Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan

Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016 Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Evanston, Illinois

Swamp white oaks and fringed loosestrife

Prepared for: Prepared by:

Joe Keefe Winnetka, IL

Cassi Saari, Ecologist Contact: Andy Stahr, Principal [email protected] www.ecologyllc.com P.O. Box 601 Leland, IL 60531 815-981-8003

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ...... 6 RESTORATION PLAN ...... 10 REFERENCES ...... 14

APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY ...... 15 APPENDIX B: ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PRIMER: GENERAL INSTALLATION & STEWARDSHIP ...... 16 APPENDIX C: RECOMMENDED NATIVE PLANT NURSERIES ...... 22 APPENDIX D: MAPS ...... 23 APPENDIX E: PLANT SPECIES INVENTORY ...... 28 APPENDIX F: NATIVE PLANT LISTS ...... 30 APPENDIX G: PHOTOS...... 33

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PURPOSE ecology + vision, llc (ecology) was retained by Joe Keefe to assess the ecological condition of and make recommendations for restoration and management of a small tract of woodland Evanston, Cook County, Illinois. The study area is owned by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) where a driveway easement is required for access to a piece of land-locked development property just north of the study area. The study area consists of approximately 0.88 acres of swamp white oak woodland. The goal of the restoration is to improve ecological integrity, habitat for wildlife, and site aesthetics. This restoration plan assesses the site history, identifies target invasive species and recommended treatment methods, provides plant lists, proposes user enhancement features, and includes several maps to inform future management. The plan recommends additional clearing areas, planting native trees/shrubs, and introducing native herbaceous seed and plants.

ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT The tree canopy consists of primarily swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), elm (Ulmus spp.), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). Intermediate and understory trees were ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica and F. americana), elm and box elder (Acer negundo) with little indication of oak regeneration, which would be expected in a healthy and functioning woodland ecosystem.

Several other native plants were present and are indicative of remnant quality, they include purple Joe Pye weed (Eutrochium purpureum), mullein foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla), early meadow rue (Thalictrum dioicum), purple meadow rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum), straight-styled wood sedge (Carex radiata), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). Many other plant species are likely to be present but not encountered due to the timing and intensity of the survey – only one survey period in summer, missing the majority of possible spring ephemeral species and opportunity to identify other groups such as sedges (Carex spp.).

A total of 70 vascular plants were identified to species within the Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement parcel. Two species (a sedge and a non-native peony) were not identified to species level. Of the 70 species, 38 were native and 32 were non-native. The native mean coefficient of conservatism (C) was 3.3 and the native Floristic Quality Index (FQI) was 20.1 (see Appendix A for definitions of terms). The total mean C was 1.8 and the total FQI was 14.8 – these values account for non-native species. These are somewhat low values for a natural area and are indicative of an area that has undergone human disturbance. However, as mentioned, the survey period was a single visit in the summer and very likely excludes additional species that would only have been visible earlier in the year. The wetness value was facultative upland (+), indicative of the mixture of upland and wetland plant species present. These values are based strictly on an inventory of the native plant species found and not the coverage of those species (discussed in the previous section, Dominant Vegetation).

RESTORATION PLAN There are several basic components of ecosystem restoration: site preparation, installation, stewardship (maintenance), and monitoring. Aggressive treatment of invasive woody vines and shrubs will be vital to the success of this restoration project. Planting areas and materials lists, including trees, shrubs, and herbaceous seed and plants, are included in this document.

Following planting, a lack of or inadequate natural areas stewardship will cause a restoration project to fail. Because of its importance, it is highly recommended that stewardship be conducted by a professional ecological restoration firm, particularly during the 3-5 year establishment period after restoration efforts. Alternatively, internal staff may be trained/qualified in plant identification and equipped to conduct appropriate stewardship. The stewardship program must be aggressive, dynamic, and site-specific. Stewardship actions typically consist of mowing, selective herbicide applications, seed collection & supplemental seeding/planting, prescribed fire, and monitoring.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

NATURAL AREAS MANAGEMENT PRIORITIZATION

Immediate 1. Protect trees and shrubs from driveway construction (Prior to Commencing Construction) 2. Begin treatment/removal of wintercreeper, lily of the valley, and other herbaceous invasive species (Throughout Growing Season) 3. Remove invasive shrubs and trees (Winter) 4. Remove excessive downed woody debris, some should remain for habitat purposes (Any Time) 5. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 6. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Mid-Term 1. Monitor area for re-emergence of native flora, revise plan for replanting based on post-clearing site conditions (Spring and Summer Following Clearing) 2. Prepare herbaceous planting areas for restoration by applying herbicide to existing non-native and weedy native plant material (second application may be required), cutting treated biomass, scarifying soil, and seeding/plugging (Spring or Fall) 3. Plant, protect, and water native shrubs and trees (Spring or Fall) 4. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 5. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Long-Term 1. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 2. Monitor site to assess restoration and stewardship success; adjust natural areas management planning accordingly (Throughout Growing Season) 3. Implement prescribed fire (Late Fall or Early Spring) 4. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

INTRODUCTION ecology + vision, llc (ecology) was retained by Joe Keefe to assess the ecological condition of and make recommendations for restoration and management of a small tract of woodland Evanston, Cook County, Illinois. The study area is owned by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) where a driveway easement is required for access to a piece of land-locked development property just north of the study area. The study area consists of approximately 0.88 acres of swamp white oak woodland. The goal of the restoration is to improve ecological integrity, habitat for wildlife, and site aesthetics. This restoration plan assesses the site history, identifies target invasive species and recommended treatment methods, provides plant lists, proposes user enhancement features, and includes several maps to inform future management. The plan recommends additional clearing areas, planting native trees/shrubs, and introducing native herbaceous seed and plants.

LOCATION The study area is northeast of the intersection of Asbury Avenue and Isabella Street in Evanston, Cook County, Illinois in Evanston Township, Range 13E, southwest ¼ of Section 35. The approximate centroid of the study area is 42.069211, -87.688127 (WGS85). The parcel is adjacent to the southern boundary of Wilmette, IL, with the Fairway Oaks Subdivision (undeveloped) to the north, the Purple Line CTA train to the west, the Canal Shores Golf Course to the east, and Isabella Street to the south.

Project

Vicinity

Aerial Photo 5/22/2016, Google Earth

Figure 1. Project vicinity and aerial photo of Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT A site visit to the study area was made on July 21st, 2016 to assess the mature tree species and quality composition, assess the site for placement of an access road, and assess the ecological quality and opportunities for habitat restoration. High quality, mature trees and some higher quality herbaceous flora indicate there is significant opportunity for restoration to swamp white oak flatwoods and uplands.

Site History – At the end of the last North American glaciation 10,000 years ago, the massive ice sheet known as the Wisconsinan glacier receded from the Midwest. As the ice retreated to the north and east, flowing water and sediment that was released from the melting ice created the diverse landscape of plains, stream beds, wetlands, and moraines that now characterizes the varied Natural Divisions of Illinois (Schwegman 1973). This range of topography, hydrology, and microclimate, combined with periodic natural events such as floods and wildfire resulted in the evolution of a rich diversity of flora and fauna that comprised Illinois’ ecosystems.

The City of Evanston is located within the Northeastern Morainal Division of Illinois (Figure 1). This Division was the most recently glaciated region within the State of Illinois, making glacial landforms, such as moraines, kames, eskers, lake-bed deposits and beach sands, common features in the landscape. Unlike most of Illinois, the soils within the Northeastern Figure 1. Section 3c: Chicago Lake Morainal Division are derived primarily from glacial drift, lake bed Plain Section sediments, beach deposits, and peat.

A more detailed subculture of ecosystems is identified within the Northeastern Morainal Division: The Morainal Section, the Lake Michigan Dunes Section, the Chicago Lake Plain Section, and the Winnebago Drift Section. The Chicago Lake Plain Section occupies the former bed of glacial Lake Chicago, which was formed approximately 14,000 years ago when the Tinley and Valparaiso Moraine Systems dammed up the meltwater from the retreating glacier. The impounded water level was almost 60 feet above the current water levels of Lake Michigan following glacial retreat and subsided in two separate stages, reaching current levels only 2,000 years ago. This resulted in a nearly level topography with poorly drained soils that have a silt and clay subsoil that were formed in glacial lake sediment.

Northeast Cook County Historic Vegetation: Post glaciation, the Chicago Lake Plain Section developed nine fairly distinct plant communities: prairie, wet prairie, marsh, black oak savanna and other oak-dominated savanna, oak-hickory forest, wet forest, sugar maple-basswood, willow thicket, and Lake Michigan beach. Throughout the section area, prairies accounted for more than half of the ecosystems. Black oak savannas were restricted mainly to the sandy beaches and sandy glacial deposits throughout the southern and eastern Lake Plain. Areas east of the Des Plaines River and the North Branch of the Chicago River in the townships of Leyden, Jefferson, Maine, Niles, New Trier (Winnetka), and portions of Northfield were dominated by oak-hickory forests that had formed on the silt and clay deposits of the Lake Plain bottoms.

By referencing the historic “Federal Township Plats of Illinois (1809-1891)” and verifying our findings through additional historical research, we gain a better understanding of what the vegetation likely would have been at the time that the first surveyors moved through the region (Figure 2). Stands of timber, streams, marshy areas, cultivated fields, and towns are typically recorded on these maps. Pre-European settlement conditions of Evanston were mainly forested with scattered marshy areas. In the forested areas, burr, white, and red oak, hickory, elm, and ash trees represented more than 80% of the canopy species (listed in order of dominance).

