Theories of Intergroup Relations 1

Psychology 9234 Fall, 2015 Theories of Intergroup Relations Fatih Uenal, Room A-12 Time: Tue 16:00-18:00 Room: 271 Dragos Kampüsü Office hours: by appointment Email: [email protected]

Substance: This course includes an introduction to and comparison of most extant theories of intergroup relations: those theories that explain how human groups form and relate to one another. It may be of relevance to students in psychology, sociology, political science, communications, history, anthropology, economics, or to anyone interested in group conflict, diplomacy, oppression, discrimination, society, or culture. One of the major questions we will consider is whether different kinds of theories are required to explain intergroup relations based on different kinds of group definitions, including nationality (the nation-state), gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class. We will also consider the type of phenomena and level of analysis each theory addresses, that is, whether theories concern mainly the psychological state of an individual, the social-cultural context, the social-structural context, the economics of social arrangements, collective behavior, institutionalized patterns, and so forth. Because of the theoretical abstractness of some of the works, I have also provided a “concrete” reading dealing with each topic for each subject (e.g., works of autobiography, fiction, commentary, history, etc.). Such readings are indented on the reading list below. Original readings and important writers are emphasized in the readings selected, but research concerning elaborating on each theory will also be read.

Objectives: Students will learn to recognize the level of analysis theories use, the kind of process or mechanisms they prescribe, the family of theories to which the theory belongs, as well as the basic tenets and assumptions of each theory. They will gain practice in weighing a variety of kinds of evidence in the social sciences used to test theories. They will also acquire expertise in a variety of forms of intergroup relations, the problems that can arise therein, and what solutions have been proposed for such problems. They will also learn what kinds of research each theory has generated and the kinds of phenomena each theory describes and ignores.

Requirements: This course requires the active participation on the part of students. It will also require a fairly heavy load of reading original sources. Each week, students will submit a 1 page written commentary of the readings for that week to the instructor cite by 9 a.m. on Monday. These summaries should state what each student felt the most important and most interesting points of the readings were, as well as reactions and questions. The instructor will use these commentaries to guide the contents of the discussion. Each week, each student is expected to read all the non-starred readings, which will be posted on IstSehrNet (except the S&P book). Students will each present one or more of the single-starred readings (or another relevant reading on the topic the student finds, with instructor’s approval) to the class once during the semester. The final graded assignment can be done in ONE of three ways: A 10 page review paper on a relevant topic, a Wikipedia page on an intergroup theory, or a research proposal for a study the student intends to conduct. This assignment is due on Nov. 29. The final assignment comprises 30% of the course grade, regular class participation (including thought-provoking written and verbal commentaries) comprises 50% of the course grade, and starred presentations comprise the remaining 20%.

Theories of Intergroup Relations 2

Text: Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999/2001). Social dominance. New York Cambridge University Press.

Assigned and Optional Readings by Topic and Date

* indicates a reading a student may choose to present in class; ** indicates a content reading for interest. If presented, readings with ** should be compared & contrasted with assigned readings.

1. Introduction & Overview of course (30.08. 2015)

Sidanius & Pratto (2001). Chapter 1

Pratto, F. Henkel, K. & Lee, I. (2013). Stereotypes and prejudice from an intergroup relations perspective: Their relation to social structure. In C. Stangor & C. Crandall (Eds.), Stereotyping and Prejudice. New York: Psychology Press.

Intergroup Structural Relations and Psychology

2. Realistic Group Conflict Theory (06.09.2015)

Angelou, M. (1969). I know why the caged bird sings (Chapter 27). New York: Random House.

Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 283-311). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1966). Formation of outgroup attitudes and stereotypes: Experimental verification (pp. 271-295). Groups in harmony and tension. New York Octagon Books.

Berdahl, J. L. (2007). The sexual harassment of uppity women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 425- 437.

*Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Threat and advantage. In Divided by Color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. (pp. 49-91). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

*Bornstein, G. (2003). Intergroup conflict: Individual, group, and collective interests. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 129-145.

*Jackson, L. M., & Esses, V. M. (2000). Effects of perceived economic competition on people’s willingness to help empower immigrants. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 3, 419-435. 753.

*Reskin, B. F. (1988). Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work. Gender & Society, 2, 58-81.

