilisi Meeting at the airport, transfer to the hotel. Free time. Overnight at the hotel in Tbilisi. Day 2. Tbilisi (B/L/-) Breakfast at the hotel. Tour of the historic part of the city, which begins with a visit to the Metekhi Temple, which is one of the most famous monuments in Tbilisi. This temple was honored in the 13th century, on the very edge of the stony shore of the Kura and the former fortress and residence of the Georgian kings. The first Georgian martyr, Queen Shushanika Ranskaya, was buried under the arches of the Metekhi temple. Inspection of the Tbilisi sulfur baths, which are built in the style of classical oriental architecture. These are low, squat buildings, covered with semicircular domes with large glass openings in the center, serving as windows that illuminate the interior, as the baths themselves are below ground level. In the old days, people here not only bathed, but also talked, lingering until dawn, and the city matchmakers arranged special days on special days. In the baths gave dinner parties, concluded trade deals. Walk on the square Maidan, which was the main shopping area of the city and along small streets known under the common name "Sharden". Narikala Fortress, which is the most ancient monument, a kind of "soul and heart of the city." The date of construction of the fortress is called approximately IV century AD, so it stands from the foundation of the city itself. Later, the fortress was expanded and completed several times. -
Section II: Summary of the Periodic Report on the State of Conservation, 2006
State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II giving vast valuable data for the study of the written GEORGIA language in general and making it possible to deal with the origin of Georgian written language anew. Historical Monuments of Mtskheta As provided in ICOMOS evaluation Brief description The nomination dossier submitted by the Republic of Georgia was accompanied by a number of books The historic churches of Mtskheta, former capital of and other documents. Most of these are written in Georgia, are outstanding examples of medieval Russian or Georgian, neither of which is a working religious architecture in the Caucasus. They show language of the World Heritage Convention. The the high artistic and cultural level attained by this most useful book, Georgien: Wehrbauten und ancient kingdom. Kirchen, is in German, another non-working language. More importantly, the only map provided 1. Introduction showing the “Protective Zones of Mtskheta”, was a very small-scale photographic print of a much larger Year(s) of Inscription 1994 map; the barely decipherable legends were, in any case, all in Georgian. However, new maps showing Agency responsible for site management the areas proposed for inscription on the World • World Heritage National Committee, Ministry of Heritage List, together with buffer zones, were Culture supplied to the mission, together with a summary of 4, Sanapiros St., 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia the Georgian protection legislation, as required by E-mail: [email protected] the Operational Guidelines. Website: www.mc.gov.ge Recommendation: That this property be inscribed on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria iii • Mtskheta Museum-Reserve and iv: 54, Agmashenebeli St., Mtskheta, Georgia Phone +995 93 35 18 14 Criterion iii: The group of churches at Mtskheta bear testimony to the high level and art and culture of the vanished Kingdom of Georgia, which played 2. -
Tour Half Day Tours in Georgia
Mtskheta half day tour Half day tours in Georgia Overview Mtskheta half day tour Starts from: Tbilisi Available: All year Type: Private Half day trip Duration: 4 hours Total Distance: 50 km A half-day trip to Mtskheta, tthe capital town of the former kingdom of Eastern Georgian includes visiting two UNESCO monuments: the Jvari Monastery of 6th c and the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral of 11th c. Walk along the narrow streets of the town and feel the spirit of medieval Georgia. Have a wonderful day! Tour details Code: TB-PT-HDM-01 Starts from: Tbilisi Max. Group Size: 15 Adults Duration: Half Day Prices Group size Price per adult Solo € 183 2 people € 99 3-5 people € 76 6-15 