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Figure 2. Federal Township Plats of Illinois, 1842 indicating primarily forested areas with scattered marsh, wet prairie, marshy prairie

Accounts of the areas around Winnetka south to Evanston refer to a dense forested area termed “The Big Woods”. Following is an excerpt from Joel Greenburg’s “A Natural History of the Chicago Region:”

From Evanston to Winnetka, a diverse forest arose from the ridges and swales that demarcate the changing levels of glacial Lake Chicago. Protected from most fires by the broad wet spaces that separated them, these timbers became known as the Big Woods and covered much of the ground from Lake Michigan to the east banks of the Chicago River’s North Branch. With one remarkable exception, little if any of its living glory has endured. Most of what follows focuses on Evanston, where the historical record of the forest has been meticulously and lovingly documented by naturalist Libby Hill.

One of the earliest floras of this region appeared in 1891 and focused on Cook County and a portion of Lake County, Indiana. Authors William Higley and Charles Raddin highlight the Big Woods as one of the “localities of special interest”: Here many of our representative trees are found as well as less frequent forms, while around their trunks twine the wild grape, woodbine, bittersweet and poison ivy. In the spring parts of this area are submerged and marshy, and abound with species of Trillium, Arabis and Cardamine. Species of the [orchids] Habenaria, Cypripedium, and Orchis are here met with, as well as the Sanguinaria canadensis and Oxalis violacea. During the summer and autumn the undergrowth is marked by species of Solidago, Aster, Helianthus, Eupatorium, [Laportea (wood nettle)]…..and many others, while the fallen logs present a great variety of mosses and fungi.

Writing in 1910, Charles Atwell, professor of biology at Northwestern University and later Evanston’s chief forester, stated that the principal trees in the drier portions were oaks – black, red, white, and bur – and shagbark hickories, “with white birch, [white] pine, juniper and occasional black cherry trees along the [easternmost] ridge.” Within the clay-lined swales, there were places slightly elevated and drained sufficiently to support forest, also, but of a different type. These lowlands were the domain of swamp white oaks, American elms, basswood, ash, silver maple, sugar maple, bitter hickory (Carya cordiformis), and butternut (Juglans cinerea).

Ten years later, Lillian Simmons of Northwestern University published a systematic study that she had conducted of the woods. Although urbanization had altered much of the area she found that extensive forest still survived. Using the terminology current at the time, she noted the presence of mesophytic upland forest, xerophytic sand ridge forest, and morainic swamp forest.

The mesophytic upland forest and xerophytic sand ridge forests were restricted to a few small areas. They still contained the same trees recorded by Atwell, but much less of the understory remained. Some of those species persisting in the upland forest included chokecherry, mayapple, wild geranium, and red trillium, and in the sand ridge forest, red trillium, feathery false Solomon’s seal, and strawberry [probably wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana].

Of the three kinds of forests, the morainic swamp was the “most extensive and least disturbed.” In addition to the trees mentioned by Atwell, Simmons recorded red oak, various haws, and pignut hickory. The understory was rich and “very luxuriant” with young trees, chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), prickly ash, poison ivy,

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

bristly green brier (Smilax hispida), large white trillium, red trillium, bulbous cress (Cardamine bulbosa), smooth sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis), and other species. She does not mention the orchids that so impressed Higley and Raddin; perhaps in the intervening years these conservative forbs had disappeared.

Of course, few of the people who knew the woods in the early days appreciated its floristic diversity. The first settlers, able to purchase land for a dollar an acre, arrived in the late 1820s with one mission: to carve a homestead out of the woods. Evanston historian J.S. Curry described the result:

The new arrival in a region covered with virgin forest was to clear a space for his dwelling, and continually enlarge such as space so that in a season or two he could form the outlines of his fields of which his future farm was to consist. He attached the forest growth with such furious zeal that daylight began to penetrate the gloom of the original forest in many places, and so great was his eagerness to extirpate the every vestige of the obstruction to open farm land that he did not even allow a single tree or bush to remain near his dwelling….Many of the early pictures of pioneer dwellings show a bare log cabin surrounded by stumps but not a tree within a long distance to the edge of the retiring forest lines.

The North Shore Channel to the east of the study area was constructed between 1907 and 1910 to cleanse the “decomposing and noxious filth” of the Chicago River’s North Branch with water diverted from Lake Michigan (Hill 2000). Hill notes that spoils from digging out the canal were piled along its banks and also used as fill along the lakeshore. Thus, much of the natural vegetation surrounding the canal was destroyed early on. Today the banks of the canal consist of primarily degraded, secondary growth floodplain woodland that provides significant habitat for regional wildlife. Surrounding areas are highly urbanized with residential and business areas, the Canal Shores golf course, and very few tracts of protected, natural green space away from the banks of the canal. Exceptions in the nearby surrounding area include Perkins Woods, Emily Oaks Nature Center, and tracts of land owned by the Forest Preserves of Cook County along the North Branch of the Chicago River.

Figure 3. Aerial photo from the late 1930s showing mature trees that are still standing within the study area, outlined (Illinois State Geological Survey 1997) An aerial photo from the late 1930s shows the surrounding area in somewhat similar condition to today, with the golf course, train, and nearby residences already constructed, and mature trees present that are still standing today (Figure 3). In our opinion, any intact natural areas showing remnant qualities (such as the study area) should be protected as best as possible due to their scarcity in the region.

Assessment of Current Conditions – The study area is a wooded lot with slight variations in microtopography including ephemeral ponds, dry at the time of the survey, uplands, and some spoil areas (gravel, soil, and landscape waste). The soil was classified as Hoopeston fine sandy loam by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Hoopeston fine sandy loam formed from lake plains and outwash plains, is typically somewhat poorly drained, and is not classified as hydric. Local conditions and position on the landscape has likely changed the original hydrology, diverting water to the study area as hydrophytic vegetation was evident throughout. The tree canopy consists of primarily swamp white oak

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

(Quercus bicolor), elm (Ulmus spp.), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). Intermediate and understory trees were ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica and F. americana), elm and box elder (Acer negundo) with little indication of oak regeneration, which would be expected in a healthy and functioning woodland ecosystem.

Significant populations of non-native shrubs were European cranberrybush viburnum (Viburnum opulus var. opulus), European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), and honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii and L. tatarica). Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) and lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) were the major herbaceous invasive species at the time of the site assessment. These invasive species not only threaten the ecological integrity of the site but also reduce sight lines into the wooded area, allowing individuals or groups to gather; a temporary man-made sleeping structure was found in the northwest corner and occasional refuse was present throughout the site.

Table 1. Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Floristic Quality Assessment *Not considered comprehensive due to the timing/intensity of survey

Total Species 70 Native 38 Non-Native 32 Total Mean C 1.8 Total FQI 14.8 Native Mean C 3.3 Native FQI 20.1 Wetness 1.5 Wetland Category FACU+

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Following planting, a lack of or inadequate natural areas stewardship will cause a restoration project to fail. Because of its importance, it is highly recommended that stewardship be conducted by a professional ecological restoration firm, particularly during the 3-5 year establishment period after restoration efforts. The stewardship program must be aggressive, dynamic, and site-specific. Stewardship actions typically consist of mowing, selective herbicide applications, seed collection & supplemental seeding/planting, prescribed fire, and monitoring.

Summary and Prioritization for Management

Immediate 1. Protect existing trees and shrubs from driveway construction (Prior to Commencing Construction) a. Trees slated to remain should be assessed by a trained arborist and structurally pruned 2. Begin treatment/removal of wintercreeper, lily of the valley, and other herbaceous invasive species (Throughout Growing Season) 3. Remove invasive shrubs and trees (Winter) 4. Remove excessive downed woody debris, some should remain for habitat purposes (Any Time) 5. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 6. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Mid-Term 7. Monitor area for re-emergence of native flora, revise plan for replanting based on post-clearing site conditions (Spring and Summer Following Clearing) 8. Prepare herbaceous planting areas for restoration by applying herbicide to existing non-native and weedy native plant material (second application may be required), cutting treated biomass, scarifying soil, and seeding/plugging (Spring or Fall) 9. Plant, protect, and water native shrubs and trees (Spring or Fall) 10. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 11. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Long-Term 12. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) 13. Monitor site to assess restoration and stewardship success; adjust natural areas management planning accordingly (Throughout Growing Season) 14. Implement prescribed fire (Late Fall or Early Spring). Prescription should include conditions that will result in a low-intensity fire. 15. Inspect site regularly (Throughout Growing Season and Restoration Activities)

