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The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges. -
Earthquake List
1. Valdivia, Chile, May 22, 1960: 9.5 Number killed: 1,655 Number displaced: 2 million Cost of damages: $550 million The world's largest earthquake produced landslides so massive that they changed the courses of rivers and lakes. It begot a tsunami that battered the northern coastline of California, some 9,000 miles away; waves also hit Hawaii, the Philippines, and Japan where hundreds died. 2. Prince William Sound, Alaska. March 28, 1964: 9.2 Number killed: 128 Number displaced: Unknown Cost of damages: $311 million Because it occurred on Good Friday, it earned the somewhat dubious (if logical) title of the "Good Friday Earthquake." 3. The west coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, December 26, 2004: 9.1 Number killed: 157,577 Number displaced: 1,075,350 Cost of damages: Unknown The tsunami that followed caused more casualties than any in recorded history. 4. Kamchatka, Russia, November 5, 1952: 9.0 Number killed: Unknown Number displaced: Unknown Cost of damages: $800,000 to $1 million This earthquake unleashed a tsunami that was "powerful enough to throw a cement barge in the Honolulu Harbor into a freighter," but it wasn't widely reported in the West because it happened during the Cold War. 5. Off the coast of Ecuador, January 31, 1906: 8.8 Number killed: 500 to 1,500 Number displaced: Unknown Cost of damages: Unknown An especially violent year for earthquakes, 1906 also saw massive tremors in San Francisco and in Valparaiso, Chile. 6. Rat Islands, Alaska, February 4, 1965: 8.7 Number killed: Unknown Number displaced: Unknown Cost of damages: $10,000 Positioned on the Aleutian arc on the boundary between the Pacific and North American crustal plates, the Rat Islands occupy one of the world's most active seismic zones; with more than 100 7.0 or larger magnitude earthquakes having occurred there in the past 100 years. -
Republic of Chile March 2020
Market Report: REPUBLIC OF CHILE April 2020 OceanX - Version 1.9 / April 2020 1.9 - Version OceanX Market Report: Republic of Chile March 2020 Country Pro*ile: Capital: Santiago Population: (2017) 18,729,160 Area: 756,096.3 km2 Of*icial Language: Spanish Currency Unit: Chilean peso 1USD: 865.70CLN GDP (Current, 2018): $ 298.231 (Billion) GDP per capita (2018): $ 15,923.3 GDP Growth Rate (2018): Annual: 4.0 % In*lation Rate (2018): 2.6% Unemployment Rate(2018): 7.2% Tax Revenue 18.2% Imports of Goods and services ( % of GDP): 28.7 % Exports of Goods and services ( % of GDP): 28.8 % * (Source World Bank Data) Corporate tax: 25% Income Tax: 0-35.5% Standard VAT rate: 19% The economy seemed to be recovering in the 1st Q of 2020 after last year social tensions. GDP growth was expected to reach 3.02 % by end of the year, and Exports are also expected to raise although uncertain global demand due to the Covid-19 Pandamic. The GDP growth forecast, however, is declining every month as impact of the global pandemic is becoming more considerable. T +41 62 544 94 10 E [email protected] I oceanx.network OceanX AG, Fluhgasse 135, 5080 Laufenburg, Switzerland General Facts: The economy of Chile, which is one of the fastest developing economies of Latin America and the world's largest copper producer, is based on more mineral exports, especially copper. Chile's main imported items are petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications vehicles, industrial machinery, vehicles and natural gas. Chile is the 1st country in Latin American that has adopted the free market economy model, has political and economic stability, and acts with the understanding of free and competitive trade with all countries of the world. -
A HRC 32 36 Add.1 En
A/HRC/32/36/Add.1 Advance Unedited Version Distr.: General 16 June 2016 Original: English Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association on his mission to Chile* Note by the Secretariat The Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association undertook an official visit to Chile from 21 to 30 September 2015 to assess the situation of freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the country, upon the Government’s invitation. Following an introductory section, sections II and III contain a series of good practices and remaining challenges in relation to the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. Finally, the Special Rapporteur formulates his recommendations to overcome the challenges he identified * The present report was submitted after the deadline in order to reflect the most recent developments. A/HRC/32/36/Add.1 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association on his mission to Chile** Contents Page I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 A. Historical and political background ........................................................................................ -