people € 49 *Online booking deposit: € 5 1 person from the group will be FREE of charge if 10 and more adults are traveling together Child Policy 0-1 years - Free 2-6 years - 25 € 7 years and over - Adult * Online booking deposit will be deducted from the total tour price. The balance can be done by: Bank transfer - in Euro/USD/GBP currency, no later than two weeks before the tour starts VISA/Master card - in GEL (local currency) in Tbilisi only, before the tour starts, directly to your guide via POS terminal. Card service fee +3% Cash – GEL only, directly to the nearest TBC Bank office or TBC Bank Cash terminal no later than the beginning of the tour. For a larger group or custom itinerary please contact us at tours[at]georgianholidays.com Tips for booking procedure: How to know which “Operator” to select? You only need to select the Operator name if you have previously communicated with one of our sales agents via phone or email, otherwise please leave it at default. -
Economic Prosperity Initiative
USAID/GEORGIA DO2: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth October 1, 2011 – September 31, 2012 Gagra Municipal (regional) Infrastructure Development (MID) ABKHAZIA # Municipality Region Project Title Gudauta Rehabilitation of Roads 1 Mtskheta 3.852 km; 11 streets : Mtskheta- : Mtanee Rehabilitation of Roads SOKHUMI : : 1$Mestia : 2 Dushet 2.240 km; 7 streets :: : ::: Rehabilitation of Pushkin Gulripshi : 3 Gori street 0.92 km : Chazhashi B l a c k S e a :%, Rehabilitaion of Gorijvari : 4 Gori Shida Kartli road 1.45 km : Lentekhi Rehabilitation of Nationwide Projects: Ochamchire SAMEGRELO- 5 Kareli Sagholasheni-Dvani 12 km : Highway - DCA Basisbank ZEMO SVANETI RACHA-LECHKHUMI rehabilitaiosn Roads in Oni Etseri - DCA Bank Republic Lia*#*# 6 Oni 2.452 km, 5 streets *#Sachino : KVEMO SVANETI Stepantsminda - DCA Alliance Group 1$ Gali *#Mukhuri Tsageri Shatili %, Racha- *#1$ Tsalenjikha Abari Rehabilitation of Headwork Khvanchkara #0#0 Lechkhumi - DCA Crystal Obuji*#*# *#Khabume # 7 Oni of Drinking Water on Oni for Nakipu 0 Likheti 3 400 individuals - Black Sea Regional Transmission ZUGDIDI1$ *# Chkhorotsku1$*# ]^!( Oni Planning Project (Phase 2) Chitatskaro 1$!( Letsurtsume Bareuli #0 - Georgia Education Management Project (EMP) Akhalkhibula AMBROLAURI %,Tsaishi ]^!( *#Lesichine Martvili - Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried) MTSKHETA- Khamiskuri%, Kheta Shua*#Zana 1$ - GNEWRC Partnership Program %, Khorshi Perevi SOUTH MTIANETI Khobi *# *#Eki Khoni Tskaltubo Khresili Tkibuli#0 #0 - HICD Plus #0 ]^1$ OSSETIA 1$ 1$!( Menji *#Dzveli -
Exploring the Caucasus Georgia & Armenia September 13-29, 2022
Exploring the Caucasus Georgia & Armenia September 13-29, 2022 17 days for $4,774 total price from Washington, DC ($4,295 air & land inclusive plus $479 airline taxes and fees) This tour is provided by Odysseys Unlimited, six-time honoree Travel & Leisure’s World’s Best Tour Operators award. An Exclusive Small Group Tour for Members of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Dear VMFA Members, Travel with us on an exclusive 17-day small group journey through the captivating countries of Georgia and Armenia, with the grand Caucasus Mountains as our backdrop. We begin in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. During our stay, we visit three UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Khor-Virap, with biblical Mt. Ararat as its backdrop. We also visit the Greek temple at Garni and sample the famous Armenian brandy. We then continue to Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, with a one-night stay at beautiful Lake Sevan en route. We explore the capital and enjoy a full-day excursion to Georgia’s famous wine country. Next, we travel north through the Greater Caucasus Mountains for a stay in Stepantsminda, at the foot of 16,500-foot Mount Kazbek. Here, we visit mountain villages, take in the stunning vistas, and enjoy a home-hosted lunch with a local family. Our final stop is Borjomi, a resort town in the Lesser Caucasus range; then we head back to Tbilisi for one night. For guests wishing to continue on, a 5-day/4-night post-tour extension to Azerbaijan is available. Space on this exciting program is limited and will fill quickly.