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Management Descriptions

Immediate 1. Protect trees and shrubs from driveway construction (Prior to Commencing Construction) – Construction equipment can easily damage trees and shrubs either directly by scarring the trunk/removing branches accidentally or indirectly through soil compaction. Soil compaction destroys the pore spaces in soils which provide areas for gas exchange (O2, CO2) for tree roots and root symbionts, reduces water holding capacity of the soil, decreases infiltration, and increases surface erosion. Soil should be disturbed as little as possible. a. Protect existing trees and other vegetation indicated to remain in place against unnecessary cutting, breaking, skinning of roots, skinning or bruising of bark, smothering of trees by stockpiling construction materials within drip lines, excess foot or vehicular traffic, or parking of vehicles under tree drip lines. Provide temporary guards to protect trees and vegetation to be left standing, as indicated on the Plans. b. Structurally prune existing mature trees to improve overall health and improve the structural integrity of remaining trees. Pruning should also aim to thin the canopy to allow additional sunlight to the ground plane, an decrease of 20% cover should be attained. 2. Begin treatment/removal of herbaceous invasive species (Throughout Growing Season) – Wintercreeper and lily of the valley were the most pernicious herbaceous invasive species present during the assessment. a. Because the leaves of wintercreeper are waxy, herbicide uptake is often limited. Scar the leaves by mowing and/or weed whip prior to herbicide application. Smaller infestations may be hand-pulled. Appropriate surfactants should be utilized in herbicide mixtures to aid in chemical uptake. b. Lily of the valley can be very difficult to eradicate. Apply glyphosate to large populations, avoiding overspray onto quality native plants. Smaller populations may be removed by hand, but the entire root system must be dug out. Follow-up treatments are required. c. Additional non-native species to be treated or removed include burdock, garlic mustard, and dame’s rocket. This is not an exhaustive list; see the plant inventory in the appendix and monitor the site for other populations of invasive and non-native species. d. All hand-pulled biomass should be physically removed from the site. These areas will require follow- up treatment. 3. Remove invasive and weedy native shrubs and trees (Winter) – Non-native/invasive species threaten the ecological integrity of the area by reducing sunlight to the soil and shading out other species. a. Cut and remove woody biomass. Apply herbicide directly to cambium (outer) layer of stumps. Remove all non-native woody vegetation, including but not limited to buckthorn, honeysuckle, non-native viburnum, white mulberry, and burning bush. b. Lower quality, densely populated native woody species, a percentage of which should be thinned by approximately 50%, include ash, linden, elm, cottonwood, catalpa, gray dogwood, and box elder. c. Species to protect from clearing activities include chokecherry, nannyberry, arrowwood, and oaks. 4. Remove excessive downed woody debris (Any Time) – Excessive cut and naturally downed woody debris was present (see photo 5). While some downed debris should remain as important habitat for insects and other arthropods, reptiles, amphibians, small mammals, and other animals, the large piles of woody debris should be removed from the site. We recommend an ecologist flag the areas where woody debris should be removed. 5. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) a. Stewardship will be most intensive the first few years after restoration, but will reduce in time and effort once resprouts of woody species have been controlled. For one year following seeding, seeded areas should be cut at a height of 6-8’’ to prevent weedy species from outcompeting the developing native seedlings. Spot spray herbicide on a species-by-species basis, e.g. 2,4-D for broadleaf weeds, triclopyr or ammonium salt of fosamine for woody resprouts, glyphosate for all species. Read and follow all herbicide labels. Lily of the valley and wintercreeper may be difficult to eradicate and will require several follow-up treatments. Practice Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) techniques to prevent invasive species establishment.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

b. Stewardship efforts may be reduced following site establishment, but continual visits to the site need to be made to control recurrent or new populations of invasive and weedy species, remove refuse, trim vegetation along trails, and perform other maintenance. 6. Inspect site regularly - In order to ensure the brush clearing and invasive species treatment is conducted appropriately and to assess stewardship efforts, the site should be inspected regularly during and following restoration. Natural areas management should be adaptive to current site conditions and any planning adjusted accordingly.

Mid-Term 1. Monitor area for re-emergence of native flora, revise plan for replanting based on post-clearing site conditions (Spring and Summer Following Clearing) – Site conditions may vary from year to year and are expected to change greatly following the initial brush clearing and invasive clearing activities. The year-round hydrologic conditions of the site are unknown and may change when significant woody vegetation is removed and after the road construction. a. Following brush clearing and driveway construction, assess the site hydrology and monitor for any re- emerging native vegetation. b. Seed and plug lists for several plant communities found on site are included in the appendix. Revise the plant lists and quantities following restoration and construction activities to produce a plan that fits the site conditions. 2. Plant, protect, and water native shrubs and trees (Spring or Fall) – Recommended species are included in the Native Plant Lists appendix with notes on the preferred moisture per species to guide placement on site. Quantities should be assessed following brush and tree clearing activities. The tree replacement program will ensure the next generation of native trees is in place as older trees on site decline. Stem densities for mature, canopy trees should range between 30 and 60 trees per acre. Plant smaller statured trees (1-2’’ caliper) that will acclimate quickly to the site. Trees grown in #15 size containers are the best option, either grown using pot-in-pot production or the root production method. Avoid balled and burlapped tree stock if possible. a. If root control bag, pot-in-pot, or container grown, remove the plant material from growing container. Center the root ball in the plant pit resting on 6 inches (150mm) of well tamped planting soil. The center of the root ball shall be level with the surrounding grade with the root-flare exposed. If balled and burlapped, cut cord or wire securing burlap at base of tree. b. Root-flare should be exposed, if not, remove soil until root-flare is exposed. Backfill the plant hole with planting soil placed in layers around the root ball. Carefully tamp each layer in place in a manner to avoid injury to roots or ball. When approximately two thirds of the plant hole has been backfilled, fill the hole with water and allow the soil to settle around the roots. c. Create a 3” high soil ring at the outside diameter of the planting pit for ease of watering. Install a minimum depth of 3” shredded hardwood mulch to cover entire planting pit. Mulch shall not be placed directly in contact with the plant leader. Mulch shall not be placed higher than the root-flare. d. Protect newly planted trees from deer browse or other injury with wire or plastic tree protectors until they reach a size of 3-4’’ in caliper or shrubs reach a height. Plant shrubs in groupings and protect with fencing during establishment. 3. Plant herbaceous vegetation (Spring or Fall) a. Identify and flag (if necessary) areas with existing native vegetation to protect from herbicide applications. b. Apply non-selective herbicide (e.g. glyphosate) to standing non-native and weedy herbaceous vegetation. A second application may be required. c. Cut standing herbaceous biomass d. Prepare for seeding by exposing the soil through hard-raking e. Install native seed mixes in appropriate habitat areas as identified following initial restoration and construction activities i. Install Transitional Buffer Seed Mix in six foot (6’) swath on both edges of roadway. ii. Install Ephemeral Pond Edge Seed Mix surrounding the wettest areas that pond in the spring. Hydrology may change following woody clearing and road construction.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

iii. Install Swamp White Oak Woodland Seed Mix in all other wooded areas. iv. Attached to each seed mix are lists of live plug species recommended for species diversification, particularly in the ephemeral pond areas. Many woodland species are recommended for establishment via live plug rather than seed due to cost, poor field germination, low number of seeds per ounce, specialized microclimate requirements, and/or seed not commercially available or only in low quantities. v. Native seed is preferably installed with machinery specifically designed for installation of native seed, such as Belco or Trillion brand seeders, but is likely not possible in this woodland habitat. Handseeding is typically a last resort for inaccessible areas. See Appendix B for a description of handseeding techniques. vi. Following seeding, rake, roll, or drag broadcast or handseeded areas perpendicular to the slope within 24 hours after broadcast or handseeding, or as soon as site conditions permit. f. Mow/Cut at 8-10’’ throughout first growing season. Conduct natural areas stewardship in perpetuity following installation. 4. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) – See previous section for description. a. Overseeding or planting in bare areas where seed/plants were poorly established may be required. 5. Inspect site regularly - In order to ensure the planting is conducted appropriately and to assess stewardship efforts, the site should be inspected regularly during and following restoration. Natural areas management should be adaptive to current site conditions and any planning adjusted accordingly.

Long-Term 1. Steward (maintain) by controlling weedy and invasive species through chemical and/or mechanical means (Throughout Growing Season) – See previous section for description. 2. Implement prescribed fire (Late Fall or Early Spring) – To reduce invasive woody encroachment, prescribed fire is recommended after the establishment of the native planting areas. Swamp white oak woodlands did not experience natural fires as often as our local prairies, savannas, and other woodlands due to the position on the landscape and hydrology. However, low-intensity fire would have swept through these woodlands on occasion. a. The prescribed fire should be properly permitted through state and local agencies. b. Prescribed fire should be conducted by highly trained personnel, with appropriate permits, following an approved and site-specific burn plan, and overseen by an Illinois Certified Prescribed Burn Manager. c. Newly seeded areas should be allowed to establish for 2-3 growing seasons prior to prescribed fire application. Controlled burns are typically conducted between the months of November and April. The fire should be planned to minimize ecological impacts to species such as fire-sensitive plants, nesting birds, reptiles, amphibians, or other sensitive wildlife. Once the planting is well-established, an alternating burn schedule can be implemented in order to maintain unburned areas for wildlife refuge. All personnel on the burn line be certified through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group’s (NWCG) S130/S190 training. The burn boss should have additional training in ignitions and fire behavior and extensive prior burn experience. d. A professional prescribed fire contractor should have on site at a minimum the following equipment and materials: Truck with 200-gal sprayer & foam, 6x6 or 4x4 with ATV w/ 70-gal sprayer, pulaskis, shovels, flappers, fire and leaf rakes, backpack pumps, drip torches and fuel, lighter/matches, weather kit, 2-way radios, traffic cones and “Caution, Smoke Ahead” signage, first aid kit, NOMEX clothing, fire helmets, leather gloves & boots 3. Inspect site regularly - In order to assess stewardship efforts, the site should be inspected at least twice during each growing season by a skilled ecological restoration practitioner/ecologist. Natural areas management should be adaptive to current site conditions and any planning adjusted accordingly.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

USER ENHANCEMENT OPTIONS The client wishes to incorporate features within the restoration area that would be accessible to the public, would showcase the environmental quality of the study area and provide educational opportunities. In order to achieve these goals, we recommend the following: 1. Walkway – Incorporate an elevated boardwalk system that is ADA accessible and provides built-in seating areas. The study area is depressional and gathers water, therefore this walkway should be elevated to protect the sensitive wetland environment and to ensure the area remains accessible at all times. 2. Stormwater – Provide stormwater treatment areas with enhanced plantings to showcase the environmental quality of the existing vegetation and the overall environmental benefit naturalized depressional areas can have regarding stormwater. 3. Signage – Include interpretive signage to educate visitors on the historical significance and environmental benefits that the study area provides.

REFERENCES ecology + vision, llc. 2016. Fairway Oaks Subdivision Landscape Restoration: Tree Inventory and Road Options Plans. Project # E-116038-00-FAIR. Dated August 2016. Leland, Illinois.

Hill, L. 2000. The Chicago River: a Natural and Unnatural History. Lake Claremont Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Illinois State Archives. Federal Township Plats of Illinois (1804–1891). Accessed August 2016.