*Zubrinsky, C. L., & Bobo, L. (1996). Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the City of Angels. Social Science Research, 25, 335-374. Theories of Intergroup Relations 3

*Hepworth, J. T., & West, S. G. (1988). Lynchings and the economy: A time-series reanalysis of Hovland and Sears (1940). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 239-247.

3. Roles, Hierarchies, and Inequality (13.09.2015)

Sidanius & Pratto (1999). Chapter 2

Crow Dog, M., & Erdoes, R. (1990). Lakota Woman (pp. 55-72). New York Harper Perennial.

Hedges, C. & Sacco, J. (2012). Days of theft. Days of Destruction Days of Revolt. New York: Nation Books. (pp. 1-57).

Guioi, C. & Chuntao, W. (2006). The Martyr. Will the boat sink the water? The life of China’s peasants. New York Public Affairs. (pp. 3-26).

Byerly, V. (1986). Clara Thrift. Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls: Personal histories of womanhood and poverty in the South. Ithaca, New York ILR Press. (pp. 110-122).

Marin, P. (1991, July 8). The prejudice against men. The Nation, 253, Issue 2, 46-51.

Amiry, S. (2010). Prisons are for men and Nothing makes sense, why should I? Nothing to lose but your life. Doha, Qatar: Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing. (pp. 33-39, 99- 107). Note: Amiry is a middle-aged educated Lebanese woman who is trying to cross from the West Bank into Israel for day-labor with young men she sometimes employs and who are in the habit of making this journey daily.

4. Social Structure and Group Identities (20.09.2015)

Johnson, J. W. (1927). Chapter 1. The autobiography of an ex-coloured man. New York: Random House. (pp. 3-23).

Perry, P. (2001). White means never having to say you’re ethnic. In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Inner lives and social worlds. New York: Oxford University Press. (pp. 362- 380).

Taifel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

Little, D. (2002). Orientalism, American style. American Orientalism. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. (pp. 9-42).

*Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T. & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-638.

*Alexander, M., Brewer, M. B., & Herrmann, R. K. (1999). Images and affect: A functional analysis of out-group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 78-93.

*Gibson, J. R. (2006). Do strong identities fuel intolerance? Evidence from the South African case. Political Psychology, 27, 665-705. Theories of Intergroup Relations 4

*Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of men and women into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 745-754.

*Ellemers, N., Wilke, H., & van Knippenberg, A. (1993). Effects of legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective identity enhancement strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 766-778.

* Mullin, B., & Hogg, M. A. (1998). Dimensions of subjective uncertainty in social identification and minimal intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 345-365.

*Cottrell, C. A. & Neuberg, S. J. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A socio- functional threat-based approach to ‘prejudice.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789.

*Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K. & Anisman, H. (2010). Religiosity as Identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 60-71.

5. Intergroup Segregation and Contact (27.09.2015)

Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Creating a sense of “Opposite Sides.” In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Inner lives and social worlds. New York: Oxford University Press (pp. 386-404.)

Pamuk, O. (1998). I am your beloved uncle. My name is Red. London: Faber & Faber. (pp. 26-32). This is a chapter from Nobel-prize winner Orhan Pamuk’s novel. To me it represents an interesting moment of cross-cultural contact.

Wormer, K. van & Falkner, J. (2012). Learning about cognitive dissonance and race relations: A study of the personal narratives of older White southern women who grew up with maids. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22, 392-408.

Dixon, J. & Durrheim, K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 1-23.

Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Relations between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority- and majority-status groups. Psychological Science, 16, 951-957.

Turner, R. Hewstone, M. Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group contact. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 212- 255.

*Donato, R. & Hansen, J. S. (2012). Legally white, socially “Mexican”: The politics of de jure and de facto school segregation in the American southwest. Harvard Educational Review, 82, 202-255.

*Quillian, L. (2012). Segregation and poverty concentration: The role of three segregations. American Sociological Review, 77, 354-379.

*Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., & Voci, A. (2011). Affective mediators of intergroup contact: A three-wave longitudinal study in South Africa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1221-1238. Theories of Intergroup Relations 5

**Maalouf, A. (1989/2006). The crusades through Arab eyes. London: Saqi Essentials. [Could present any of this book to the class, not the whole thing.]

**Nerburn, K. (2005). A harvest for the Lord. (pp. 13-25) or We thought they might be descended from dogs. (pp. 3-12). Chief Joseph and the flight of the Nez Perce. New York: Harper One. These chapters tell how the American tribe the French call Nez Perce first encountered Whites (Lewis & Clark and their party) and then White Christian missionaries 20 years later.

