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Interviews

Sweeney, John, Observer, Correspondent in Croatia, Telephone Interview from Vukovar, 24 November 1991. Younger, Sam, Former Head of BBC World Service, Telephone Interview, London, 20 April 2009. Greenway, Chris, BBC Caversham, Telephone Interview, 27 April 2009. Harmes, Neville, Former Head of Swahili and Great Lakes Broadcasting, BBC World Service, London, 27 April 2009. Ammar, Benny, Former Head of Africa and Middle East Regions, BBC World Service, London, 6 June 2009. Doyle, Mark, BBC Correspondent in Rwanda 1994, and BBC Africa Correspondent, London, 6 June 2009. Mutua, Alfred, Chief Government Press Secretary, Office of Public Communications, Nairobi, 6 February 2010. Gitau, Martin, Head of the Kenyan Journalists’ Association, Nairobi, 10 February 2010. Ole Itumbi, Dennis, Journalist and Editor of the Fountain Post Blog, Nairobi, 10 Febru- ary 2010. Muindi, Matthias, Chief Editor, BBC Monitoring, East African Unit, Karen, 11 February 2010. Rono, Moses, Former Kass FM Journalist, Karen, 11 February 2010. Joshua arap Sang, Head of Operations and Presenter, Kass FM, Nairob I, 12 February 2010. Hardy, Claire, Former Chief Serbo-Croat Monitor and Editor, BBC Monitoring,East Africa Unit, Nairobi, 14 February 2010. Wamugi, Macharia, Operations Editor, Kameme FM, Nairobi, 15 February 2010. Jooste, Ida, Internews Kenya Resident Advisor, Nairobi, 17 February 2010. Rambaud, Brice, Internews Kenya Resident Journalist, Nairobi, 17 February 2010. Obera, Fred, Kenyan Freelance Journalist, Nairobi, 18 February 2010. Bilic, Mladen, Serb media monitor and analyst, BBC Monitoring, Caversham, 9 June 2010. Butcher, Tim, Former Daily Telegraph Defence and Africa Correspondent, Telephone Interview, , 9 October 2010 (Covered conflicts in the Balkans and Africa). Index

abakonde, 167 Annan, Kofi, 227 Achilles, 16 Anschluss, 129 Adolphus, Gustavus, 15, 17 anti-Bolshevism, 94, 102 Afghan Taliban, 83 anti-British propaganda, 145 African Service, 58, 195 anti-capitalism, 100 AgitProp, 35 anti-Christ, 16 Ahiababa, 8–9 anti-Croat Serbian National Council, 80 Albanian Muslims, 66 anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws, 127 Albanian nationalists, 73 anti-Semitism, 41, 53, 89, 94, 96–8, 103 Albici, 155 German, 98 Alexander, 9 Nazi-style, 38, 115, 117–18 Algerian nationalism, 62 in propaganda, 118 Algerian National Liberation Front, 62 Apocalypse, 15 Ali, Mohammed Hussein, 209 Arabic Service, 44, 47 Allah’, 84 Arab nationalism, 61, 63 Allcock, John B., 70 Arbeitzeitung,87 allied propaganda, 29–30 Aristotle, 9 All-Union Congress of Soviets, 34 Ark Royal, 138 Al-Qaeda, 83 Arslan, Alp, 10 American Carnegie Endowment, 68 Article XIX, 184, 190, 206–7 American Civil War, 23 Arusha Accords, 182, 185, 188, 192–3, American Committee on Public 195, 201, 204 Information, 31–2 Arutz Sheva network, 64 American Dream, 38 Aryan races, 117 American First World War propaganda, Asch, Ronald G., 14, 15 239 Assurnasirpal II, 8 American Foreign Broadcast Information atheistic Marxists, 37 Service, 80, 152 atrocity stories, 31 American Institute for Propaganda Attila the Hun, 145 Analysis (IPA), 39 Auschwitz concentration camp, 144, 149 Americanism, 40 Austrain Social Democrat Party, 87 American Jews, 41 Austrian Christian Social Party, 90 American Journal of Law, 242 Austrian Nazis, 120 American National Association of Austrian sovereignty, 126 Broadcasters, 40 Austro-German Agreement, 126 American public opinion, 41 Austro-Hungarian empire, 65–8 American Revolution, 18 American Telephone and Telegraphy B-92 radio, 79 (AT&T), 36 Babic, Milan, 77, 80, 83 Amin, Idi, 63 Badenweiler, 115 Amman, Max, 110 Badsey, Stephen, 27, 29 Anatolia, 10 Bad Wiessee, 119 Anderson, David, 213, 217, 221 Baghdad pact, 62 Anglophone Africa, 193 Bagosora, Theoneste, 180, 196

259 260 Index

Bahutu Manifesto, 161, 202 Birkenhead, Lord, 28 Bakiga clans, 160 Bizimungu, Casimir, 171, 188 Balkan nationalism, 67 Bizimungu, Telesphore, 184 Balkan wars, 67–8 Bley, Wulf, 112 Bamwanga, Jean-Baptiste, 180 Blitz, 50 Bantu language, 156 Boche, 31, 239 Banyingana, Major, 170 Boelcke, Willi A., 6, 89, 138, 139, 140, Barayagwiza, Jean-Bosco, 183, 184, 187, 143, 145, 146, 149 190, 198, 201, 204–5 Boers, 24–6 barbarian tribe, 9, 155 Boer War, 24, 27 Barnouw, E., 38, 46 Bohemia, 15 Barre regime, 58 Bohemian Protestant hierarchy, 15 ‘battle of annihilation,’ 142–4, 146–7 Bolshevism, 92, 117, 122, 132–3, 141, Battle of Britain, 140 143, 146 Bavarian government, 93, 95 anti–, 94, 102 Bavarian People’s Party, 99 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 19–21, 54 Bavarian regiment, 90, 95 Borsanyi, Julian, 60 Bavarian state government, 94 Bosnian Muslims, 65, 66, 69, 79, 83 ‘Beastly Hun,’ 31 Bradford, William, 18 Beck, Glenn, 39 Braeckman, Collette, 193 Belgian colonialism, 153 Bramsted, Ernest Kohn, 124 Belgian-Rwandan Friendship Society, 160 Brant Rock, 34 Belgian volte face, 159–65 Braun, Otto Ernst, 41 Belgrade Radio, 80, 81 Brayagwiza, 200 Belgrade TV, 82 Briggs, Asa, 48, 49 beliefs, changing of, 6–7 Brinkley, A., 38 Bell, Colonel, 60 British Army, 28 Beller, Elmer A., 1, 14, 15, 16, 32 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Belzec concentration camp, 149 46–9, 137, 194, 206, 219 Bemeriki, Valerie, 185, 197, 200, 206 African Service, 58, 195 Benesch, Susan, 205 Arabic Service, 44, 47 Bergmeier, Horst J.P., 111, 112, 114, 121, Empire Service, 44, 46, 49, 58 128 Great Lakes, 191 Berkeley, Bill, 153 Knin radio by, 80 Berliner Arbeitszeitung, 100 Monitoring Service, 56, 78, 83, 89, Berlin government, 94 149, 152, 180, 211, 230 Berlin Lustgarten, 115 Overseas Service, 56, 57–8 Berlin rally, 12–13 radio documentaries on, 223 Berlin Sportpalast, 103 Swahili Service, 190 Berlin University, 144 World Service Trust (WST), 58, 195, Berman, Bruce, 217, 218–19 210, 224, 228, 230, 236, 238 Bernard of Clairvaux, 13 British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 30, 47 Bernays, Edward, 3 British First World War, 239 Berry, Carol Pott, 155, 175 British Marconi, 35 Berry, John A., 155, 175 British plutocracy, 145 bibles, 13–14 Bruning, Heinrich, 103–4 biblical metaphors, 16 Buchenwald concentration camp, 50, Bikindi, Simon, 192 124 Bilic, Mladen, 78 Budak, Mile, 68 Birkenau concentration camp, 149 Bugesera, 180 Index 261