Illinois State Geological Survey. 1997. In: Illinois Historical Aerial Photography. Illinois Natural Resources Geospatial Data Clearinghouse. Accessed August 2016.

Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

Schwegman, J. E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2. The Natural Divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford, IL.

Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. < http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/> Accessed August 2016.

Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region. 4th Edition. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science.

Taft, J., G. Wilhelm, D. Ladd, and L. Masters. 1997. Floristic Quality Assessment for Illinois. Erigenia 15(1): 3-97.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

GLOSSARY OF SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY

Coefficient of Conservatism (푪) Each plant species in the Chicagoland area has been assigned a coefficient of conservatism value between 0 and

10, representing the degree to which each plant species’ suitable habitat is restricted to a narrow range of

ecological conditions in undisturbed natural areas. All non-native species are assigned a C-value of 0, regardless - of their preferred habitat. The higher the C-value, the more likely that the plant species is only found in remnant, undisturbed natural areas. For example, although common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is native to Illinois, it has a C-value of 0 because it is able to thrive in a wide variety of ecosystems and is commonly found in highly disturbed areas. Threatened and endangered species sensitive to disturbance often have C-values of 9 or 10.

Native Mean C averages only the coefficients of conservatism of native species.

Floristic Quality Index (푭푸푰) The FQI is the product of the mean C-value of all encountered plants and the square root of the total number of plants ( 푛 ). It accounts for both species richness and conservatism. Highly degraded or very small sites tend to have FQI values of less than 20, sites in the 20s to low 30s tend to be slightly degraded with potential for improvement through restoration practices, and sites in the mid-30s and higher are dominated primarily by

APPENDIX desirable native species.

Native FQI includes the species richness and average coefficients of conservatism for native species.

Wetness (W) Each plant is also assigned a wetness classification, based on the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetland Category system for Region 3. It describes the probability that each species lives in a wetland environment.

Wetland Category System

Wetland Category Abbreviation W Definition Obligate Wetland OBL -5 almost always occurs in wetlands under natural conditions (>99% chance) Facultative Wetland+ FACW+ -4 Facultative Wetland FACW -3 usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands Facultative Wetland- FACW- -2 Facultative+ FAC+ -1 Facultative FAC 0 equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands Facultative- FAC- 1 Facultative Upland+ FACU+ 2 Facultative Upland FACU 3 usually occur in non-wetlands, but occasionally found in wetlands Facultative Upland- FACU- 4 Upland UPL 5 occur almost always in non-wetlands under natural conditions (<1% chance)

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PRIMER: GENERAL INSTALLATION & STEWARDSHIP

Natural areas are maintained by allowing natural physical and biological processes to operate. Examples of those natural processes include species dispersion (e.g. spreading of seed via wind, water, animals), fire, - herbivore predation by top predators, and others. With today’s highly fragmented natural areas and the introduction of non-native species, these natural processes have been altered or stopped altogether. Seeds may no longer be able to spread naturally throughout the landscape, wildfires are suppressed, and wildflower- loving deer run rampant without top predators to keep their numbers in check. Human intervention is required to maintain our natural areas by controlling invasive species, restoring biodiversity, and implementing prescribed fire.

NATURAL AREAS INSTALLATION There are three basic components to ecological restoration: site preparation, installation, and erosion control if necessary.

1. Site Preparation: Site preparation begins with the removal of undesirable woody and/or herbaceous plant

APPENDIX materials. Brush and trees may be removed by hand or with mechanized equipment. To minimize impact on soil structure, integrity of existing vegetation, and restoration potential, clearing and brush cutting should be performed when soils are dry and/or frozen. General vehicle traffic in natural areas should be restricted as much as possible. Hand removal typically involves the use of chainsaws, hand saws, and loppers. Mechanized removal typically involves the use of large wheeled or tracked vehicles equipped with large mowing or grinding implements. All cut stumps should be treated with an appropriate herbicide by a certified herbicide applicator immediately following cutting, making sure that the herbicide is applied to the cambium layer of the woody plant.

Herbaceous plant material should be treated with an appropriate herbicide by a certified herbicide applicator. Herbicides used should be appropriate for site conditions, target species, and have a low environmental impact. Herbicides should never be mixed inside a natural area, rather they should be mixed offsite or over a protective ground cover onsite. An appropriate dye should be added to enable tracking of application. Many species such as smooth brome or reed canarygrass may require two herbicide applications.

Figure 1. Broadcast application of herbicide prior Following successful herbicide results, the area should be mowed or to native seeding burned to knock down standing vegetation. The purpose of mowing or fire is to expose the soil to sunlight and to allow easy access to emerging weed species for spot herbicide applications. Typically two to three weeks after prescribed fire, any re-sprouting will have occurred and a second application of herbicide may be applied. If mowing, cut existing vegetation using a rotary or sickle-type mower. Two or more passes may be required; do not allow large amounts of thatch to accumulate due to mowing. Ensure vegetation is fully cut at the desired height and that it is not just knocked over or matted down. If the area contains saturated soils or standing water, they may be mowed with a walk-behind brush hog or hand- held brush cutter. Alternatively, they may be mowed in the winter when soils are frozen solid.

Areas undergoing tilling or re-grading may expose a seed bank of weed seeds and increase the risk of soil erosion. These areas should be tilled to a depth of 6" and raked smooth. Remove any large stones, roots, branches, or clods.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

2. Plant Installation: The installation of native plant species involves the planting of seed and/or plugs.

a. Seeding is the main approach to restoration because it is economical, however it takes three to five years before good establishment is achieved. Alternatively, areas may be plugged with established live plants, discussed in the following section. Seeding times are typically April through June for spring installations, October through frost for fall installations, or dormant installations.

Whenever possible, native seed should be installed with a drop seeder or no-till drill seeder that is designed to plant native seed, such as the Belco drop seeder or Truax drill seeder (Figure 2). Belco seeders are preferred in areas that have been recently tilled or graded, whereas drill seeders are ideal for “turf to prairie” projects. Native seeders contain three separate seed boxes: one for small seed, one for large seed, and one for fluffy seed. In a seeder designed for turf seed there is only one seed box – if you were to put all three types of native seed together in the single box, they would become separated as the seeder bounces around during installation, with the fluffy seed coming to Figure 2. The Truax native seed drill has three separate the top, the small seed settling at the bottom, and the seed compartments for differently sized seeds large seed somewhere in between…this would result in a patchy distribution of seed.

In order to use a native seeder as designed, seed should be ordered and delivered as individual species so that it can be separated and mixed appropriately. Do not order native seed that arrives pre- mixed. Success in natural areas restoration will also be dependent upon the native plant’s ability to out-compete weedy/invasive species for sunlight, nutrients, and water. This means that the more native seed put down, the better the result. We highly recommend native seed rates at approximately 20 lbs per acre or more; however mixes should be customized to maximize the number of seeds per square foot (goal of 110 seeds/SF) based on the needs of each individual site.

If the site is not accessible or unable to be seeded via tractor (e.g

Figure 3. Rows of cover crop with native seedlings that were small areas, transitional buffers), it will need to be tilled or scarified planted with a Truax native seed drill. Notice that the area was and seeded by hand. Seeding in sensitive areas, such as wetlands, seeded pulling the drill in perpendicular directions for better seed should be done by hand to minimize the impact on soil structure. coverage. If the seed is separated by species, group together species into two categories: small and large. Mix each group of seed with an inert material such as damp sand, perlite, or wood shavings at a 2:1 (inert material: seed) ratio. Divide the seed among seed broadcasters into separate bags or buckets and seed the site. Ensure that every square foot of the site has been adequately covered. The inert material will help mark which areas have already been seeded. Start off with a “light hand” to avoid running out of seed too quickly! For small seed, it is especially important to mix the seed/inert material within the bucket every few minutes to prevent all the small seeds from sifting to the bottom of the bucket.

With any method of seeding, it is imperative to achieve good seed to soil contact while maintaining a seeding depth of no greater than 1/4” for proper germination.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

We also highly recommend the installation of an endomycorrhizal inoculant at 40 lbs/acre and a cover crop of seed oats (Avena sativa) typically at 60 lbs/acre with the native seed. A cover crop will reduce the potential for erosion by stabilizing the soil quickly while the native plants establish. The inoculant provides a fungus that develops a symbiotic relationship with the native plant. This fungus attaches itself to the roots of the plant, the fungus collects nutrients from the soil and passes them on to the plant and in exchange the plant gives the fungus sugar. This plant to fungus relationship dramatically increases root production and foliage growth in the young native seedlings.

b. Plugs are live native plants often sold in trays of 32, 38, 50, or 72; quarts, or gallons. Situations that may warrant the installation of plugs include, but are not limited to: areas with saturated soil or submerged soil situations where seeding is difficult or impossible, to establish species that have difficulty germinating from seed (such as shooting star or prairie dropseed), to diversify or repair established natural areas, or in a landscape situation where control over plant location is desired. Figure 4. Native plug

The most efficient way to plant plugs is to utilize a power auger with a 2” auger bit. The auger can be used to plant plugs through erosion blanket if done with care, however utilizing the sharp end of a pick axe to puncture the blanket and create a planting cavity is typically more effective. The most inefficient way to plant plugs is by using hand tools such as planting trowels or shovels. Hand tools are fairly inexpensive and can be easily and safely used by volunteer groups.

Plug plantings in wetland environments are often impacted by geese, muskrats, or by grass-eating carp. An “exclosure” netting consisting of 2” x 2” wooden stakes, chicken wire or plastic snow fencing, zip ties, and nylon string can be erected to effectively keep geese away from newly planted areas. Goose exclosures are temporary structures and are typically only necessary throughout the first growing season and can be taken down once the plants become established. These structures are not effective at keeping fish or muskrats away from newly planted areas however, and additional actions must be taken to eliminate damage from these species such as trapping for muskrats and fish-kills for carp. Muskrats need only be trapped and removed from each site until the plants become thoroughly established, typically once the plants become established minimal damage is done Figure 5. Goose exclosure netting is a temporary structure to deter depredation of planted plugs from geese through browsing. If populations become high and plant populations are being severely damaged, trapping should be reinstated.

