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Air and Space Power Journal, Published Quarterly, Is the Professional Flagship Publication of the United States Air Force

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Air and Space Power Journal, Published Quarterly, Is the Professional Flagship Publication of the United States Air Force Air Force Chief of Staff Gen John P. Jumper Commander, Air Education and Training Command Gen Donald G. Cook http://www.af.mil Commander, Air University Lt Gen Donald A. Lamontagne Commander, College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education Col Bobby J. Wilkes Editor Col Anthony C. Cain http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Senior Editor Lt Col Malcolm D. Grimes Associate Editors Lt Col Michael J. Masterson Maj Donald R. Ferguson Professional Staff Marvin W. Bassett, Contributing Editor Larry Carter, Contributing Editor http://www.au.af.mil Mary J. Moore, Editorial Assistant Steven C. Garst, Director of Art and Production Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator Ann Bailey, Prepress Production Manager Air and Space Power Chronicles Luetwinder T. Eaves, Managing Editor The Air and Space Power Journal, published quarterly, http://www.cadre.maxwell.af.mil is the professional flagship publication of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open forum for the presentation and stimulation of innova­ tive thinking on military doctrine, strategy, tactics, force structure, readiness, and other matters of na­ tional defense. The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carrying the official sanc­ tion of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. Articles in this edition may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If they are reproduced, Visit Air and Space Power Journal on-line the Air and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. at http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil or E-mail to [email protected] Winter 2003 Volume XVII, No. 4 AFRP 10-1 Direct Attack: Enhancing Counterland Doctrine and Joint Air-Ground Operations . 5 Maj Gen David A. Deptula, USAF Col Gary L. Crowder, USAF Maj George L. Stamper Jr., USAF Prelaunch Notes . 13 Ricochets and Replies . 13 Flight Lines A Century of Air and Space Power . 14 Features Normandy: A Modern Air Campaign? . 16 Dr. Thomas Alexander Hughes America’s First Air-Land Battle . 31 Dr. Bert Frandsen Airpower, Jointness, and Transformation . 40 Dr. Stephen O. Fought Col O. Scott Key, USAF AWC Seminar Six Losing Air Superiority: A Case Study from the Second World War . 55 Dr. Richard R. Muller Strategic Leadership: Defining the Challenge . 67 Col W. Michael Guillot, USAF The Not-So-Forgotten War: Fodder for Your Reading on the Air War in Korea a Half Century Later . 77 Dr. David R. Mets Net Assessment Silent Wings at War: Combat Gliders in World War II . 97 John L. Lowden Reviewer: Lt Col Robert B. Kane, USAF Tritium on Ice: The Dangerous New Alliance of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power . 98 Kenneth D. Bergeron Reviewer: Capt Jay Hemphill, USAF Strategy for Chaos: Revolutions in Military Affairs and the Evidence of History . 98 Colin S. Gray Reviewer: Capt Gilles Van Nederveen, USAF, Retired Gradual Failure: The Air War over North Vietnam, 1965–1966 . 99 Jacob Van Staaveren Reviewer: Maj Paul G. Niesen, USAF Flankers: The New Generation . 100 Yefim Gordon, Dmitriy Komissarov, trans. Reviewer: Maj Pete Osika, USAF, Retired Out of the Italian Night: Wellington Bomber Operations, 1944–45 . 101 Maurice G. Lihou Reviewer: Maj James Gates, USAF Bombers over Berlin: The RAF Offensive, November 1943–March 1944 . 101 Alan W. Cooper Reviewer: Maj James Gates, USAF Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945 . 101 Robert B. Kane Reviewer: Dr. Douglas Peifer Protecting the American Homeland: A Preliminary Analysis . 103 Michael E. O’Hanlon et al. Reviewer: Command Sgt Major James H. Clifford, USA Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . 103 Michael B. Oren Reviewer: Lt Comdr Youssef H. Aboul-Enein, MSC, USN Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat . 104 Reina Pennington Reviewer: Dr. Richard R. Muller U.S. War Plans: 1938–1945 . 105 Steven T. Ross, ed. Reviewer: Dr. Kevin C. Holzimmer The Russian People and Foreign Policy: Russian Elite and Mass Perspectives, 1993–2000 . 106 William Zimmerman Reviewer: Joe Derdzinski Mach 3+: NASA/USAF YF-12 Flight Research, 1969–1979 . 106 Peter W. Merlin Reviewer: Col John Chilstrom, USAF Mick Mannock, Fighter Pilot: Myth, Life and Politics . 107 Adrian Smith Reviewer: Col Eric Ash, USAF Misguided Weapons:Technological Failure and Surprise on the Battlefield . 108 Azriel Lorber Reviewer: Dr. David R. Mets Kittyhawks over the Sands: The Canadians and RCAF Americans . 109 Michel Lavigne and James F. Edwards Reviewer: Lt Col Rob Tate, USAFR Faster, Further, Higher: Leading-Edge Aviation Technology since 1945 . 110 Philip Jarrett, ed. Reviewer: Kenneth P. Werrell Index . 115 Mission Debrief . 