Bullock, Alan, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, Churchhill, Winston, 48–9, 135, 136, 96, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 140, 145, 146, 242 109, 116, 118, 125, 126 Classe Institute, 160 Bunyenyezi, Major, 170 Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Burgerbraukeller, 99 (CDR), 173, 177–8, 183–4, 189–91 Butcher, Tim, 78, 83 Cobden, Richard, 22 Bytwerk, Randall L., 123 code restrictions, 40 Coe, Lewis, 34, 36 Cabinet Information Bureau, 52 Cold War, 47, 55–8, 64 Caesar, J., 9, 155 Collegium Urbanum, 14 Caliph Umar, 10 Collin, Matthew, 79 Callamard, Agnes, 241 colonialism, 155–6 Belgian, 153 Canadian army, 182 European, 62, 156 Cantril, Hadley, 45 colonial myth-making, 154–9 capitalism, 104, 117 colonial power, 158 anti–, 100 colonial subjugation, 158 Coughlin, Charles, views on, 38 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), US, 145 39, 44–5, 49 card-stacking, 39–40 Cominform, 65 Carpenter, Ronald H., 41 commercial radio, 35–6 Carver, Richard, 184 Committee for Public Salvation, 196 Catholic Church, 3, 41 Committees of Public Safety, 166 Hutu elite in, 161 communism, 38 schisms with, 10 ‘Communism Without a Mask,’ 122 Catholicism, 3 Communist Party, 43, 54 propaganda against, 16–17 Communist Party of the Soviet Union Serbs conversion to, 68 (CPSU), 35 Cavell, Edith, 31 Confucianism, 51 censorship, 47–8 Conrad, Frank, 34 Central Broadcasting Council, 51 coordination (Gleischchaltung), 109 Central Committee of Hungarian Corey-Boulet, Robbie, 233–4 Communist Party, 59 Corwin, Norman, 50 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 56–8 Cosic, Dobrica, 70 Chalk, Frank, 228 Coughlin, Charles, 37–41 Chamberlain, Joseph, 25, 130, 135–6 American public opinion, influence Charles I, 17 on, 41 Cheeseman, Nic, 213–14 capitalism, views on, 38 Chelmno concentration camp, 149 card-stacking by, 39–40 Chetnik group, 68, 69, 81 code restrictions on, 40 Chomsky, Noam, 36 communism, views on, 38 Christian Byzantine state, 10 government, critical stance on, 39 Christian crusade, 11 Italian fascism, support for, 39 Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 177 Jews, views on, 38 Christian Front, 40, 41 policies of, 40 Christianity, 10, 40 religious broadcasting by, 37 Christian Social Party, 90 Roosevelt, support for, 38–9 Chronicle, The, 25, 26 Social Justice, articles by, 40–1 ‘Chronicles of the Kenyan Genocide,’ themes, devleopment of, 37–8 228 Council of Clermont, 11 262 Index

Council of People’s Commissars, 34, 54 Des Forges, Alison, 172, 177, 179, 180, Counter-Reformation, 13–14 182, 184, 185, 188, 189, 199 Court of Star Chamber, 17 Dewald, Carolyn, 9 Crimean War, 21–3, 25 Dietrich, Otto, 110, 128 Croat Communist Party, 76 direct broadcasting, 33 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 77–8 D-notice system, 58 Croats, 65–83, 243 Doenitz, Admiral, 150–1 Communist Party of, 78 Dolfuss, Chancellor, 120 Diet, 66 Doyle, Mark, 219 nationalism of, 70, 76, 78 Drexler, Anton, 92–3 Peasant Party, 68 regime of, 68 Earth, 44 sovereignty of, 76 Eckart, Dietrich, 93 Cromwell, Thomas, 17–18 Eden, Anthony, 136, 145, 147 Crusades, 24, 176, 240, 245 Editors’ Law, 110 crusading propaganda, 13 Egyptian radio, 62 Cull, Nicholas J., 17, 21, 32, 36, 44 Ehrlich, Matthew C., 50 Czech crisis, 129, 131 Eichmann, 141 Eiffel Tower, 34 Einsatzgruppen, 144 Dachau concentration camp, 124 Eisenhower administration, 60 Daily Express,28 Ellul, Jacques, 5, 6, 107, 240 Daily Mail, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 43, Empire Service, 44, 46, 49, 58 103, 136 Enabling Law, 109 Daily News, 25, 26, 28 end of history, 83–4 Daily Telegraph, 78, 83, 232 English Civil War, 17–18 Daladier, 130 English Reformation, 17 Dallaire, Romeo, 182, 187–8, 196 Eroica (Beethoven), 115 Daniels, Gordon, 51, 52, 53 Estates-General, 18–19 Das Reich, 131, 141, 143, 145, 148, 150 Eternal Jew, The (Der Ewige Jude), 139 Davidson, Basil, 155 ethnic-cleansing, 232 Davies, Alan, 41, 43 European Christians, 10 Dawn,84 European colonialism, 62, 156 Day of the Saar, 121 Evans, Richard J., 89, 119, 120–1, 126, 127 Dayton agreements, 83 Evening News, 28, 31 D-Day, 49, 149 extremism, 177 ‘death by radio,’ 201 Defence Ministry, 180–1 Fainsod, Merle, 35, 57 Defence of the Realm Act, 29 Fanon, Franz, 62 de Forest, Lee, 34 Farouk, King, 61 de Llano, Queipo, 42–3 Fascism, 39, 44 De Luce, Dan, 72 ‘Father of Hate Radio, The,’ 37 democracy Fatimid dynasty, 10 Hutu, 173 Fazlullah, Maulana, 84 liberal, 96 Federal Communications Commission parliamentary, 96–7 (FCC), 49 Depression, 37–9 Federation of German Radio Der Angriff, 100–1, 104 Participants, 114 Der Stürmer, 92, 111, 115, 123, 173, 205, Ferdinand II, 15 242 Fessenden, Reginald, 34 Index 263