3. Erosion Control: Temporary erosion control structures should be installed over any areas with exposed soils. The two commonly used materials in restoration are erosion control blankets and coir fiber logs.

Erosion control blankets are recommended any time planting is being conducted on bare soil. Blankets should be composed of temporary biodegradable products and are typically made of straw, coconut fiber, or a combination thereof. Permanent “Turf Reinforcement Mats” should not be used; these products leave permanent thick plastic netting on the soil that will make supplemental seeding/planting efforts difficult if needed at a future date. After soil preparation, install the native seed, install an appropriate erosion control blanket according to the manufacturer, and finally install plugs through the blanket, if necessary, ensuring not to damage the blanket.

Coir fiber logs are dense logs constructed of coconut fiber and are installed along shorelines to buffer wave action. These products are temporary structures degrading over a 36 month period and are typically utilized in stream

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

restoration projects where the water is consistently moving. Coir logs are very expensive and are typically not necessary for shoreline restorations conducted on ponds and lakes.

NATURAL AREAS STEWARDSHIP Natural areas stewardship is the maintenance of existing or restored natural areas. Failure to maintain or inadequately maintaining a natural areas restoration project after initial installation will result in project failure.

1. Implementation: Because of its importance, we highly recommend that stewardship be conducted by a professional ecological restoration firm, particularly during the 3-5 year establishment period after restoration efforts. Alternately, staff may be trained and equipped to conduct appropriate stewardship. During this training period, a professional firm should be employed to oversee the stewardship and assist with training in plant identification and the effective removal or chemical treatment of invasive and weedy species. Volunteers can and should be involved in the stewardship process; however we do not recommend a stewardship program that depends upon volunteer efforts.

The stewardship program must be aggressive, dynamic, and site- Figure 6. Stewardship crew searching for and spraying weedy driven. Stewardship actions typically consist of mowing, selective plants herbicide applications, seed collection & supplemental seeding/planting, prescribed fire, and monitoring.

Figure 7. Typical stewardship schedule

2. Mechanical Methods: Invasive and weedy species should not be allowed to reproduce on any site at any time, mowing and/or hand pulling these plants before they are able to set seed is an efficient method of removal. Some invasive species such as Canada thistle spread by underground rhizomes (root like structures) and will continue to colonize even if not allowed to set seed.

Mowing is typically conducted by tractor with a large mowing implement keeping the vegetation cut to a height of 6-8” throughout the first growing season and a height of 10-12” throughout the second growing season. During the first two years of restoration the main reason for mowing is to allow sufficient light to the small native seedlings. If a site is inaccessible by mower it can be mown by hand with push mowers and/or brush cutters.

Hand pulling annual and biennial species can be an effective method of control. The spread of perennial species can be slowed and somewhat controlled by this method in most cases, however herbicide application is the only way to eradicate perennial plants.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

3. Selective Herbicide Application: When applied in accordance to the manufacturer’s recommendations by a certified herbicide operator or applicator that has been trained in plant identification, herbicide has proven to be a safe and extremely effective tool for natural areas stewardship.

Herbicides may be selective or non-selective products. Selective herbicides only affect certain types of plants, e.g. only broadleaf plants, only grasses, etc. Non-selective herbicides affect any plant that it is applied to, regardless of type. A colored dye should be added to any herbicide that is to be applied within a natural area. This allows the applicator to see where they have applied the herbicide so they do not over apply. It also allows the owner to see where the herbicides have been applied, including any overspray.

The standard application method of herbicide for stewardship is by backpack sprayer (Figure 6). An even more selective method of application is hand-wicking, a process where the applicator wears a rubber glove under a cotton exterior glove onto which herbicide is Figure 8. Handwicking application of herbicide applied (Figure 8). The applicator then applies the herbicide to individual plants by grasping them with a saturated glove. This is an extremely effective application method for cattails.

4. Seed Collection & Supplemental Seeding/Planting: Supplemental seeding or planting may be implemented for a variety of reasons: in areas where the original restoration seeding did not perform, to improve plant diversity, or after a disturbance such as extended flooding or site abuse.

Once a natural area becomes established, seed collection should become a regular part of stewardship. Native seed should be collected at appropriate times (June/July for sedges and other spring wildflowers, fall for most other species).

Disperse collected seed over the site after the prescribed fire is conducted and/or utilize it to fill any voids. Seed collection and dispersal is an activity

Figure 9. Hand broadcasting seed over snow that can be conducted easily and safely by volunteer groups.

5. Prescribed Fire: Fire was a frequent part of pre-settlement native ecosystems and served to maintain the integrity of our natural areas by stimulating plant growth, preventing brush encroachment, and recycling nutrients. In ecosystem restoration, prescribed fire will perform these functions while helping to manage many invasive species. Fire alone is typically not sufficient to manage natural areas and should be used in conjunction with stewardship throughout the year.

Newly seeded areas should be allowed to establish for 2-3 growing seasons prior to prescribed fire application. Controlled burns are typically conducted between the months of November and April. The fire should be planned to minimize ecological impacts to species such as fire-sensitive plants, nesting birds, reptiles, amphibians, or other sensitive wildlife. Once the planting is well-established, an alternating burn schedule can be implemented in order to maintain unburned areas for wildlife refuge.

Prescribed fire should be conducted by highly trained personnel with appropriate permits, following an approved and site-specific burn plan, and overseen by an Illinois Certified Prescribed Burn Manager. We recommend that all personnel on the burn line be certified through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group’s (NWCG) S130/S190

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

training. The burn boss should have additional training in ignitions and fire behavior and extensive prior burn experience.

6. Monitoring: Natural areas monitoring is a very helpful tool in tracking the progress of a restoration or the ecological health of an established natural area.

Based on the data gathered, an annual report can be formulated to inform the Village with a summary of the year’s restoration and stewardship activities, native and invasive species presence and coverage, herbivory, erosion, aesthetic issues, other potential problems, and recommendations for improvement.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

RECOMMENDED NATIVE PLANT NURSERIES

Native Seed

C Agrecol, Inc.; Evansville, WI; (608) 223-3571 - Feder’s Prairie Seed Company; Blue Earth, MN; (507) 526-3049

Prairie Moon Nursery; Winona, MN; (507) 452-1362

Shooting Star Native Seeds; Spring Grove, MN; (507) 498-3944

Spence Restoration Nursery; Muncie, IN; (765) 286-7154

Native Plugs

Agrecol, Inc.; Evansville, WI; (608) 223-3571

APPENDIX Genesis Nursery, Inc.; Tampico, IL; (877) 817-5325

Midwest Groundcovers, LLC; St. Charles, IL; (847) 742-1792

Pizzo Native Plant Nursery, LLC; Leland, IL; (815) 495-2300

Spence Restoration Nursery; Muncie, IN; (765) 286-7154

Native Trees & Shrubs

Bailey Nurseries, Inc.; St. Paul, MN; (708) 935-5974

Kankakee Nursery Co., St. Anne, IL; (815) 937-9358

McHenry County Nursery; Harvard, IL; (815) 943-8733

Ohana Farms, Inc..; Marengo, IL; (815) 568-8477

Possibility Place Nursery; Monee, IL; (708) 534-3988

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

MAPS

Aerial Photo

Tree Inventory D Road Options

APPENDIX

FAIRWAY OAKS DRIVEWAY EASEMENT EVANSTON, IL

E-116038-00-FAIR

Aerial: 5/22/2016, Google Earth

Approximate Study Area Boundary

P.O. Box 601, Leland, IL 60531 815.981.8003 ecologyllc.com

[tree inventory]

[road options]

[restoration plan]

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

PLANT SPECIES INVENTORY

North Basin E W

Code Scientific Name Common Name C Form Family Origin - (S&W 1994) ACENEG Acer negundo Box elder 0 -2 FACW- Tree Sapindaceae Native ACESAI Acer saccharinum Silver maple 0 -3 FACW Tree Sapindaceae Native Ageratina altissima var. AGEALA White snakeroot 4 5 UPL Forb Asteraceae Native altissima AGRGRY Agrimonia gryposepala Tall agrimony 2 2 FACU+ Forb Rosaceae Native ALLPET Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard 0 0 FAC Forb Brassicaceae Non-native AMBART Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed 0 3 FACU Forb Asteraceae Native ARCMIN Arctium minus Common burdock 0 5 UPL Forb Asteraceae Non-native ARITRI Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit 4 -2 FACW- Forb Araceae Native ASCSYR Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 0 5 UPL Forb Apocynaceae Native BARVUL Barbarea vulgaris Yellow rocket 0 0 FAC Forb Brassicaceae Non-native CATSPE Catalpa speciosa Hardy catalpa 0 3 FACU Tree Bignoniaceae Non-native CELORB Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental bittersweet 0 5 UPL Vine Celastraceae Non-native CHEALB Chenopodium album Lamb's quarters 0 1 FAC- Forb Amaranthaceae Non-native