Processes Producing Social Structure

6. Need and Expropriation (04.10.2015)

Deng, B., Deng, A., & Ajak, B. (2005). Deng the slave. The poured fire on us from the sky. New York: Public Affairs. (pp. 33-37).

Tilly, C. (1998). Modes of exploitation. Durable inequalities. Berkeley: University of California Press. (pp. 117-146).

Pratto, F., Lee, I., Tan, J. & Pitpitan, E. V. (2011). Power basis theory. In D. Dunning (Ed.), Social Motivation. New York Psychology Press. (pp. 191-222).

Bolle, F., Breimoser, Y., & Schlachter, S. (2011). Extortion in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 78, 207-218.

Huffman, S. A., Veen, J., Hennink, M. M., & McFarland, D. A. (2012). Exploitation, vulnerability to tuberculosis and access to treatment among Uzbek labor migrants in Kazakhstan. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 864-872.

*Marcus, A., Riggs, R., Horning, A., Rivera, S., Curtis, R., & Thompson, E. (2012). Is child to adult as victim is to criminal? Social policy and street-based sex work in the USA. Sex Research and Social Policy, 9, 153-166.

*Powell, B. & Zwolinski, M. (2012). The ethical and economic case against sweatshop labor: A critical assessment. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 449-472.

*Jackson, S. L. & Hafemeister, T. L. (2012). Pure financial exploitation vs. hybrid financial exploitation co-occurring with physical abuse and/or neglect of elderly persons. Psychology of Violence, 2, 285-296.

*Tucker, B., Huff, A., Tsiazonera, J. T., Hajasoa, P. & Nagnisaha, C. (2011). When the wealthy are poor: Poverty explanations and local perspectives in southwestern Madagascar. American Anthropologist, 113, 291-306.

7. Cultural Transmission, Socialization, & Communication (11.10.2015)

Prashad, V. (2000). Of the oriental menagerie. In The karma of brown folk. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (pp. 21-45).

Dor, D. (2004). Under Arafat’s baton. Intifada hits the headlines. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. (pp. 18-24). Theories of Intergroup Relations 6

Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-394.

*Whitehead, K. A. (2011). Racial categories as resources and constraints in everyday interactions: Implications for racialism and non-racialism in post-apartheid South Africa. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 35, 1248-1265.

**Avicolli, T. (1985). He defies you still: The memoirs of a sissy. Radical Teacher, 24, 4-5.

*Johnson, W. R. (1994). Ideological Dominance. In Dismantling Apartheid: A South African town in transition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (pp. 155-173).

**O’Connor, F. (1955). The artificial nigger. In A good man is hard to find (pp. 102-129). New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

*Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-race socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770.

*Nier, J. A., Mottola, G. R., Gaertner, S. L. (2000). The O. J. Simpson criminal verdict as a racially symbolic event: A longitudinal analysis of racial attitude change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 507-516.

*Van Dijk, T. (1997). Political discourse and racism: Describing Others in Western parliaments. In Riggins, S. H. (Ed.), Communication and human values (pp. 31-64). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

*Wigboldus, D. Spears, R., & Semin, G. (1999). Categorization, content and the context of communicative behavior. In Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (Eds.) Social identity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Books. (pp. 147-163).

*Greenberg, J., & Pyszcyznski, T. (1985). The effect of an over-heard slur on evaluations of the target: How to spread a social disease. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 61-75.

*Romer, D. Jameison, K. H., & de Couteau, N. J. (1998). The treatment of persons of color in local television news: Ethnic blame discourse or realistic group conflict? Communication Research, 25, 286-305.

8. Violence, Coercion, & Terror (18.10.2015)

Sidanius & Pratto (2001). Chapter 8

Tan, A. (1991). A flea on a tiger's head. In The kitchen god's wife (pp. 321-338). New York: Ivy Books.

Jackman, M. R. (2001). License to kill: Violence and legitimacy in expropriative relationships. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy. (pp. 437-467). New York Cambridge University Press.

Pappe, I. (2007). Finalising a master plan. The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oxford, UK: Oneworld. (pp. 39-85). Theories of Intergroup Relations 7

Guillermoprieto, A. (2001). Violence without end? Looking for history: Dispatches from Latin America. New York Pantheon Books. (pp. 40-54).