Field of the Blackbirds, 67 George, David Lloyd, 28 first attack (simusiga), 192 German anti-Semitism, 98 First Battle of Ypres, 90 German Army Group Centre, 150 First World War, 18, 24, 26–7, 118, 136, German Army’s VII District Command 158, 238 in Munich, 92 American, 239 German/Aryan racial purity, 96 Austro-Hungarian empire, break up German citizenship, 122 following, 65, 68 German Condor Legion, 126 French, 239 German Home Service, 133, 136, newspapers of, 43 138–40, 142–4, 149 Ottoman empire, break up following, German Interior Ministry, 127 65, 68 German Labour Front, 116, 149 outbreak of, 90 German nationalism, 96, 97, 128 propaganda during, use of, 2, 3–4, 29 German National Socialists, 7 radio during, 33, 34–5 German , 110–111, 123 FM Mullah, 84 German Nuremburg Laws for the FM radio broadcasts, 84, 224 Protection of German Blood and Foreign Affairs (Metzl), 242 Honour, 175 Foreign Office, 58 German-Polish non-aggression pact, 45 ‘Fountain Post’ blog, 219 German propaganda, 91, 126, 134, 135, Fox News,39 146, 239 Francophone Africa, 193 German Propaganda Ministry, 41 Franco-Prussian War, 23 German racial purity, 96 Franco-Soviet treaty, 126 German Reich, 127, 131, 135 Frankfurter Zeitung,16 German-Soviet Pact, 45–6 Franklin, Benjamin, 18 German Wireless Service, 113 Frazer, Jendayi, 227 German Workers’ Party of Anton Freedom and Bread campaign, 103 Drexler, 92 Free Officers Movement, 61 Germany Foreign Ministry, 41 Freikorps, 92 Gero, Ernest, 59 French First World War, 239 Gestapo, 88, 116 Frere, Marie-Soleil, 186 Gilchrist, J., 19, 20 Frick, Minister, 105, 107 Gitarama, 164 Fritzsche, Hans, 113–14, 137–8, 142, Gitau, Martin, 219 147, 149, 242, 243 Glenny, Misha, 79 Front Report, 143, 145–7 Goebbels, Josef, 6, 40, 47, 100, 101, Fuhrer, 118, 120, 131, 137, 141, 145, 105–16, 118, 120–4, 127–9, 131, 147–8 135–50 Fyfe, Hamilton, 30 Freedom and Bread campaign lead by, 103 Gaddafi, Muammar, 63 Hitler, follower of, 100 Gahigi, Gaspar, 184, 189, 200, 206 Nazi Party, effective tool of, 87 Gaillard, Philippe, 197 Goering, 95, 105, 107, 119, 125, 144 Gallic Wars, 9 Golden Hour of the Shrine of the Little Gallipoli, 28 Flower, The,37 Gatsinzi, Marcel, 195 Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, 97, 98 General Electric (GE), 36 Gombrich, E.H., 137, 139, 140, 243 General Strike, 35 Gorsas, Antoine, 19–20 Geneva Conventions, 204 Gourevitch, Philip, 172, 174, 196, 197 genocide in Rwanda, 165–83 Government Hour, 52 264 Index

Graf Spee, 138 Heydrich, 125, 127, 129, 134, 138, 141, Granville, Johanna, 58, 60, 61 144 Great Patriotic War, 54 Hezbollah, 64 Great War, 31 Higiro, Jean-Marie Vianney, 173, 183, Greeley, Horace, 23 187, 188 Green Revolution, 63 Hill, Christopher, 18 Gregory VII, 10 Himmler, 138, 144, 149 Gregory XV, 3, 14 Hindenburg, Paul von, 104–8, 118–20 Griffith, William E., 43, 56, 57 Hiroshima, 53 Grover’s Farm, 44 Histories (Herodotus), 9 Gulseth, Hege Lovdal, 4, 7, 153, 165, Hitimana, Noel, 184, 187, 191, 197, 200, 170, 179 206 Hitler, Adolf, 37 Habimana, Kantano, 184, 187–8, 190, 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry 196, 198, 200, 206 Regiment, enrollment in, 90–1 Habimana, Phocas, 206 as Chancellor, 96, 105, 119 Habyarimana, Agathe, 168–9, 173, 180 death of, 150–1 death of, 193–200 declaration of war on USA, 41 Habyarimana, Juvenal, 158, 166–70, extermination of, 135–51 172–4, 179, 181–3, 185, 189, 191–6, German Workers’ Party, leadership of, 200, 202–3 92 Hacha, Emil, 131 Germany, vision of, 125 Hadamovsky, Eugen, 112, 113, 114, 140 Goebbels, follower of, 100 Hale, Julian, 34, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 121, Heroes’ Day held by, 115 126 imprisonment of, 93–6, 99–106 Halifax, Lord, 126, 130 Jews, attack on, 96–8, 102, 117–18 Hamas, 64 liberal democracy, views of, 96 Hamitic racial supremacy, 159 Marxism, destroyer of, 95–6, 102 Handa, Caesar, 210, 211, 231, 233 Mein Kampf, publication of, 95–6, 117 Hand, Richard J., 45 Munich party, leadership of, 100 Hanley, Wayne, 18, 20 National Socialism of, 39–40 Hanyarimana, 188 National Socialist Germany, vision of, Harbyarimana, 178 87 Hardy, Claire, 78 Nazi Party, 87, 94 Harrer, Karl, 93 New Year proclamation by, 150 Harter, Pascale, 228 parliamentary democracy, attack on, hate radio, 37–41, 222–5 96–7 hatred, 8–13 political awareness of, 87 Haugerud, Angelique, 226 power of, 89, 99–106 Heath, Carla W., 222 propaganda used by, 106–35 Heinkel aircraft, 126 rise of, 89–99 Henderson, Ambassador, 130 Tripartite Alliance of, 68 Henry VIII, 17 wartime propaganda used by, 135–51 Herf, Jeffrey, 98, 117, 122, 123, 131, 132, Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen), 135, 144, 149, 243 97 Herman, Edward S., 36 Hobhouse, Emily, 26 Herodotus, 9 Hobson, J. A., 26 Heroes’ Day, 115 Holtman, Robert, 20 Hertz, Heinrich, 34 Holy Roman Empire, 14 Herzstein, Robert Edwin, 88 ‘Home to the Reich,’ 121 Index 265

Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 136, 141 Index on Censorship, 201 Horror of Louvain, 30–1 individualism, 113 Horten, Gerd, 50 inferior races or sub-humans Hough, Jerry F., 35, 57 (untermenschen), 117 House of Commons, 145 inkontanyis, 192 HouseofCulture,74 inkotanyi, 198 Hradshin Castle, 15 Innocent III, 13 HRW, 221, 237 Inooro FM, 229–31, 233, 235 Human Rights Watch, 228 Integrated Regional Information Hungarian Communist Party, 59 Networks (IRIN), 210, 231 Hungarian Revolution, 60–1 Intenational Federation of Arab Workers, Hungary, 59–61 62 Hutu Intera, 185 democracy of, 173 Interahamwe militia, 177–8, 185, 188–92, elite, 160–1, 166–7, 171, 179, 183 195–7, 206 extremism of, 177 Interior Ministry, 108 Frodebu movement of, 186 international broadcasting, 56 government of, 196 International Commission of Jurists, 234 hegemony of, 177, 183 International Committee of the Red identity of, 204 Cross, 197 ideology of, 161 International Criminal Court (ICC), political movement of, 161–3 208–9, 211, 214–15, 218, 221–2, propaganda used by, 184 228, 232–4, 237 racial power of, 175 International Criminal Tribunal for the revolution of, 159–65, 174 Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 75–6, 83 Social Movement of, 161 International Criminal Tribunal for supremacism of, 174, 177, 199, 202 Rwanda, 152 Ten Commandments of, 174–5 international financiers, 37 Hutu Coalition pour la Défense de la international Jewry, 115, 117, 124 République, 173 international propaganda, 29 Hutuland, 156 (IPS), 210, 233 Hutu Power, 153, 158, 170–1, 173, 176–9, inyenzi, 165, 179, 181, 188, 190, 197–8, 181–4, 187, 189, 192, 195–6, 203 202, 206, 226 ‘inyenzi-inkontanyi,’ 178 I’AMI, 160 Iraq Petroleum Company, 62 Ibarruri, Dolores, 43 Italian fascism, 39 ICCPR, 243 Itumbi, Dennis, 219, 223, 233, 237 ICTR, 153, 173, 179, 183–8, 190, 199, 201, 204–7 Idris, King, 63 James, Eric, 161 II Duce, 44 Jasenovac, 69, 78 imperialism, 61 Jaumain, Yves, 201 imperialist press, 25–6 Jefferson, Thomas, 18 Imperial Proclamation, 52 Jerusalem imperial propaganda, 9 Caliphs controlling, 10 Impuzamugambi, 178 capture of, 10 incitement, 8–13, 222–5 Christian crusade for recapture of, Independent, 232 11–13 Independent State of Croatia (NDH), 73, Muslim rule over, 10 77 Seljuks in, re-assertion of, 10 266 Index

Jewish-Bolshevism, 99, 102, 121–3, 128, Kass FM, 209, 223, 229–33 132, 142, 145–6, 148–9 Katyn, 149 Jewish-Marxism, 99, 126, 142 Kavaruganda, Joseph, 191 Jewish-plutocratic-Bolshevik alliance, Kaye, Michael, 33 142 Kayibanda, Gregoire, 160–2, 164–8, 170, Jewish Question, The (Die Judenfrage), 123, 177, 203 132 Kazan, Fayad E., 63 ‘Jewish war,’ 139 KDKA, 36 Jewry Keene, Judith, 52 international, 115, 117, 124 Keitel, General, 130 world, 132, 143 Kellow, Christine L., 153, 202, 203, 239, Jews 244, 245 Coughlin, views on, 38 Kenya financiers, 91, 137, 141 government of, 212 gutter press, 111 political violence in, 220–2 hegemony, 123 vernacular radio in, 228–37, 245–6 Hitler, attack on, 96–8, 102, 117–18 Kenya African Democratic Union OGPU, 150 (KADU), 214 ‘stock-exchange hyenas,’ 104 Kenya African National Union (KANU), wire-pullers, 147 214–15, 225–6, 229 Jihadists, 79 Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), Journal des Hommes Libres,20 222–4, 229 Jovic, Borisav, 75 Kenyan Air Force, 216 Jowett, Garth S., 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 14, 18, 20, 34, 35, 37, 238, 240 Kenyan Human Rights Commission (KHRC), 230–1 Judah, Tim, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79 Kenyan Journalists’ Association, 219 Kenyan National Cohesion Committee K24 TV, 223–4 Commission, 237 Kabanda, Marcel, 173, 174 Kabuga, Felicien, 187, 190 Kenyatta government, 229 Kadafi mosque, 197 Kenyatta, Uhuru, 209, 212, 214–15, 219, Kadar, Janos, 59 222–4 Kadijevic, Vejko, 75 Kershaw, Ian, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, Kagame, Paul, 169–70, 176, 188, 193, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 195 108, 116, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125, Kahr, Gustav von, 94, 95 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 138, Kalenjin 141, 144, 148, 149 diaspora of, 232 Kettenacker, Lothar, 97, 98 gangs of, 221 Khaimi, Joe, 226 language of, 209, 231 Khan, Agha, 223 Kallis, Aristotle A., 6, 7, 88, 89, 110, Khan, Genghis, 143 111–12, 116, 134, 135 Kibaki government, 222, 227–8, 230 Kaltenborn, H. V., 49 Kibaki, Mwai, 208, 210, 212–15, 218, Kambanda, Jean, 152, 196–7 220, 226–8 Kameme FM, 223–4, 229, 231–3, 235 Kibaki’s Party of National Unity (PNU), Kangura, 173–5, 177, 179, 182–3, 192, 208–9, 211, 214, 216, 220, 222–3, 194, 200, 202, 205, 209, 244 226–8, 235 Karadjordjevic, Alexander, 68 Kibor, Jackson, 228 Karadzic, Radovan, 77 Kibwana, Kivutha, 227 Karanja, Elizabeth Cherotich, 233–4 ‘attack,’ 172, 181, 183, 189, 199 Index 267