APPENDIX CICINT Cichorium intybus Chicory 0 5 UPL Forb Asteraceae Non-native CIRARV Cirsium arvense Field thistle 0 5 UPL Forb Asteraceae Non-native CIRCAD Circaea canadensis Enchanter's nightshade 1 3 FACU Forb Onagraceae Native CONMAJ Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley 0 5 UPL Forb Asparagaceae Non-native CXGRIS Carex grisea Wood gray sedge 2 1 [FAC-] Sedge Cyperaceae Native Straight-styled wood CXRADI Carex radiata 6 1 [FAC-] Sedge Cyperaceae Native sedge CXSPX Carex species Carex species Sedge Cyperaceae Native CXTRIB Carex tribuloides Awl-fruited oval sedge 3 -4 FACW+ Sedge Cyperaceae Native DACGLO Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass 0 3 FACU Grass Poaceae Non-native DASMAC Dasistoma macrophylla Mullein foxglove 8 5 [UPL] Forb Orobanchaceae Native DAUCAR Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace 0 5 UPL Forb Apiaceae Non-native EPIHEL Epipactis helleborine Helleborine orchid 0 5 UPL Forb Orchidaceae Non-native ERIPHI Erigeron philadelphicus Marsh fleabane 4 -3 FACW Forb Asteraceae Native EUOALA Euonymus alatus Burning bush 0 5 UPL Shrub Celastraceae Non-native EUOFOR Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeper 0 5 UPL Vine Celastraceae Non-native EUTPUR Eutrochium purpureum Purple Joe Pye weed 7 5 UPL Forb Asteraceae Native Shrub/ FRAALN Frangula alnus Glossy buckthorn 0 -1 FAC+ Rhamnaceae Non-native Tree FRAAMA Fraxinus americana White ash 5 3 FACU Tree Oleaceae Native FRAPES Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 1 0 FAC Tree Oleaceae Native GERMAC Geranium maculatum Wild geranium 4 5 [UPL] Forb Geraniaceae Native GEUCAN Geum canadense Wood avens 1 0 FAC Forb Rosaceae Native GLYSTR Glyceria striata Fowl manna grass 4 -3 [FACW] Grass Poaceae Native Xanthorrhoeac HEMFUL Hemerocallis fulva Orange day lily 0 5 UPL Forb Non-native eae HESMAT Hesperis matronalis Dame's rocket 0 5 UPL Forb Brassicaceae Non-native IMPPAL Impatiens pallida Yellow jewelweed 6 -1 [FAC+] Forb Balsaminaceae Native LACSER Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce 0 0 FAC Forb Asteraceae Non-native LEOCAR Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort 0 5 UPL Forb Lamiaceae Non-native LONMAA Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle 0 5 UPL Shrub Caprifoliaceae Non-native LONTAT Lonicera tatarica Tartarian honeysuckle 0 5 [UPL] Shrub Caprifoliaceae Non-native LYSCIL Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife 4 -3 FACW Forb Primulaceae Native LYSNUM Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort 0 -4 FACW+ Forb Primulaceae Non-native MORALB Morus alba White mulberry 0 0 FAC Tree Moraceae Non-native MYOSCO Myosotis scorpioides Common forget-me-not 0 -5 OBL Forb Boraginaceae Non-native OXASTR Oxalis stricta Common wood sorrel 0 5 UPL Forb Oxalidaceae Native PAESPX Paeonia sp. Peony species 0 Forb Paeoniaceae Non-native Parthenocissus PARQUI Virginia creeper 2 1 FAC- Vine Vitaceae Native quinquefolia PERVIR Persicaria virginiana Woodland knotweed 2 0 FAC Forb Polygonaceae Native 28

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

North Basin Code Scientific Name Common Name C W Form Family Origin (S&W 1994) POPDEL Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 2 -1 FAC+ Tree Salicaceae Native PRUVIR Prunus virginiana Choke cherry 3 3 [FACU] Shrub Rosaceae Native QUEBIC Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak 6 -4 FACW+ Tree Fagaceae Native QUEMAC Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak 5 1 FAC- Tree Fagaceae Native Shrub/ RHACAT Rhamnus cathartica Common buckthorn 0 3 FACU Rhamnaceae Non-native Tree RUMCRI Rumex crispus Curly dock 0 -1 FAC+ Forb Polygonaceae Non-native SMILAS Smilax lasioneura Common carrion flower 5 5 [UPL] Vine Smilacaceae Native SOLALT Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 1 3 FACU Forb Asteraceae Native SOLDUL Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet nightshade 0 0 FAC Vine Solanaceae Non-native SONASP Sonchus asper Spiny sow thistle 0 3 [FACU] Forb Asteraceae Non-native SWIRAC Swida racemosa Gray dogwood 1 -2 FACW- Shrub Cornaceae Native TAROFF Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 0 3 FACU Forb Asteraceae Non-native THADAD Thalictrum dasycarpum Purple meadow rue 5 -2 FACW- Forb Ranunculaceae Native THADIO Thalictrum dioicum Early meadow rue 7 2 FACU+ Forb Ranunculaceae Native TILAME Tilia americana American linden 5 3 FACU Tree Malvaceae Native ULMAME Ulmus americana American elm 3 -2 FACW- Tree Ulmaceae Native ULMRUB Ulmus rubra Slippery elm 4 0 FAC Tree Ulmaceae Native Scrophulariacea VERTHA Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 0 5 UPL Forb Non-native e VIBLEN Viburnum lentago Nannyberry 5 -1 FAC+ Shrub Adoxaceae Native Viburnum opulus var. European highbush VIBOPU 0 3 [FACU] Shrub Adoxaceae Non-native opulus cranberry VIBREC Viburnum recognitum Smooth arrow-wood 0 -2 FACW- Shrub Adoxaceae Non-native VITRIP Vitis riparia Riverbank grape 2 -2 FACW- Vine Vitaceae Native

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

NATIVE SEED LISTS

APPENDIX

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

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Transitional Buffer Seed Mix (Wet-Mesic to Mesic Soils) Average Mix Height (ft) 2.9 Median Mix Height (ft) 3.0 Number of Native Species in Mix 6 Native FQI 14.7 Native Mean C Value 4.8 Native Mean W Value -0.8 National Wetland Category UPL Lbs/Acre of Native Seed 26.0 Seeds per Square Foot 115.5 Percent of Mix (by Seed Count) Requiring Stratification 25.8%

Coefficients of Conservatism: Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region. 4th Edition. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. Wetness Values: Midwest region values from Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

Germination Codes N/A: Seed should germinate upon sowing in a warm location; no pretreatment necessary L: Plant fresh seed or keep moist CM-# of stratifying days: Seeds germinate after a period of cold, moist stratification M: Best planted outdoors in the fall WM-# of stratifying days: Seeds germinate after a period of warm, moist stratification O: Seed needs nicking B: Hot water treatment S: Fern spore sowing G: Seeds germinate most successfully in cool soil ?: Not sure H: Seeds need scarification I: Legume, Rhizobium Inoculum J: Remove the hulls from these legume seeds K: Hemiparasitic species which needs a host plant Ephemeral Pond Edge Seed Mix (Wet to Wet-Mesic Soils) MIX STATISTICS Base Mix Without Supplemental Plugs Average Mix Height (ft) 3.2 Median Mix Height (ft) 3.0 Number of Native Species in Mix 26 Native FQI 26.3 Native Mean C Value 5.2 Native Mean W Value -2.1 National Wetland Category FACW- Lbs/Acre of Native Seed 13.9 Seeds per Square Foot 177.6 Percent of Mix (by Seed Count) Requiring Stratification 63.6%

Grasses, Sedges, & Rushes HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME % OF MIX TOP CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SEEDS/OZ OZ/ACRE LB/ACRE GERMINATION Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O by Weight by Seed Count SOW CXBLAN Carex blanda Common Wood Sedge 1 0 FAC 1-2' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 12,500 2.00 0.13 0.90% 0.32% CM-60 NO CXCRUS Carex crus-corvi Crowfoot Fox Sedge 10 -5 OBL 2-4' 3 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 13,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 0.67% CM-60 CXDAVI Carex davisii Awned Graceful Sedge 7 0 FAC 1.5-3' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 9,000 8.00 0.50 3.60% 0.93% CM-60 NO CXGRAL Carex gracillima Purple-sheathed Graceful Sedge 10 3 FACU 2-3.5' 3 N/A A M J 0 0 0 0 102,000 2.00 0.13 0.90% 2.64% CM-60 Yes CXLUPN Carex lupulina Common Hop Sedge 7 -5 OBL 1.5-3.5 3 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 3,300 12.00 0.75 5.40% 0.51% CM-60 NO CXMUSK Carex muskingumensis Palm Sedge 8 -5 OBL 2-3' 3 N/A 0 0 J J 0 0 0 7,500 24.00 1.50 10.80% 2.33% N/A NO CXPELL Carex pellita Broad-leaved Woolly Sedge 4 -5 OBL 1-3' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 28,000 2.00 0.13 0.90% 0.72% CM-60 CXSPAR Carex sparganioides Bur-reed Sedge 3 0 FAC 2-3.5' 3 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 19,000 0.50 0.03 0.22% 0.12% CM-60 CXSPRE Carex sprengelii Long-beaked Sedge 9 0 FAC 1.5-2.5' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 10,000 1.00 0.06 0.45% 0.13% CM-60 NO CXSTIP Carex stipata Common Fox Sedge 3 -5 OBL 1.5-3' 3 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 34,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 1.76% CM-60 NO CINARU Cinna arundinacea Stout Wood Reed 5 -3 FACW 3-5' 3 N/A 0 0 0 0 A S 0 81,000 6.00 0.38 2.70% 6.28% CM-60 NO ELYVIL Elymus villosus Silky Wild Rye 5 3 FACU 2-3.5' 3 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 5,500 24.00 1.50 10.80% 1.71% N/A NO ELYVIR Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye 4 -3 FACW 2.5-4' 4 N/A 0 0 0 J A 0 0 4,200 64.00 4.00 28.80% 3.48% N/A NO GLYSTR Glyceria striata Fowl Manna Grass 4 -5 OBL 2-3.5' 3 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 90,000 16.00 1.00 7.20% 18.62% N/A Yes MUHMEX Muhlenbergia mexicana Leafy Satin Grass 5 -3 FACW 2-3' 2 N/A 0 0 0 0 A S 0 175,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 9.05% N/A Yes Grass/Sedge Subtotals 10.844 78.07% 49.27%