OR

Jones, A. (2010). Cote D’Ivoire: Grace a l’appareil. War is not over when it’s over: Women speak out from the ruins of war. New York Metropolitan books. (pp. 15-55).

**Allende, I. (2010). Our secret. In R. Shapard, J. Thomas & R. Gonzalez (Eds.), Sudden fiction Latino. New York: Norton. (pp. 153-157). A short story by Isabelle Allende about personal and interpersonal aftermath of political violence.

**Deng, B., Deng, A., & Ajak, B. (2005). Achol. The poured fire on us from the sky. New York: Public Affairs. (pp. 52-54).

**Ferguson, A. A. (2001). School rules. (pp. 49-73). In bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

**Minkowitz, D. (2000). Murder will out – but it’s still open season on gays. (pp. 293-295). In Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., Zuniga, X. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice. New York Routledge.

9. Institutional Discrimination (25.10.2015)

Blackmon, D. A. (2008). The slave farm of John Pace. Slavery by another name. New York Doubleday. (pp. 117-154).

Lareau, A. (2003). Social structure and daily life. Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, University of California Press. (pp. 14-32).

One of Sidanius & Pratto (2001). Chapters 5, 6, or 7.

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 452-459.

*Pager, D. & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 181- 209. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740

*Ryan, M. K., & Haslam. S. A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over- represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management, 16, 81-90.

*Stephens, N. M. & Levine, C. S. (2011). Opting out or denying discrimination: How the framework of free choice in American society influences perceptions of gender inequality. Psychological Science, 22, 1231-1236.

*Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender discrimination at work: Connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace. Gender & Society, 25, 764-786.

*Singletary, S. L. & Hebl, M. R. (2009). Compensatory practices for reducing interpersonal discrimination: The effectiveness of acknowledgements, increased positivity, and Theories of Intergroup Relations 8 individuating information. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 94, 979-805. DOI: 10.1037/a0014185

*Isaac, C. Lee, B., & Carnes, M. (2009). Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring: A systematic review, Academic Medicine, 84, 1440-1446. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b6ba00

10. Ideology (01.11.2015)

Truth, S. (2000). Ain’t I a woman? In M. Adams, W. J. Blumenfeld, R. Castaneda, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters & X. Ziniga (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice. New York: Routledge. (p. 241).

Sidanius & Pratto (1999) .Chapter 4

Jackman, M. R. (1994). Ideology and social control. The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press. (pp. 59- 93).

Pappe, I. (2007). The memoricide of the Nakba. The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oxford, UK: Oneworld. (pp. 225-234).

Sibley, C. G. (2010). The dark duo of post-colonial ideology: A model of symbolic exclusion and historical negation. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4, 106-124. White, D. G. (1985). Jezebel and mammy: The mythology of female slavery. In Ar’n’t I a woman? (pp. 27-61). New York: Norton.

*Chryssides, A. (2008). Commentary: Conditions for dialogue and illuminating inequality in multicultural societies. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 375- 381.

**Lifton, R. J. & Markusen, E. (1993). Genocidal ideology: Trauma and cure. In D. Gioseffi (Ed.), Prejudice: Global perspectives. New York: Doubleday. (pp. 281-288).

**Wilders, G. (2012). On freedom. Marked for death: Islam’s war against the west and me. Washington, DC: Regnery. (pp. 7-27).

*Brueggeman, J. (2000). The power and collapse of paternalism: The Ford Motor Company and Black workers, 1937-1941. Social Problems, 47, 220-240.

*Sears, D. O. & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 259-275.

Oppositional Processes in Intergroup Relations

11. Dynamics in Intergroup Relations (08.11.2015)

Mpe, P. (2011). Hillbrow: The Map. In Welcome to our Hillbrow. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. (pp. 1-28).

Wright, S. C. (2001). Restricted intergroup boundaries: Tokenism, ambiguity, and the tolerance of injustice. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy (pp. 223- 254). New York: Cambridge University Press. Theories of Intergroup Relations 9

Cakal, H, Hewstone, M., Schwar, G., & Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the ‘sedative’ effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 606-627.

Durrheim, K. & Dixon, J. (2010). Racial contact and change in South Africa. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 273-288.

Moyo, D. (2009). Aid is not working and The Silent killer of growth. Dead aid. New York Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. (pp. 29-68).