Kikuyu Le Courier des departements,19 hegemony in, 222 Lee Thompson, J., 28, 30, 31 nationalism in, 218 Leites, Nathan, 7 tribalism in, 222 leitmotif,93 Kimani, Mary, 199, 200 Lemarchand, Rene, 156, 157, 158, 159, Kinyamateka, 159 161, 164, 165, 166 Kinyarwanda, 152–3 Lemke, William, 39 Kipling, Rudyard, 26 lender radio stations, 105, 112 KiSwahili language, 229–30 Leninist language, 34 Kitchener, Lord, 28 Lenin, V.I., 34 Klopp, Jacqueline M., 216, 217, 218 Ley, Robert, 116, 146, 149 KNCHR, 226, 232 liberal democracy, 60, 96 Knightley, Phillip, 21, 22, 23, 29 Liberal Party (PL), 177, 182, 195 Knin JNA, 80–1 Li, Darryl, 180, 184, 201 Knin Municipal Assembly, 80 Light Brigade, 22 Knin radio, 80 Linden, Ian, 160 Kol Israel, 64 Linkugel, Wil, 41 Korean War, 55 Little, Allan, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82 Kosgey, Reverend, 233 Logiest, Guy, 163 Kosovan-Serbian conflict, 65 London Evening Standard,31 Kosovo Liberation Army, 83 Long, Huey, 39 Kosovopolje battle, 67, 76 Long Parliament, 17 Kremlin, 142 Lonsdale, John, 216 Kriegler, Johann, 213, 218 Lotz, Ranier E., 111, 112, 114, 121, 128 Kriegler report, 212–13 Loughran, Gerard, 223 Kris, Ernst, 7, 114, 115 Louvain, 30 Kristallnacht, 124 Ludendorff, 95 Kruger, Paul, 24–5 Luo nationalism, 218 Kubwimana, Silas, 190 Lusitanians, 155 Kucan, 76 Luther, Martin, 1, 13–14 Kufuor, John, 227 Lynch, Gabrielle, 214, 217, 218 Kura, Laurencia, 192 Kuraly, Bela, 61 MacDonald, David Bruce, 67, 69, 73, 74 Kutuzov, 54 Macedonians, 66 Mafeje, A., 155, 156 Labour Leader,28 Magdeburg, 15 La Gazette de France,17 Mail, 25, 31 Lake Victoria FM, 229, 231, 235 Maina, Lucy W., 225, 236 L’Ami du people,19 Maison de la Presse, 27 Landsberg prison, 95, 99 Majdanek concentration camp, 149 Lasswell, Harold D., 2, 4, 27, 29, 30, 238 majimboism, 215 Law for the Restoration of Professional Malaga, 42 Civil Service, 115–16 Malleus Maleficarum,15 Law for the Reunion of Austria, 127 Mamdani, Mahmood, 158, 159, 161, Lazar, 67 162, 163, 165, 168, 177 League of Communists of Yugoslavia Manchester Guardian, 26, 28 (LCY), 65, 69–71 Manchuria, 51 League of Nations, 118, 120–1 Manzanilla, 42 Lebensfraude, 143 Manzikert, 10 lebensraum, 103, 131 Marat, Jean-Paul, 19 268 Index

Marcharia, S. K., 229 Misser, Francois, 201 Marconi’s New Brunswick Marconi Mladic, Colonel Ratko, 77, 80–1 Station, 35 Mobutu regime, 168 Marcus, Sheldon, 40, 83 Mohammed, Maulvi Faqir, 84 Martic, Milan, 77–8 Moi, Daniel arap, 212, 214–16, 219–20, Marxism, 88, 103 223, 225, 228–9 atheistic, 37 Moi government, 229 extermination of, 105 Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Hitler, destroyer of, 95–6, 102 Pact, 133 Marxism-Leninism, 35, 43 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 45 Masaai gang, 221 Monasebian, Simone, 186, 187, 190, massacres, 15 191, 192 Matata, Joseph, 190 Moniteur,20 Mau Mau, 213 Monitoring Service, 56, 78, 83, 89, 149, Maxwell, James Clark, 34 152, 180, 211, 230 May Axis, 133 Mooney, Archbishop, 40, 41 May Day, 146 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 234 Mbonyumutwa, Dominique, 163 More, Sir Thomas, 16 MDR-Parmehutu (Rwanda Democratic Morning Post,24 Movement), 162–7, 169, 177, Mpiranya, Colonel, 195 179–80, 182, 196 MRND, 174, 176–84, 189 media, 222–5 Central Committee of, 184 discourses of, 1 Mucheke, Kamanda, 232 in United States, broadcasting of, 49 Mudatsikira, Joseph, 191 Media Council of Kenya, 234 Mueller, Susanne D., 216 ‘Meetings of Truth,’ 74 Mugenzi, Ali Yusuf, 190 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 87, 90, 93, 95–6, Mugesera, Leon, 181–2 117 Muhutu, 161 Meistersinger Overture (Wagner), 115 Mungiki, 213–14, 222 Meller, Paul, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Munich agreement, 44, 47, 130–1 Melvern, Linda, 168, 178, 183, 197 Munich putsch, 93 Memorandum of the Serbian Academy Murray, W.J., 19, 20 of Arts and Sciences, 73 Murrow, Edward R., 49, 50 Mercurius Aulicus,18 Musangamfura, Sixbert, 190 Mercurius Britannicus,18 Musemabweli, Prospere, 180 Messerschmitt aircraft, 126 Museveni, Yoweri, 169, 193 Metzl, James F., 242, 243 Muslim Turkish expansion, 10 Mihailovic, General, 68, 69 Mussolini, 126, 130 Mihelj, Sabina, 70 Musyoka, Kalonzo, 212 Mikes, Imre, 60 Mutabarika, Jean, 159, 161, 164, 167 Mikic, Goran, 82 Muthaura, Francis, 209 Milic, Goran, 71–2 Mututsi, 161 Milner, Sir Alfred, 24–5 Mwinyi, Ali Hassan, 193 Milosevic, Slobodan, 67, 72–80, 82–3 myth-making, colonial, 154–9 Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and myths, 16 Propaganda, 108–10, 113 Ministry of Propaganda, 113, 138 Nagasaki, 53 Office of Anti-Semitic Action, 135 Nagy, Imre, 59–60 Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Nahimana, Ferdinand, 176, 178–80, 183, Propaganda, 46 185–7, 190, 198, 200–1, 204–5 Index 269

