COLLEGE of DEPARTMENT of GEOG Effects of Climate Change Responses
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Rural Livelihoods and Responses: The Case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR By: Astawsegn Zeleke June, 2014 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES By: Astawsegn Zeleke Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Rural Livelihoods and the Responses: the Case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR Advisor: Aklilu Amsalu (PhD) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Presented in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Masters (Climate change and adaptation) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2014 Addis Ababa University College of Social Sciences & Humanities This is to certify that the thesis presented by Astawsegn Zeleke, entitled: Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: the case of Soro woreda, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee Chairman Signature Date Internal Examiner Signature Date External Examiner Signature Date Advisor Aklilu Amsalu (PhD) Signature Date Table of Contents Pages Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................. i Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii List of tables ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 5 1.3. Objectives of the Study......................................................................................... 6 1.4. Research Questions............................................................................................... 7 1.5. Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 1.6. Limitation of the study ......................................................................................... 8 1.7. Delimitation of the Study ..................................................................................... 8 1.8. Organization of the Study ..................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 9 2. Review of Related Literature .......................................................................................... 9 2.1. Concepts and Definitions ......................................................................................... 9 2.2. Conceptual framework ........................................................................................... 11 2.3. Causes and Manifestations of Climate Change ...................................................... 13 2.4. The Impacts of Climate Change ............................................................................. 15 2.5. Climate Change in Ethiopia; Observed patterns & projections ............................. 16 2.6. The Impacts of Climate Change & Variability in Ethiopia .................................... 19 2.6.1. Impacts on Agriculture .................................................................................... 20 2.6.2. Impacts on Livestock Production .................................................................... 21 2.6.3. Impacts on Water Resources ............................................................................... 21 2.7. Responses to Climate Change in Ethiopia ............................................................. 22 2.7.1. Individual and Community Responses ............................................................ 22 2.7.2. Institutional and Policy Responses .................................................................. 25 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 29 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 29 3.1. Description of the Study Area ................................................................................ 29 3.1.1. The Hadiya Zone ............................................................................................. 29 3.1.2. Soro Woreda .................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Data Sources and Instruments ................................................................................ 34 3.2. 1. Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................ 36 3.2.2. Methods of Data Analysis and Interpretation .................................................. 36 ii CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 38 4. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 38 4.1. Socio-economic profile of Respondents ................................................................ 38 4.1.1. Sex, Age and Marital Status of respondents .................................................... 38 4.1.3. Means of Livelihood ........................................................................................ 42 4.2. Rainfall and Temperature Pattern of Soro.............................................................. 44 4.2.1. Average Rainfall Pattern ................................................................................. 44 4.2.1.1. Seasonal Rainfall Variability .................................................................... 45 4.2.2. Average temperature pattern ........................................................................... 46 4.2.3. Local Indicators of Climate Change/ Variability ............................................ 47 4.3. Effects of Climate Change /Variability on Livelihoods and Vulnerability .......... 49 4.3.1. Effects on rural livelihood ............................................................................... 49 4.3.1.1. Timing of Rainfall and Variability ........................................................... 50 4.3.1.2. Timing of Rainfall and its Effect on Croping Pattern ............................... 51 4.3.1.3. Effects on Crop Yield ............................................................................... 52 4.3.2. Socio-Economic Effects of Climate Change & Variability............................. 54 4.3.2.1. Effects on Water Availability .................................................................... 54 4.3.2.2. Effects on Livestock ................................................................................ 55 4.3.2.3. Vulnerability of the Community & Their Concerned shocks ................... 57 iii 4.3.2.3.1. Vulnerability to Economic, Health and Price Fluctuation ......................... 57 4.4. Farmers’ Perception and Adaptation to CC and Variability. ................................. 62 4.4.1. Farmers’ Perception to Climate change & Variability .................................... 62 4.4.2. Coping & Adaptation Strategies to CC and Variability .................................. 64 4.4.2.1. Individuals’ Responses to CC and Variability .......................................... 66 4.4.2.2. Community Responses to CC and Variability .......................................... 69 4.4.2.3. Shared Resources and Community Responses to CC/Variability ............ 70 4.4.2.4. Institutional / Government Responses to CC & Variability ..................... 72 4.4.3. CBA and Related Issues .................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 78 5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................... 78 5.1. Summary ................................................................................................................ 78 5.2. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 80 5.3. Recommendation .................................................................................................... 81 References ......................................................................................................................... 84 Appendices iv Acknowledgment Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty God without