*Pratto, F., & Hegarty, P. (2000). The political psychology of reproductive strategies. Psychological Science, 11, 57-62.

*Knysh, A. (2012). Islam and Arabic as the rhetoric of insurgency: The case of the Caucasus emirates. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 35, 315-337.

*Reicher, S., Cassidy, C., Wolpert, I., Hopkins, N., & Levine, M. (2006). Saving Bulgaria’s Jews: An analysis of social identity and the mobilization of social solidarity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 49-72.

12. Dominance and the Psychology of Potential Loss (15.11.2015)

Cabecinhas, R.& Feijo, J. (2010). Collective memories of Portuguese colonial action in Africa: Representations of the colonial past among Mozambicans and Portuguese youths. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4, 28-44.

Kimmel, M. S. (2000). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. ). In Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., Zuniga, X. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice. New York Routledge. (pp. 213- 219).

Lee, I., Pratto, F., & Johnson, B. T. (2011). Intergroup Consensus/Disagreement in Support of Group- Based Hierarchy: An Examination of Socio-Structural and Psycho- Cultural Factors. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 1029–1064.

Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375.

Minescu, A. & Poppe, E. (2011). Intergroup Conflict in Russia : Testing the Group Position Model. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74,166-191.

*Memmi, A. (1965). Does the colonial exist? (pp. 3-18). In The colonizer and the colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.

*Dambrun, M., Taylor, D.M., McDonald, D. A., Crush, J. & Méot, A. (2006). The relative deprivation- gratification continuum and the attitudes of South Africans toward immigrants: A test of the V- curve hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1032- 1041.

*Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763. Theories of Intergroup Relations 10

*Sidanius & Pratto (1999). Chapter 3

*Weber, C. & Federico, C. M. (2007). Interpersonal attachment and patterns of ideological belief. Political Psychology, 28, 389-416.

*Altemeyer, R. (1996). The cognitive behavior of authoritarians. In The Authoritarian Specter, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (pp. 93-113).

*Altemeyer, R. (1996). The Authoritarianism of North American Legislators (pp. 258-298). In The Authoritarian Specter, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

*Altemeyer, R. (1998). The “other” authoritarian. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

*Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29-42.

13. Subordination and the Psychology of Potential Gain (29.11.2015)

Sidanius & Pratto (1999). Chapter 9

Memmi, A. (1965). Situations of the colonized. (pp. 90-118). In The colonizer and the colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.

Lawson-Te Aho, K. & Liu, J. H. (2010). Indigenous suicide and colonization: The legacy of violence and the necessity of self-determination. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4, 124-133.

Frederickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.

Brockmann, H., Delhey, J., Welzel, C. & Yuan, H. (2009). The China puzzle: Falling happiness in a rising economy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 387-405.

*van Zomeren, M. Leach, C. W. & Spears, R. (2012). Protesters as Passionate Economists”:A Dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. Personality and Social Psychology Review [IN PRESS].

*Wilkinson, R. G. & Pickett, K. (2007). The problems of relative deprivation: Why some societies do better than others. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1965-1978.

*Schmitt, M., Maes, J., & Widaman, K. (2010). Longitudinal effects of egoistic and fraternal relative deprivation on well-being and protest. International Journal of Psychology, 45, 122- 130.

*Adjaye-Gbewonya, K. & Kawachi, I. (2012). Use of the Yitzhaki Index as a test of relative deprivation for health outcomes: A review of recent literature. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 129-137.

*Gurr, T. R. (1970). Social origins of deprivation: Sources of rising expectations. In Why men rebel (pp. 92-122). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Theories of Intergroup Relations 11

*Saguy, T. & Kteily, N. (2011). Inside the opponent’s head: Perceived losses in group position predict accuracy in metaperceptions between groups. Psychological Science, 22, 951-958.

*Waldo, C. R. (1999). Working in a majority context: A structural model of heterosexism as minority stress in the workplace. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 218-232.

*Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Salvatore, J. (2005). Expecting to be the target of prejudice: Implications for interethnic interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1189- 1202.

*Brush, S. G. (1996). Dynamics of theory change in the social sciences: Relative deprivation and collective violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40, 523-545.

*Klandermans, B., Roefs, M. & Olivier, J. (2001). Grievance formation in a country in transition: South Africa 1994-1998. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 41-54.