Napoleonic period, 18, 21 Nazi-style anti-Semitism, 38, 115, Napoleonic wars, 21 117–18 Nasser government, 61–2 Ndadaye, Melchior, 186–7, 193 Nation, 220, 223 Ndayambaje, Damascene, 159, 161, 164 National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Ndengejebo, Pascal, 180 36, 38 Ndiaye, Bacre Waly, 171–2, 179 national community (Volksgemeinschaft), Ndirangu, Stella, 234 116–17 neighborhood associations, 52 national comrades, 116 Netanyahu, Prime Minister, 64 National Council of Slovenes, 68 Network Zero, 187 National Education and Radio Reform in Newbury, Catherine, 167 Germany (Bley), 112 Newcastle, Lord, 22 nationalism New Deal, 39, 49 Algerian, 62 Newshour, 195 Arab, 61, 63 newspapers, 18–19, 27, 43 Balkan, 67 propaganda, role in, 31 Croat, 70, 76, 78 New Year proclamation, 145, 147, 150 Faustian pact with, 74 New York Times,44 German, 96, 97, 128 New York Tribune,23 Kikuyu, 218 NFF call sign, 32 Luo, 218 Ngeze, Hassan, 173–4, 179, 183, 192, pan-German, 94 198, 200–1, 204–5 Serb, 67, 69–70, 73, 78 Ngulinzira, Boniface, 180, 181, 185, 195 national liberation, 61–4 NHK, 51 National Public Radio, 36 Nicholas, Sian, 47, 48, 49 National Rainbow Coalition (NRC), Night of the Long Knives, 118 212–13 1948 Genocide Convention, 243 National Resistance Army (NRA), 169 9XM, 35–6 National Socialism, 39–40, 54 Njurunziza, 206 National Socialist Federation, 114 Nkeremugaba, Andre, 166 National Socialist German Workers’ Nkubito, Alphonse, 191 Party (NSDAP), see Nazi Party Nkundiye, Leonard, 195 National Socialist Germany, 87 Nkurunziza, Ananie, 184–5, 200 National Socialists, 27, 37, 114–15 ‘No,’ 226, 235 revolution of, 119 non-governmental organizations National Union for Social Justice, 39 (NGOs), 223, 241 Nazi Party North Atlantic Treaty Organization dissolution of, 96 (NATO), 55, 62, 83 Fritzsche, membership of, 114 Northcliffe, Lord, 28, 31 Goebbels, effective tool of, 87 Nove, Alec, 57 rise of, 89–99 Nsabimana, Deogratias, 181 suspension of, 99 Nsanauwera, Francois Xavier, 187 Nazis Nsengiyaremye, Dismas, 179–80, 182 ideology of, 90 Nsengiyaremye government, 180 legitimacy of, 103 Ntagerura, Andre, 184 movements by, 99–100 Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 193 propaganda used by, 91–2, 98, 100–2, Ntawulkura, Froduald, 180 104, 106–7, 125 Ntirivamunda, Alphonse, 180 Nazism, 89, 98 Nuremberg Laws, 122, 127 Nazi Storm Troopers, 93 anti-Jewish, 127 270 Index