The New Zealand Gazette 581
MAY 9] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE 581 CHILE CHILE-continued Name. Address. Name. Address. A.E.G., Cia Sudamerikana de Bandera 581, Casilla 9393', De la Ruelle, Jean Marie Santiago. Elecricidad Santiago. Deutsch-Chilenischer Bund Agustinas 975, Santiago. Aachen y Munich, Cia de Seguros Blanco 869, Valparaiso. Deutsche Handelskammer Prat 846, Casilla. 1411,VaIapraiso, Ackerknecht, E. " Esmeralda, 1013, Casilla 1784, and Morande 322, Casilla 4252, Valparaiso. Santiago. Ackermann Lochmann, Luis San Felipe 181, Casilla 227, Deutsche Lufthansa A.G. Bandera 191, Santiago, and .all Puerto Montt. branches in Chile. Agricola Caupolican Ltda. Soc ... Santiago. Deutsche Zeitung fur Chile Merced 673, Santiago. Agricola e Industrial "San Agustinas 975, Santiago, and all Deutscher Sports Verein Margarita 2341, Santiago. Pedro" Ltda., Soc. branches in Chile. Deutscher Verein Salvador Dorroso 1337, Val- Akita Araki, Y osokichi Aldunate 1130, Coquimbo. paraiso. Albingia Versicherungs A.G. Urriola 332, Casilla 2060, Val- Deutscher Verein Plaza Camilo Henriquez 540, Valdivia. paraiso. Deutscher Verein Union Independencia 451, Valdivia. Alemana de Vapores Kosmos, Cia Valparaiso. Diario L'Italia O'Higgins 1266, Valparaiso. Allianz und Stuttgarter Verin Esmeralda 1013, Valparaiso. Diaz Gonzalez, Alicia Madrid 944, Santiago. Versicherungs A.G. Dittmann, Bruno Prat 828, Valparaiso. Amano, Y oshitaro Funda Andalien, Concepcion. Doebbel, Federico Bandera 227, Casilla 3671, San- Anilinas y Productos Quimicos Santiago. tiago. Soc. Ltda., Cia. Generale de Dorbach Bung, Guillermo Colocolo 740, Santiago. Anker von Manstein, Fridleif Constitucion 25, San Francisco Doy Nakadi, Schiochi 21 de Mayo 287, Arica. 1801, and Maria Auxiliadora Dreher Pollitz, Boris Pasaje Matte 81, and San Antonio 998, Santiago. 527, Santiago. Asai,K. Ave. B. -
THE HUMAN RIGHTS of the RAPA NUI PEOPLE on EASTER ISLAND Rapa Nui
THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Rapa Nui IWGIA report 15 THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Report of the international Observers’ Mission to Rapa Nui 2011 OBSERVERS: Clem Chartier, President of Métis National Council, Canada. Alberto Chirif, Anthropologist and Researcher, IWGIA, Peru. Nin Tomas, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Auckland in Aotearoa- New Zealand, and researcher in the area of Indigenous Peoples Rights. Rapa Nui: August 1 - 3, 2011 Santiago: August 4 - 8, 2011 Report 15 IWGIA - 2012 CONTENTS THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RAPA NUI PEOPLE ON EASTER ISLAND Observer´s Report visit to Rapa Nui 2011 ISBN: 978-87-92786-27-2 PRESENTATION 5 Editor Observatorio Ciudadano 1. Historical information about the relationship between the Rapa Nui Design and layout people and the Chilean State 7 Lola de la Maza Cover photo 2. Diagnosis of the Human Rights situation of the Rapa Nui and their Isabel Burr, archivo Sacrofilm demands, with special reference to the rights of self-determination Impresión Impresos AlfaBeta and territorial rights 11 Santiago , Chile 2.1. Self Determination 12 2.1.1 Right to Consultation over Migration Control 18 2.1.2 Conclusion 20 2.2. Territorial Rights 21 OBSERVATORIO CIUDADANO Antonio Varas 428 - Temuco, Chile 2.2.1. Lands Occupations 21 Tel: 56 (45) 213963 - Fax 56 (45) 218353 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.observatorio.cl 2.2.2. Return of Lands 26 INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS 3. RightS OF IndigEnouS PEoplES in ChilE 30 Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax (45) 35 27 05 07 4. -
EASTER ISLAND Botswana Safaris Amazing Wonders from Desert to Wetlands