Wildflowers HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME % OF MIX TOP CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SEEDS/OZ OZ/ACRE LB/ACRE GERMINATION Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O by Weight by Seed Count SOW CAMAME Campanulastrum americanum American Bellflower 3 0 FAC 2-6' 5 Blue 0 0 0 J A S 0 170,000 2.00 0.13 0.90% 4.40% CM-30 Yes CHEGLA Chelone glabra Turtlehead 8 -5 OBL 3-6' 5 Cream 0 0 0 0 A S 0 92,000 2.00 0.13 0.90% 2.38% CM-120 or M CRYCAN Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort 2 0 FAC 1-3' 2 White 0 0 J J A 0 0 7,000 6.00 0.38 2.70% 0.54% CM-60 No EUPPER Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset 4 -5 OBL 3-4' 4 White 0 0 0 J A S 0 160,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 8.27% CM-30 Yes IRIVIS Iris virginica var. shrevei Southern Blue Flag 5 -5 OBL 1-3' 3 Purple 0 M J J 0 0 0 1,000 12.00 0.75 5.40% 0.16% CM-120 or M LOBSIP Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia 6 -5 OBL 1-4' 3 Blue 0 0 0 J A S O 500,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 25.86% CM-60 Yes LYCAME Lycopus americanus Water Horehound 5 -5 OBL 1-3' 2 White 0 0 0 J A S 0 130,000 0.75 0.05 0.34% 1.26% N/A Yes OSMCLI Osmorhiza claytonii Sweet Cicely 3 3 FACU 1-3' 2 White 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2,500 4.00 0.25 1.80% 0.13% CM-60 No RUDLAC Rudbeckia laciniata Wild Golden Glow 5 -3 FACW 3-8' 7 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 14,000 4.00 0.25 1.80% 0.72% CM-30 No RUDTRI Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan 3 3 FACU 2-6' 5 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 34,000 8.00 0.50 3.60% 3.52% CM-30 No SYMURO Symphyotrichum urophyllum Arrow-leaved Aster 5 0 FACU+ 2-3.5' 3 Blue 0 0 0 0 A S O 135,000 2.00 0.13 0.90% 3.49% CM-60 Yes Wildflowers Subtotals 3.047 21.93% 50.73% Mix TOTALS 13.891 100.00% 100.00%

Plug Species to Diversify Seed Mix - TYPICALLY AVAILABLE THROUGH CONTRACT GROW ONLY HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME PLANTS/ FLATS/ PLANTS/ PLANTS/ % OF TOTAL CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SIZE NOTE* Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O FLAT ACRE ACRE SF PLANTS HYDVIR Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf 5 0 FAC 1-2.5' 2 Purple 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 5.0 160.00 0.00 26.6% 5 IMPCAP Impatiens capensis Spotted Touch-me-not 3 -3 FACW 2-6' 4 Orange 0 0 0 J A S 0 2" plug 38 3.0 114.00 0.00 18.9% 2, 3, 5 IMPPAL Impatiens pallida Yellow Jewelweed 6 -3 FACW 2-6' 4 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 2" plug 38 3.0 114.00 0.00 18.9% 2, 3 LEEVIR Leersia virginica White Grass 7 -3 FACW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 6.3% LYCVIR Lycopus virginicus Virginia Bugleweed 9 -5 OBL 1-3' 2 0 0 0 J J A 0 0 2" plug 38 2.0 76.00 0.00 12.6% 5 LYSCIL Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife 4 -3 FACW 1-4' 2 Yellow 0 0 J J A 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 6.3% 5 ONOSEN Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern 8 -3 FACW 1-3' 2 Green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2" plug 12 2.0 24.00 0.00 4.0% 5 SOLPAT Solidago patula Swamp Goldenrod 9 -5 OBL 2-6' 5 Yellow 0 0 0 0 A S O 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 6.3% 5 18.0 602.00 0.01 100.00%

*Following are the common reasons for not including these recommended plug species within the seed mix: 1) Does not germinate well from seed in the field 2) Seed is very expensive 3) Low number of seeds per ounce 4) Requires specialized microclimate 5) Seed is not commercially available or is only available in small quantities

Germination Codes N/A: Seed should germinate upon sowing in a warm location; no pretreatment necessary L: Plant fresh seed or keep moist CM-# of stratifying days: Seeds germinate after a period of cold, moist stratification M: Best planted outdoors in the fall WM-# of stratifying days: Seeds germinate after a period of warm, moist stratification O: Seed needs nicking B: Hot water treatment S: Fern spore sowing G: Seeds germinate most successfully in cool soil ?: Not sure H: Seeds need scarification I: Legume, Rhizobium Inoculum J: Remove the hulls from these legume seeds K: Hemiparasitic species which needs a host plant Swamp White Oak Woodland Seed Mix (Wet-Mesic to Mesic Soils) MIX STATISTICS Base Mix Without Supplemental Plugs Average Mix Height (ft) 3.1 Median Mix Height (ft) 3.0 Number of Native Species in Mix 36 Native FQI 31.2 Native Mean C Value 5.2 Native Mean W Value 1.6 National Wetland Category FACU+ Lbs/Acre of Native Seed 11.7 Seeds per Square Foot 181.4 Percent of Mix (by Seed Count) Requiring Stratification 89.4%

Grasses, Sedges, & Rushes HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME % OF MIX TOP CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SEEDS/OZ OZ/ACRE LB/ACRE GERMINATION Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O by Weight by Seed Count SOW CXBLAN Carex blanda Common Wood Sedge 1 0 FAC 1-2' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 12,500 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.32% CM-60 NO CXDAVI Carex davisii Awned Graceful Sedge 7 0 FAC 1.5-3' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 9,000 4.00 0.25 2.14% 0.46% CM-60 NO CXGRAL Carex gracillima Purple-sheathed Graceful Sedge 10 3 FACU 2-3.5' 3 N/A A M J 0 0 0 0 102,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 1.29% CM-60 Yes CXNORM Carex normalis Spreading Oval Sedge 5 -3 FACW 2-4' 3 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 25,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 0.32% CM-60 NO BROPUB Bromus pubescens Hairy Wood Chess 5 3 FACU 2.5-4' 4 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 7,600 22.00 1.38 11.76% 2.12% CM-30 CXSPAR Carex sparganioides Bur-reed Sedge 3 0 FAC 2-3.5' 3 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 19,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 0.24% CM-60 CXSPRE Carex sprengelii Long-beaked Sedge 9 0 FAC 1.5-2.5' 2 N/A 0 M J 0 0 0 0 10,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.25% CM-60 NO CINARU Cinna arundinacea Stout Wood Reed 5 -3 FACW 3-5' 3 N/A 0 0 0 0 A S 0 81,000 12.00 0.75 6.42% 12.30% CM-60 NO ELYHYS Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush Grass 5 3 FACU 2.5-5' 3 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 7,600 28.00 1.75 14.97% 2.69% N/A ELYVIL Elymus villosus Silky Wild Rye 5 3 FACU 2-3.5' 3 N/A 0 0 J J A 0 0 5,500 22.00 1.38 11.76% 1.53% N/A NO ELYVIR Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye 4 -3 FACW 2.5-4' 4 N/A 0 0 0 J A 0 0 4,200 18.00 1.13 9.63% 0.96% N/A NO JUNTEN Juncus tenuis Path Rush 1 0 FAC 6"-18" 1 N/A 0 0 J J A S 0 1,000,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 25.31% CM-60 Yes MUHMEX Muhlenbergia mexicana Leafy Satin Grass 5 -3 FACW 2-3' 2 N/A 0 0 0 0 A S 0 175,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 4.43% N/A Yes Grass/Sedge Subtotals 7.313 62.57% 52.21%