14. Resistance (06.12.2015)

Allen, M. A. & Fordham, B. O. (2011). From Melos to Baghdad: Explaining resistance to more militarized challenges from more powerful states. International Studies Quarterly, 55, 1025- 1045.

Haddad, J. (2010). I killed Scheherezade: Confessions of an angry Arab woman. (pp. 17-32, 137-140).

Pape, R. (2003). The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American Political Science Review, 97, 343-361.

Wedeen, L. (1999). Signs of transgression. In Ambiguities of domination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (pp. 87-142). This book is about how Syrians exist under the oppressive government of Al- Asad. She shows that surviving is not capitulating and resistance can occur in ways other than armed revolt.

Mankiller, W. (2004). Governance: The people and the land. Every day is a good day. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. (pp. 75-94). This book is a compilation of discussions of Native American women from several tribes.

*Babou, C. A. (2010). Decolonization or national liberation: Debating the end of British colonial rule in Africa. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 632, 41-54.

*Bayat, A. (2010). Introduction: The art of presence. In Life as politics: How ordinary people can change the Middle East. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (pp. 1-26).

*Carmichael, S., & Hamilton, C. V. (1967). Black power: Its need and substance. (pp. 34- 56). In Black power: The politics of liberation in America. New York Random House.

*Crenshaw Hutchinson, M. (1972). The concept of revolutionary terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16, 383-396. Dr. Crenshaw is the first contemporary theorist that “terrorism” is a national liberation movement; her dissertation argued this. She remains an active scholar. Theories of Intergroup Relations 12

*Chilkuwa, I. (2012). Social media networks and the discourse of resistance: A sociolinguistic CDA of Biafra online discourses. Discourse & Society, 23, 217-244.

*Derksen, M. (2012). Control and resistance in the psychology of lying. Theory and Psychology, 22, 196-212.

*Hook, D. (2005). The critical psychology of the post-colonial. Theory and Psychology, 15, 475-503. Professor Hook briefly introduces why the important writers Steven Biko (a South Africa who was a leader of the Black Consciousness movement and was murdered by the apartheid government) and Franz Fanon (a Martiniquian whose indictment of French colonial rule and activism against French colonization in Algeria helped turn the tide against European colonization in Africa) have been influential in theorizing.

*Gwekwerere, T. (2010). From Nat Turner to Molefi Kete Asante: Reading the European intellectual indictment of the Afrocentric conception of reality. Journal of Black Studies, 41, 108-126.

*Thiong’o, N. (2009). From color to social consciousness: South Africa in the Black imagination. Something torn and new: An African renaissance. New York: Basic Books. (pp. 101-132).

*Rabaka, R. (2006). The Souls of Black Radical Folk: W. E. B. Du Bois, Critical social theory, and the state of Africana studies. Journal of Black Studies, 36, 732-763. Prof. Rabaka describes the important influence of the American WEB Du Bois on critical theory and summarizes the current state of Africana studies.

**Joya, M. (2009). Another Malalai, another Mainwand’. Raising my voice. London: Ryder. (pp. 73-91). This is the autobiography of an Afghan woman who became a member of the national parliament (Jurga) and spoke forcibly for women and against rape and its tolerance and other constraints.

*Schell, J. (2003). Nonviolent revolution, nonviolent rule. The unconquerable world. New York: Henry Holt. (pp. 143-163).

*Mukhina, I. (2005). Islamic terrorism and the question of national liberation, or problems of contemporary Chechen terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28, 515-532.

**Walker, A. (1981). Elethia. In You can’t keep a good woman down. New York HBJ. (pp. 27- 30). A short story by Alice Walker. A kind of African-American resistance.

*Woodhams, J., Hollin, C. R., Bull, R., & Cooke, C. (2012). Behavior displayed by female victims during rapes committed by lone and multiple perpetrators. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 18, 415- 452.

**Steinbeck, J. (1939). The grapes of wrath (pp. 385-388). New York: The Modern Library. This is a chapter from the end of U.S. author John Steinbeck’s very famous book about the people of Oklahoma who were driven by the Dust Bowl (an earlier human-made environmental disaster) west to California to pick produce, how they were treated by the farm owners and other Californians. This important novel opened the eyes of many wealthy people of what is was like to be poor. It subtly acknowledges the sympathy with communism that was present among some Americans.