Nuremberg Rally, 12–13, 123 Parmehutu – the Party of the Hutu Nuremberg Stadium, 40 Emancipation Movement, 161, Nyachae, Simeon, 226 162–3, see also MDR-Parmehutu Nyakibanda, 159 (Rwanda Democratic Movement) Nyerere, 63 ‘Party day,’ 101 Paulu, Burton, 57, 147, 148 Oates, Sarah, 35, 57 Paulus, 147–8 Observer,82 Pavelic, Ante, 68–9, 73, 78 Ochami, David, 234–5 Pavkovic, Alesandr, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76 October Revolution, 34 Pearl Harbour, 41, 49, 50, 145 Odinga, Raila, 208, 212–18, 220, 226–7, Peloponnesian War, 9 230 Pennsylvania Journal (Bradford), 18 O’Donnell, Victoria, 3, 4, 5, 240 People’s receiver (Volsempfanger), 114 Office Rwandais d’Information (ORINFOR), 168, 176, 178–80, Perraudin, Monsignor, 160–2 183–4, 187–8 Persians, 9 Office of War Information (OWI), 49 Peter the Hermit, 12 Official Secrets Act, 58 Petrograd, 34 O Holy Night,34 Pflanz, Mike, 232, 233 O’Kane, Maggie, 72 Phoenicians, 9 Ole Itumbi, Dennis, 219, 233 pilgrimages, 10 Olympics, 125 Pius XI, 40 115 – in thirteen days – the Saar Returns Plato, 9 Home, 121 Plitvice National Park, 81 Operation Amaryllis, 196 plutocracy, 37, 117, 145 Operation Barbarossa, 53, 141 Podeh, Elie, 63 Operation Turquoise, 199 Polish government, 135 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), Political Warfare Executive, 48 208–9, 212, 215–17, 220–2, 225, 227–8, 235 Politika, 74–5, 79 Orange Free State, 26 Politika Ekspres,75 Oranienberg concentration camp, 124 ‘Poor Little Belgium,’ 28 Orthodox Church, 10, 76 Popperwell, Andrew, 33 O’Shaughnessy, Nicholas Jackson, 7 post-9/11 broadcasting, 61–4 Ottoman empire, 66–7 Postal Ministry, 114 Ottoman empire, break up of, 65, 68 post-Cold War, 83 ‘our boys’ approach, 30 post-revolutionary press, 19 Overseas Service, 56, 57–8 Postscripts,49 Power, Samantha, 200–1 Paine, Thomas, 18 Prague Castle, 16 Pakenham, Thomas, 25 Presidential Guard, 182, 188, 193–6 Pakistani Islamic groups, 83–4 Presidential Office, 183, 185 Pale TV, 82 Priestley, J. B., 49 Pall Mall Gazette,24 Palmerston, Lord, 22–3 printing pan-Germanism, 90 of bibles, 13–14 pan-German nationalism, 94 during Crimean War, 21–2 Papen, Franz von, 104–5, 107, 120 invention of, 13 Commune, 23 of newspapers, 18–19 parliamentary democracy, 96–7 revolution of, 16–17 Index 271 propaganda Taylor’s analysis of, 4 during 19th century, 23–4 understanding, 2 in 20th century, 24–32 Propaganda Ministry, 6, 112–13, 128, allied, 29–30 132, 138, 141, 143, 150 anti-British, 145 propaganda talk, 137 anti-Semitism in, 118 Propaganda technique in World War I beliefs, changing of, 6–7 (Lasswell), 27 British, 27–9 propaganda war, 16, 46–7 against Catholicism, 16–17 Protection of German Blood and during Crimean War, 22 German Honour law, 122 crusading, 13 ‘For the Protection of People and State’ definition of, 2–8 emergency decree, 107 development of, 8–13 Protestantism, 3 emotional impact of, 6–7 Protestant propaganda, 13 film, role in, 31 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The,40 during First World War, use of, 2–4, 29 Prunier, Gerard, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, German, 91, 126, 134, 135, 146, 239 160, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, government control of, 47 172, 177, 181, 186, 189, 193, 194, hatred, for incitement of, 8–13 195, 196 history of, 1, 8–13 Prussian Interior Ministry, 105 Hitler, used by, 106–35 ‘Prussian Ogre,’ 31 Hutu, used by, 184 psyche, 87 imperial, 9 Putney Debates, 18 international, 29 justification of, 29–30 Racan, Ivan, 78 key aspects of, 1–2 Racan, Ivica, 76–7 Lasswell’s analysis of, 3–4 racial purity, 96, 117 methods of, 16 racial supremacy, 159 motivational messages of, 6 racist ideology, 97 music halls, role in, 31 radio Nazi, 91–2, 98, 100–2, 106–7, 125 birth of, 34–7 newspapers, role in, 31 commercial, 35–6 objectives of, 6 company ownership of, 36–7 opinions, for influencing, 29 discourses of, 1 organization of, 27 experiments with, 34 as part of political process, 4–5 during First World War, 33, 34–5 popular view of, 3 government control of, 41–2 printing, transformation to, 13–24 hate, 37–41, 222–5 Protestant, 13 incitement, role in, 222–5 in public discourse, 3 in Middle East, 61–4 purpose of, 5–6 national liberation on, 61–4 radio, role in, 31–2 Nazi propaganda on, 87–151 Reformation, transformation during, political use of, 34 13–24 political warfare by, 59–61 religious, 10 post-9/11 broadcasting on, 61–4 republican, 9 propaganda on, 59–61 scale of, 26–7 during Second World War, 45–54, 51 style of, 26–7 in United States, broadcasting of, 35, symbols of, 6 49 targets of, 5, 7–8 vampire, 189 272 Index radio – continued Reich Radio Company wartime propaganda, role of, 41–5 (Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft RRG), in Yugoslavia, 64–72 111–14 Radio Cairo, 62–3 Reichstag, 100–1, 119–20, 122, 125, 127, Radio Commissioner, 111 130–1, 142, 145–6 Radio for Development, 231 Reichswehr Ministrerial Office, 104 radio documentaries, 223 Reifenstahl, Leni, 122 Radio France International, 176 religious broadcasting, 37 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 56, 58–61, religious propaganda, 10 59–61, 169–70 republican propaganda, 9 in Hungary, 59–61 ‘Return Home to the Reich’ (Heimkehr ins Radio Knin, 79–82 Reich), 129 Radio Liberty, 56, 58 Reuth, Ralf Georg, 101, 103, 104, 105, ‘radio machete,’ 201 106, 108, 115, 116, 121, 122, 124, Radio Marti, 58 128, 129, 131, 133, 141, 148 Radio Moscow, 56, 57 Revolutionary Movement for National Radio Muhabura, 180 Development (MRND), 167 Rheinland-Nord Gau, 100 Radio Nacional de Espana, 43 Ribbentrop, 128, 130 Radio Netherlands, 242 Richelieu, Cardinal, 17 Radio Rwanda, 165–6, 170–4, 176, Riegel, O.W., 43 178–80, 182–5, 189, 196, 202–3 Robbins, Jane, 33, 49, 51 Radio Swan, 58 Robert the Monk, 12 radio telegraphy, 33 Roberts, Jeremy, 87 Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines Robertson, Geoffrey, 18 (RTLM), 83, 152–3, 173, 177, 180, Rodrigues, Simon, 213 182, 200–4, 209–10, 230–1, 233, Rohm, Ernst, 92–5, 98, 105, 118–20 236, 241, 244–6 Roman people, 155 in Rwanda, 183–9 -Berlin Axis, 126 Radio Union, 42 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38–9, 49, 132, Rakosi, Matyas, 59 145, 146, 150 rallentando, 101 Royal Media Services, 229 Ramet, Sabrina P., 72 RPA, 169, 200 Ramogi FM, 229 Rucogoza, Emmanuel, 207 Rath, Ernst von, 123 Rucogoza, Faustin, 187, 190–1, 195 Rawnsley, Gary D., 57 Ruggiu, Georges, 185, 199–200, 205–6 Raymond of Aguilers, 13 Runciman, Steven, 11, 12 Red activities, 40 Russell, William, 21–2 Red Army, 147 Russian Revolution, 142 Red Cross, 30, 140 Ruto, William, 208–9, 215, 220, 223, 228 Reformation, 13–24 Rwabukumba, Seraphim, 185 Catholic Church’s response to, 13, 15 Rwanda Protestantism, spread of, 13 genocide of, 165–83 religious schism of, 14 independence of, 159–65 Reich Chancellery, 141, 150 media law in, 184 Reich Defence Law, 125 RTLM in, 183–9 Reich government, 118 Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), 153, 170, Reich Press Chamber, 110 175, 188 Reich Press Office, 135 Rwandan Democratic Rally (Rader), 162 Reich Propaganda offices, 140 Rwandan Literacy Committee, 160 Index 273

Rwandan National Union (UNAR), 162 Serbs, 65–83, 240, 243 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 167, Catholicism, conversion to, 68 170–8, 180–3, 186, 188–90, 192–4, nationalism of, 67, 69–70, 73, 78 196–200, 245 national mythology of, 67 Rwigyema, Fred, 169–70 wars with, 68 Serb TV, 78 SA, 103–5, 107–8, 115, 118–19, 122 Serugendo, Joseph, 180, 183–4 Saar, 121 ServiceCentraledeRensignements Sacred Congregation for the Propagation (SCR), 180 of the Faith (Sacra Congregatio de settler radio stations, 64 Propaganda Fide), 3, 14 Seville, 42–3 Saitoti, George, 193 Seyys-Inquart, 127 Sandinistas, 58 Shamukiga, Charles, 188, 195 Sang, Joshua arap, 208, 211, 223, 229, Shawcross, William, 65 231–5 Shirer, William, 49, 89, 94, 95, 100, 102, Saracens, 12, 13 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 130, 131, Satan, 97 134 Schact, 125 Short, K.R.M., 46, 49 Schejter, Amit M., 63, 64 Shrine of the Little Flower, 37, 38 Schleicher, 118 Silber, Laura, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82 Schleicher government, 105 Sinope, 22 Schleicher, Kurt von, 104–5, 119 Six Day War, 63 Schuschnigg, Chancellor, 127 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Schutzstaffel (SS), 88, 103–4, 107–9, 124, Regiment, 90–1 127, 134, 138, 141, 144, 149 Siyad Barre, 58 Seaton, Jean, 48, 49 Slavs, 143 Sebahara, Pamphile, 161 Social Democracy, 91, 103, 105 Sebucinganda of Butete, 192 Social Democratic Party (PSD), 121, 177, Second Coming, 12 180, 182, 195 Second World War, 29, 43, 56, 61, 81, Social Democrat press, 90 159, 239, 243 Socialist Party of Serbia, 77 Europe, restructuring of political map Social Justice, 38–41 of, 64 Social Revolution, 175 ideologies during, 69 Somerville, Keith, 155, 176, 218, 237 inter-ethnic strife experienced during, South African War, 24 70 sovereignty, 76, 126 radio during, 51 Soviet Bolshevism, 133, 135 security police (SD), 88, 108, 116, 127, Soviet radio broadcasts, 53–4 129, 133, 135 Spanish Civil War, 39, 41, 43, 126 Seib, Philip, 50 Speier, Hans, 114, 115 Seljuks, 10 Sportspalast rally, 104, 146–8 Serb Council for National Resistance, 80 Srpski Radio Knin, 79 Serb-Croat divide, 79 Stalingrad, 146–8 Serbian Council for National Defence, 81 Standard, 223 Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), 77, 80 State Department, 49, 57 Serbian Orthodox Church, 67 Stationers’ Office, 17 Serbian Party’s Central Committee, 73 Steadman Group, 230 Serbian Radio Knin, 79 Steeves, Leslie H., 153, 202, 203, 239, Serbian Radio and Television (RTS), 79, 244, 245 80–3 Still Behaving Badly report, 226 274 Index