Wildflowers HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME % OF MIX TOP CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SEEDS/OZ OZ/ACRE LB/ACRE GERMINATION Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O by Weight by Seed Count SOW AGANEP Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant Hyssop 5 3 FACU 4-7' 6 Cream 0 0 0 J A S O 90,000 0.50 0.03 0.27% 0.57% CM-60 Yes AGASCR Agastache scrophulariaefolia Purple Giant Hyssop 5 5 UPL 5-7' 6 Purple 0 0 0 J A S O 93,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 2.35% CM-60 Yes ALLCER Allium cernuum Nodding Onion 7 3 FACU 1-2' 1.5 Purple 0 0 0 J A 0 0 7,600 6.00 0.38 3.21% 0.58% CM-60 ANECYL Anemone cylindrica Thimbleweed 6 5 UPL 1-3' 2 White 0 0 J J A 0 0 26,000 3.00 0.19 1.60% 0.99% CM-60 Yes AQUCAN Aquilegia canadensis Wild Columbine 6 3 FACU 2-4' 2 Red/Yellow 0 0 J J 0 0 0 38,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.96% CM-60 ASCEXA Asclepias exaltata Poke Milkweed 9 5 UPL 2-6' 5 White 0 0 J J A 0 0 3,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.08% CM-30 CAMAME Campanulastrum americanum American Bellflower 3 0 FAC 2-6' 5 Blue 0 0 0 J A S 0 170,000 4.00 0.25 2.14% 8.61% CM-30 Yes CRYCAN Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort 2 0 FAC 1-3' 2 White 0 0 J J A 0 0 7,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.18% CM-60 No EUTPUR Eutrochium purpureum Purple Joe Pye Weed 7 0 FAC 3-7' 6 Pink 0 0 0 J A S 0 42,000 8.00 0.50 4.28% 4.25% CM-30, G HELSTR Helianthus strumosus Pale-leaved Sunflower 5 5 UPL 2-4' 3 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 4,200 6.00 0.38 3.21% 0.32% CM-30 OSMCLI Osmorhiza claytonii Sweet Cicely 3 3 FACU 1-3' 2 White 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2,500 2.00 0.13 1.07% 0.06% CM-60 No RUDLAC Rudbeckia laciniata Wild Golden Glow 5 -3 FACW 3-8' 7 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 14,000 4.00 0.25 2.14% 0.71% CM-30 No RUDTRI Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan 3 3 FACU 2-6' 5 Yellow 0 0 0 J A S O 34,000 8.00 0.50 4.28% 3.44% CM-30 No SCRMAR Scrophularia marilandica Late Figwort 4 3 FACU 4-9' 6 Red 0 0 0 J A S O 170,000 3.00 0.19 1.60% 6.45% CM-60? Yes SILSTE Silene stellata Starry Campion 6 5 UPL 1-3' 3 White 0 0 0 J A S O 30,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 0.38% CM-60 SOLCAE Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed Goldenrod 7 3 FACU 1-3' 3 Yellow 0 0 0 0 A S O 546,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 6.91% CM-60 Yes SOLULM Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaved Goldenrod 5 5 UPL 1-3' 3 Yellow 0 0 0 0 A S O 130,000 3.00 0.19 1.60% 4.94% CM-60 Yes SYMDRU Symphyotrichum drummondii Drummond's Aster 2 5 UPL 1.5-4' 3 White 0 0 0 0 A S O 80,000 1.00 0.06 0.53% 1.01% N/A SYMSHO Symphyotrichum shortii Short's Aster 8 5 UPL 2-3.5' 3 Blue 0 0 0 0 A S O 60,000 0.50 0.03 0.27% 0.38% CM-30 SYMURO Symphyotrichum urophyllum Arrow-leaved Aster 5 0 FACU+ 2-3.5' 3 Blue 0 0 0 0 A S O 135,000 2.00 0.13 1.07% 3.42% CM-60 Yes THADAS Thalictrum dasycarpum Purple Meadow Rue 5 -3 FACW 3-7' 6 Cream 0 0 J J 0 0 0 11,000 4.00 0.25 2.14% 0.56% CM-60, G THADIO Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow Rue 7 3 FACU 1-2.5' 2 Green A M 0 0 0 0 0 7,300 1.00 0.06 0.53% 0.09% CM-60 ZIZAUR Zizia aurea Golden Alexanders 7 0 FAC 1-2.5' 2 Yellow A M J 0 0 0 0 11,000 4.00 0.25 2.14% 0.56% CM-60 or M, G No Wildflowers Subtotals 4.375 37.43% 47.79% Mix TOTALS 11.688 100.00% 100.00%

Plug Species to Diversify Seed Mix - READILY AVAILABLE IN THE NURSERY TRADE HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME PLANTS/ FLATS/ PLANTS/ PLANTS/ % OF TOTAL CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SIZE NOTE* Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O FLAT ACRE ACRE SF PLANTS ALLCAN Allium canadense Wild Garlic 2 3 FACU 1-2' 1.5 Pink 0 0 J J 0 0 0 2" plug 32 1.0 32.0 0.00 2.3% 3 ANEVIR Anemone virginiana Tall Thimbleweed 5 3 FACU 1-3' 3 White 0 0 J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 2.0 76.0 0.00 5.4% 2, 3 ARITRI Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit 4 -3 FACW 1-2' 2 Green A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 2.0 64.0 0.00 4.5% 1, 3 ASACAN Asarum canadense Wild Ginger 7 3 FACU 4-12" 0.5 Red A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 3.0 96.0 0.00 6.8% 1, 2, 3, 5 ASCPUR Asclepias purpurascens Purple Milkweed 8 3 FACU 1.5-3' 3 Purple 0 0 J J A 0 0 2" plug 32 1.0 32.0 0.00 2.3% 2, 5 BLEHIR Blephilia hirsuta Hairy Wood Mint 8 3 FACU 1-3' 3 White 0 0 J J A 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.0 0.00 2.7% 5 CXPENS Carex pensylvanica Common Oak Sedge 5 5 UPL 6"-15" 0.7 N/A A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 50 1.0 50.0 0.00 3.5% 1, 2, 5 DODMEA Dodecatheon meadia Midland Shooting Star 6 3 FACU 1-2' 1 Pink 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 1.0 32.0 0.00 2.3% 1, 2 GERMAC Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium 4 3 FACU 1-2.5' 2 Purple 0 M J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 5.0 190.0 0.00 13.5% PEDCAN Pedicularis canadensis Wood Betony 9 3 FACU 6"-12" 1 Yellow A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.0 0.00 2.7% 1, 5 PHLDIV Phlox divaricata Wild Blue Phlox 5 3 FACU 12"-18" 1 Blue A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 3.0 96.0 0.00 6.8% 1, 2, 5 POLREP Polemonium reptans Jacob's Ladder 5 0 FAC 1-2' 1 Blue A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 50 3.0 150.0 0.00 10.6% 2, 3 POLBIC Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum Smooth Solomon's Seal 3 3 FACU 2-5' 4 Cream 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 38 5.0 190.0 0.00 13.5% 3 SOLFLE Solidago flexicaulis Zig Zag Goldenrod 7 3 FACU 2-4' 3 Yellow 0 0 0 0 A S O 2" plug 50 5.0 250.0 0.01 17.7% TAEINT Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernel 9 5 UPL 1-3' 3 Yellow 0 M J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 2.0 76.0 0.00 5.4% 5 36.0 1,410.00 0.03 100.00%

Plug Species to Diversify Seed Mix - TYPICALLY AVAILABLE THROUGH CONTRACT GROW ONLY HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME PLANTS/ FLATS/ PLANTS/ PLANTS/ % OF TOTAL CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SIZE NOTE* Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O FLAT ACRE ACRE SF PLANTS AMPBRA Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog Peanut 4 0 FAC 2-8' 6 Pink 0 0 0 J A S O 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 4.5% ARIDRA Arisaema dracontium Green Dragon 7 -3 FACW 1-2.5' 2 Green 0 0 J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 4.5% 5 CARCON Cardamine concatenata Cutleaf Toothwort 5 3 FACU 4-10" 0.5 White A M 0 0 0 0 0 2" plug 38 2.0 76.00 0.00 9.0% 5 ERYALB Erythronium albidum White Trout Lily 5 3 FACU 3"-8" 0.5 White A M 0 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 3.0 96.00 0.00 11.3% 5 GEUCAN Geum canadense White Avens 1 0 FAC 1-3' 2 0 0 M J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 4.5% 5 HYDAPP Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Great Waterleaf 8 5 UPL 1-2.5' 2 Purple 0 M J J 0 0 0 2" plug 38 1.0 38.00 0.00 4.5% HYDVIR Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf 5 0 FAC 1-2.5' 2 Purple 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 5.0 160.00 0.00 18.9% 5 MAIRAC Maianthemum racemosum False Solomon's-seal 3 3 FACU 1-3' 3 White 0 M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 5.0 160.00 0.00 18.9% TRIREC Trillium recurvatum Prairie Trillium 5 3 FACU 6"-16" 1 Red A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 32 4.0 128.00 0.00 15.1% 5 VIOPUB Viola pubescens Downy Yellow Violet 5 3 FACU 3"-8" 0.5 Yellow A M J 0 0 0 0 2" plug 38 2.0 76.00 0.00 9.0% 3, 5 25.0 848.00 0.02 100.00%

Canopy Trees HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME PLANTS/ PLANTS/ % OF CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SIZE QTY NOTE Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O ACRE SF TOTAL QUEALB Quercus alba White Oak 5 3 FACU 50-80' 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2'' Caliper Assess following - - - Focus in upland areas QUEBIC Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak 6 -3 FACW 50-60' 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2'' Caliper - - - Focus in wetter areas woody clearing and QUEIMB Quercus imbricaria Shingle Oak 7 3 FACU 30-45' 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2'' Caliper - - - Focus in upland areas road construction QUEMAC Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak 5 0 FAC 70-80' 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2'' Caliper - - - Focus in upland areas Subtotal - - - -

Understory Trees & Shrubs HEIGHT BLOOM BLOOM TIME PLANTS/ PLANTS/ % OF CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME C-VALUE W-VALUE WETNESS SIZE QTY NOTE Min-Max Typical COLOR A M J J A S O ACRE SF TOTAL AMEARB Amelanchier arborea Serviceberry 8 3 FACU 15-25' 20 0 A M 0 0 0 0 0 6' Height - - - Focus in upland areas AROMEL Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry 10 0 FACW- 3-6' 5 White 0 M J 0 0 0 0 3 gal - - - Focus in wetter areas HAMVIR Hamamelis virginiana Common Witch Hazel 8 3 FACU 15-30' 20 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 gal Assess following - - - Focus in upland areas LINBEN Lindera benzoin Spicebush 7 -3 FACW 6-12' 10 0 A M 0 0 0 0 0 5 gal - - - Focus in wetter areas woody clearing and MALIOE Malus ioensis Iowa Crab 3 5 UPL 15-25' 20 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 0 6' Height - - - Focus in upland areas road construction PHYOPU Physocarpus opulifolius Ninebark 8 -3 FACW 6-12' 10 0 0 M J 0 0 0 0 3 gal - - - Focus in wetter areas RIBAME Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant 7 -3 FACW 3-6' 4 Yellow A M 0 0 0 0 0 3 gal - - - Focus in wetter areas VIBLEN Viburnum lentago Nannyberry 5 0 FAC 12-36' 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 gal - - - Focus in upland areas Subtotal - - - - TOTAL - - - -

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

PHOTOS

APPENDIX

Photo 1. North end of study area facing south.

Photo 2. Center of study area.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Photo 3. Typical invasive shrub infestation.

Photo 4. Large populations of riverbank grape along the east edge of the study area.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Photo 5. Excessive woody debris.

Photo 6. Invasive lily of the valley population.

Fairway Oaks Subdivision Driveway Easement Ecological Assessment & Restoration Plan August 2016

Photo 7.

Photo 8. West border facing north from southwest corner of study area.

Photo 9. North end of study area.