126 Air and Space Power Journal Board of Reviewers Prof. Tami Davis Biddle Dr. Tom Keaney US Army War College School of Advanced International Studies Lt Col Price T. Bingham, USAF, Retired Johns Hopkins University Melbourne, Florida Prof. Theodore Kluz USAF Air War College Col Matthew Caffrey, USAFR Operations Directorate Dr. Charles Krupnick Headquarters USAF US Army War College Brig Gen Phillip D. Caine, USAF, Retired Dr. Benjamin S. Lambeth Monument, Colorado RAND Dr. Don D. Chipman Lt Col David MacIsaac, USAF, Retired USAF Squadron Officer College Montgomery, Alabama Dr. Clayton K. S. Chun Dr. Karl P. Magyar US Army War College Montgomery, Alabama Dr. Mark Clodfelter Col Edward Mann, USAF, Retired National War College Colorado Springs, Colorado Dr. Jerome V. Martin Dr. James Corum Peru State College USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Col Phillip Meilinger, USAF, Retired Dr. Conrad Crane Science Applications International Corporation Strategic Studies Institute US Army War College Prof. John H. Morrow Jr. University of Georgia Dr. Dik A. Daso National Air and Space Museum Dr. Daniel Mortensen Smithsonian Institution USAF College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education Dr. Lee Dowdy Alabama State University Prof. James Mowbray USAF Air War College Col Dennis M. Drew, USAF, Retired Dr. Karl Mueller USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies RAND Brig Gen Charles Dunlap Jr., USAF Dr. Richard R. Muller Staff Judge Advocate USAF Air Command and Staff College USAF Air Combat Command Col Robert Owen, USAF, Retired Dr. Stephen Fought Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University USAF Air War College Dr. Reina J. Pennington Col David M. Glantz, USA, Retired Norwich University Journal of Slavic Military Studies Dr. James Smith Col Thomas E. Griffith Jr., USAF USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Col James Spencer, USAF Dr. John F. Guilmartin Jr. USAF Academy The Ohio State University Col Richard Szafranski, USAF, Retired Dr. Grant T. Hammond Toffler Associates Center for Strategy and Technology Air University Dr. James Titus USAF Academy Prof. Daniel Hughes USAF Air War College Col Mark Wells, USAF Dr. Thomas Hughes USAF Academy USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Dr. Kenneth P. Werrell Lt Col Mark P. Jelonek, USAF Christiansburg, Virginia Space Division Dr. Harold R. Winton USAF Weapons School USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies 4 Direct Attack Enhancing Counterland Doctrine and Joint Air-Ground Operations MAJ GEN DAVID A. DEPTULA, USAF COL GARY L. CROWDER, USAF MAJ GEORGE L. STAMPER JR., USAF HE EVOLUTION OF war fightingÄ 1991, and continued with Deliberate Force requires doctrine to be examinedÄ (ODF), August–September 1995; Allied Force and adjusted to codify the best prac­ (OAF), March–June 1999; Enduring Freedom tices of new and evolving conceptsÄ (OEF), October–December 2001; and Iraqi T Freedom (OIF), March–April 2003. In con- that generate increased capabilities. For overÄ a decade, America’s military has conducted aÄ junction with land and sea power, America ex� series of operations that evidences a steadyÄ ploited the asymmetric advantage of air and evolution of war-fighting capabilities and em�Ä space power to achieve national-policy objec� ployment methods. Those operations beganÄ tives in all of these operations—each with with Desert Storm (ODS), January–FebruaryÄ unique challenges that were, in turn, a cata- 5 6 AIR & SPACE POWER JOURNAL WINTER 2003 lyst for further innovation and adaptation. In recommendations are more broadly under- light of these experiences, it is appropriate stood and simply reflect the manner in which that we examine current Air Force and joint we conducted counterland missions in OIF as doctrine to determine if both still reflect the well as how we plan to conduct operations in best practices as experienced by the airmen other theaters of operation. DA is, however, who planned and fought them. One area that more complex, less well understood, and re� may benefit from such attention is the Air flective of a broader and more enduring ex� Force’s counterland doctrine.1 amination of how we organize, think about, Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) and fight counterland. As a consequence, the 2-1.3, Counterland, has been in revision for following paragraphs will share the thoughts several years. That time reflects the very real and accumulated understanding of those challenges of trying to capture and codify making these recommendations to the AFDC. emerging war-fighting practices within the What is direct attack? Broadly stated, DA context of known and enduring principles of consists of air operations conducted to ren� counterland doctrine. One positive outcome der the adversary’s military capabilities inef� from the length of its revision is that OEF and fective outside an established land area of OIF have been fought and that those experi� operations (AO) or when surface forces are ences offer fresh lessons and provide addi� operating in a supporting role to air forces. tional insight on how to proceed. Although this is a working definition, it cap� In that effort, Air Combat Command tures why a new mission category may be of (ACC)—at the request of and in coordination value and how that could change the way we with the Air Force Doctrine Center (AFDC)— think about, organize, and conduct counter- hosted a counterland conference during the land operations.
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