Strasbourg Relation,16 Transvaalers, 24–5 Strasser, Gregor, 100, 105, 118–19 Treaty of Versailles, 33, 92, 239 Strasser, Otto, 100 Treblinka concentration camp, 149 Strategic Public Relations Research Ltd, tribal identity, 159 230–1 Tripartite Alliance, 68 Straus, Scott, 153, 155, 167, 170, 178, Triumph of the Will (Reifenstahl), 122 179, 185, 194, 201, 202 Trusteeship Council, 159 Streicher, Julius, 92, 205, 242 Tudjman, Franjo, 68, 69–70, 72, 76–8, Stresemann government, 94 80–1 Stuckart, Wilhelm, 127 Tusa, John, 48 Studio B television, 79 Tutsi Sudeten crisis, 128 aristocracy of, 163 Sudeten German Party, 127 dominance of, 163 Sudetenland, 44 elite of, 161–3 Suez Canal, 62 hegemony of, 154–9, 162 Sufi Muslims, 84 ‘otherness’ of, 204 Sunday Dispatch,28 Tutsiland, 156 Sunday Times,28 TV Belgrade, 71 Sunni, 84 TV Novi Sad, 71 supremacism of Hutu, 174, 177, 199, 202 TV Pristina, 71 Suvurov, 54 TV , 71 Swahili Service, 190 TV Titograd, 71 Swat Valley, 84 TV Zagred, 71 Sweeney, John, 82 Twagiramungu, Faustin, 187–8, 195 Tyerman, Christopher, 13 , 71, 80 Tzahal, Galey, 64 Tanner, Marcus, 83 Taylor, Phillip M., 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, ubuletwa, 158 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, Ugandan army, 169–70 31, 32, 33, 46, 47, 48, 56, 58 Uitlanders, 24–5 Taylor, Richard, 108 Umurwanashyaka, 184 Telegraph,25 UNAR, 163, 165 theological debate, 14–15 UN Assistance Mission to Rwanda Third Reich, 89, 125 (UNAMIR), 182, 185, 187, 193–6 Thirty Years War, 14–15, 17, 18, 24, 43, UN Development Programme (UNDP), 176, 240, 245 210, 223–5, 230–1, 236–7 Thomas, Hugh, 42 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thompson, Allan, 153 (USSR), 35 Thompson, Mark, 31, 71, 72, 78, 79, 83, United Nations Educational, Scientific 243 and Cultural Organization Thyssen, Fritz, 103 (UNESCO), 171–2, 179 Times, 21–2, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31 University of Texas, 153 Times magazine, 62 University of Wisconsin, 36 Tito, Josip Broz, 65, 68–72, 81 UN Security Council, 159 Tobruk, 146 UN’s International Govenant on Civil Toguri, Iva, 52 and Political Rights (ICCPR), 241–2 Tokyo Rose, 52 UN Trusteeship Council, 161–2, 164 Too, Mark, 223 Urban, George, 59–60, 61 ‘Topic of the Day,’ 142 Urban II, 10–12 totalitarian systems, 116 Urban, Rudolf, 132 Index 275

US Army, 51 Weimar, 92–3, 107 US capitalism, 145 Welch, David, 4, 88, 89, 91, 92, 111, 113, US Lend-Lease Bill, 40 114, 116, 117, 118, 126, 148, 243 US Navy, 35, 51 Welles, Orson, 44 US News Brunswick Marconi radio Wells,H.G.,44–5 station, 32 Western colonial rule, 62 US State Department, 64, 199 Western Front, 30 Ustashas, 68–9, 78–80 Western imperialism, 61 Uwilingiyimana, Agathe, 180, 182, 187, Western liberal democracy, 60 191, 195–6 Western oil installations, 63 Western policies, 63 vampire radio, 189 Westinghouse Electric Company, 36 Vance plan, 83 Westminster Gazette, the,24 van der Lubbe, Marinus, 107 What the Nation is Saying (Lene Emet), Vatican, 38 231–4 Vatican Radio, 166 White, Stephen, 35, 43 Vecernje Novosti,73 Who Wants War (Goebbels), 132 Verlag, Eher, 110 Wilson, Woodrow, 32, 33, 34 Voice of America (VoA), 49, 56–7 ‘Fourteen Points’ speech by, 32, 33, 35 Voice of the Arab Homeland, 63 private radio stations, shutting down Voice of the Arabs, 61–3 of, 35 VoiceofIsrael,64 Winter Relief Campaign, 143 Voice of the Reich, 111 Wireless News Agency, 111 Volkischer Beobachter, 93, 94, 99, 102–4 Wood, James, 34, 36, 44, 47, 57, 58, 60 Volkischer parties, 99 world Jewry, 132, 143 Vreme,79 World Service Trust (WST), 58, 195, 210, 224, 228, 230, 236, 238 Wafula, Evans, 229, 230 World War I, 46 Wall Street Crash, 101 written word, 18 Wamugi, Macharia, 223, 229 Wannsee Conference, 140, 144–5 Xenophon, 9 War of the Worlds (Wells), 44–5 war on terror, 83–4 Yoshino, Miyamato, 52 Warren, Donald, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 74 Yugoslavia, 64–72 Treaty, 56, 58 ethnic discourses in, 72–83 Warsaw Treaty Organization, 59, 65 politics in, 69 War that Hitler Won, The (Herzstein), 88 war time in, transitioning to, 72–83 wartime propaganda Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 70, 75, Hitler, used by, 135–51 77–82 radio, role of, 41–5 during Spanish Civil War, 41 Zagreb radio, 81 themes of, 51–2 Zedong, Mao, 57 Warungu, Joseph, 222, 226 Zeppelin raids, 31 Washburn, Philo C., 49, 56 Zero Network, 180, 185 Wasswa, Adam, 169 Zimmerman, Warren, 74