EASTER ISLAND BOTSWANA SAFARIS Amazing Wonders From Desert To Wetlands Easter Island is a magical mysterious place located in a remote area in the southeastern Pacific Ocean some 2,300 miles west of South America. A Chilean territory, Easter Island is a volcanic island known for its intriguing archaeological sites. There are approximately 900 monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui inhabitants during the 10th-16th centuries. In 1995 UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. The moai are carved figures with oversized heads, often resting on massive rock altars. Polynesian people most likely settled on Easter Island sometime between 700 to 1100 AD, and created a thriving and industrious culture as evidenced by the island’s numerous enormous stone moai and other artifacts. By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island’s population had dropped to 2,000–3,000 from an estimated high of approximately 15,000 just a century earlier. European diseases and Peruvian slave raiding in the 1860s further reduced the Rapa Nui population, to a very low number of inhabitants in 1877. Begin your exploration with a stop at Rano Kao, one of three extinct volcanoes on the island whose crater is pocked with over 100 small lakes. Rano Kao was the second of the three volcanoes to erupt about 2.5 million years ago. Growing inside the crater are grapes, bananas, and totora, a reed used extensively for houses, boats and other uses. Visit Rano Raraku, one of the most interesting archaeological sites not only on Easter Island but also in the entire world. -
Rapa Nui National Park
WORLD HERITACE LIST Rapa Nui NO 715 Identification Nomination Rapa Nui National Park Location Easter Island Province, Valparaiso Region State Party RepubliC Of Ch ile Date 13 June 1994 Justification by State Party Rapa Nui National Park contains archaeological evidence, consisting mainly of moai <megalithic statues>, ahu <ceremonial structures>, houses and ceremonial villages, petroglyphs, and wall paintings. They constitute an outstanding and unique cultural heritage. category of propertv ln terms of the categories of property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 world Heritage convention, Rapa Nui is a site. Historv and Description History Rapa Nui was settled around AD 300 by Polynesians, probably from the Marquesas, who brought with them a wholly Stone Age society. Ali the cultural elements in Ra pa Nui prior to the arrivai of Europeans indicate th at the re were no other incoming groups; they rule out the many hypotheses that have been advanced regarding settlement from south America, Melanesia, Egypt, or elsewhere. According to island tradition, the colonizing expedition of fifty people in two canees was led by King Hotu Matu'a. Between the 10th and 16th centuries the island community expanded steadily, small settlements being set up along practically the entire coastline. The high cultural level of this society was high, and is best known from its monumental stone figures <moai> and ceremonial shrines <ahu>; it is also noteworthy for a form of pictographie writing (fango rongo>, which is so far undeciphered. However, there was an economie and social crisis in the community in the 16th centurv, attributable perhaps to over-population and environmental deterioration. -
Corporacion Nacional Forestal-Rapa Nui National Park Proposal for an International Scientific Advisory Board Jose Miguel Ramierz
Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation Volume 11 Article 8 Issue 3 September 1997 1997 Corporacion Nacional Forestal-Rapa Nui National Park Proposal for an International Scientific Advisory Board Jose Miguel Ramierz Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj Part of the History of the Pacific slI ands Commons, and the Pacific slI ands Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Ramierz, Jose Miguel (1997) "Corporacion Nacional Forestal-Rapa Nui National Park Proposal for an International Scientific Advisory Board," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 11 : Iss. 3 , Article 8. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol11/iss3/8 This Commentary or Dialogue is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation by an authorized editor of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ramierz: Rapa Nui National Park Proposal for International Advisory Board Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal-Rapa Nui National Park Proposal for an International Scientific Advisory Board Jose Miguel Ramirez. Aliaga Jefe Provincial Isla de Pascua The Chilean Forest Service Corporaci6n Nacional Fore micro-organism, chemical corrosion and human cause, and stal (eONAF) is the Chilean Government Agency whose of the importance f preserving this heritage becau e of it mandate includes the management of National Parks. The universal value, CONAF has spon ored and given impetu to Rapa Nui National Park was establi hed in 1935, it 6.7 a plan of special activities for the admini tration and perpetua hectares covers about 42 % of the total area of Easter I land. -
7 Reasons to Visit Chile
7 reasons to visit Chile - Surprising natural wonders - Culture and Heritage - World-class Sports and Adventure - Flavors and Wine from the end of the world - Astronomical Tourism - Vibrant City Life - Health and Wellness By region (from North to South) these would be the places we (SAT Chile) most sell to our different markets: The North and The Atacama Desert - The Lauca National Park – Lake Chungara: UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve. - San Pedro de Atacama: The driest desert of the world, more than 375 natural attractions Santiago, Valparaíso and The Central Valleys - Casablanca: one of the 10 Greatest Wine Capitals of the world. - Valparaíso’s lifts and trolleybuses: living heritage. - Route of the Poets: Neruda’s houses on Negra Island and in Valparaíso, and Vicente Huidobro’s house in Cartagena. - Colchagua Valley: It has been dubbed “The Best Winemaking Region in the World” by the magazine Wine Enthusiast thanks to its world-classreds. Lakes and Volcanoes - Villarrica and Pucon: Thermal Springs Route: a large concentration of thermalsprings in the middle of the country’s natural landscape. - Pucón: an adventure sports paradise, offering kayak, rafting, trekking and volcano climbs Puerto Varas and Frutillar - Puyehue National Park, Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park and Alerce Andino National Park: southern forests and landscapes. - The Lakes Crossing: navigate along Todos los Santos Lake and make the crossing over to the Argentine city of Bariloche. Chiloé - 16 of Chiloé’s traditional churches are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. - -
Påskön Infographic Ahu Tongariki Moai Rongorongo
PÅSKÖN INFOGRAPHIC Easter Island is a Chilean island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Ocean- ia. Easter Island is most famous for its nearly 1,000 extant monu- mental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui people. In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. It is believed that Easter Island's Polynesian inhabitants arrived on Easter Island sometime near 1200 AD. They created a thriving and industrious culture, as evidenced by the island's numerous enor- mous stone moai and other artifacts. AHU TONGARIKI Ahu Tongariki is the largest ahu on Easter Island. Its moai were toppled during the is- land's civil wars and in the twentieth century the ahu was swept inland by a tsunami. It has since been restored and has fifteen moai including an 86 tonne moai that was the heaviest ever erected on the island. Ahu Tongariki is one kilometer from Rano Raraku and Poike in the Hotu-iti area of Rapa Nui National Park. All the moai here face sunset during Summer Solstice. MOAI Moai or mo‘ai, are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 RONGORONGO TEXT and 1500 Rongorongo is a system of glyphs discovered in the 19th century on Easter Island that appears to be writing or proto-writing. Numerous at- tempts at decipherment have been made, none successfully. Although some calendrical and what might prove to be genealogical information has been identified, none of these glyphs can actually be read. -
Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Michea, Alexis Working Paper Puerto de Gran Escala (PGE): The case for a new container terminal in central Chile International Transport Forum Discussion Paper, No. 2013-20 Provided in Cooperation with: International Transport Forum (ITF), OECD Suggested Citation: Michea, Alexis (2013) : Puerto de Gran Escala (PGE): The case for a new container terminal in central Chile, International Transport Forum Discussion Paper, No. 2013-20, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Transport Forum, Paris This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/97091 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Puerto de Gran Escala The case for a new container terminal in central Chile Discussion20 Paper 2013 • 20 Alexis Michea Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Chile Puerto de Gran Escala (PGE) Discussion Paper No.