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Redalyc.IMPOSEX EN LOS CARACOLES MARINOS Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar ISSN: 0716-2006 [email protected] Comité Oceanográfico Nacional Chile COLLADO, GONZALO; OSORIO, CECILIA; RETAMAL, MARCO IMPOSEX EN LOS CARACOLES MARINOS ACANTHINA MONODON (PALLAS, 1774) Y NASSARIUS COPPINGERI E. A. SMITH, 1881 EN EL SUR DE CHILE Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, vol. 33, núm. 1, 2010, pp. 67-76 Comité Oceanográfico Nacional Valparaíso, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62415489006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Cienc. Tecnol. Mar, 33 (1): 67-76, 2010 Imposex en gasterópodos del sur de Chile 67 IMPOSEX EN LOS CARACOLES MARINOS ACANTHINA MONODON (PALLAS, 1774) Y NASSARIUS COPPINGERI E. A. SMITH, 1881 EN EL SUR DE CHILE* IMPOSEX IN THE MARINE SNAILS ACANTHINA MONODON (PALLAS, 1774) AND NASSARIUS COPPINGERI E. A. SMITH, 1881 IN SOUTHERN CHILE GONZALO COLLADO1 CECILIA OSORIO1 MARCO RETAMAL2 1Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Campus Universitario, Cab. 9, Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Recepción: agosto de 2007 – Versión corregida aceptada: enero de 2010 RESUMEN El imposex consiste en la aparición de caracteres sexuales masculinos sobre el sistema re- productivo de las hembras de gasterópodos prosobranquios, fenómeno históricamente asociado a contaminación por compuestos organoestañosos. En el presente trabajo evaluamos la incidencia de imposex en los caracoles marinos Acanthina monodon y Nassarius coppingeri con muestras prove- nientes de distintas localidades ubicadas entre el golfo Reloncaví y golfo Corcovado, sur de Chile, obtenidas por el Crucero CIMAR 11 Fiordos. El porcentaje de imposex varió entre localidades y entre especies. En A. monodon el imposex fluctuó de 0,0 a 52,9% mientras en N. coppingeri fue 11,8%. El índice de la longitud relativa del pene (RPLI) en A. monodon varió de 4,8 en Compu-Queilén a 13,3 en el golfo de Ancud mientras que en N. coppingeri fue igual a 6,0 en Dalcahue-Quinchao. Aunque en este estudio no se evaluó la presencia de químicos en el ambiente, el desarrollo de imposex sugiere disponibilidad de compuestos organoestañosos en el área estudiada. Palabras claves: Imposex, moluscos, compuestos organoestañosos, tributil estaño (TBT), sur de Chile. ABSTRACT Imposex is the development of male sexual characters onto the reproductive system of female prosobranch gastropods, phenomenon historically associated to organotin compounds. In the present study we assess the incidence of imposex in the marine snails Acanthina monodon and Nassarius coppingeri with samples collected from different localities between golfo Reloncaví and golfo Corcovado, southern Chile, which were obtained by the CIMAR 11 Fiordos Cruise. Percentage of imposex varied among localities and between the species. The imposex incidence in A. monodon ranged from 0.0 to 52.9% whereas in N. coppingeri was 11.8%. The Relative Penis Length Index (RPLI) ranged from 4.8 at Compu-Queilén to 13.3 at golfo de Ancud in A. monodon while in N. coppingeri was equal to 6.0 at Dalcahue-Quinchao. Although in this work no chemical * Proyecto CONA-C11F 05-11. 68 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, Vol. 33 (1) - 2010 studies were done, the development of imposex suggests the presence of organotin compounds in the studied areas. Key words: Imposex, mollusks, organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT), southern Chile. INTRODUCCIÓN marítimas. Debido a que entre el golfo Relon- caví y el golfo Corcovado se encuentran más La alteración del ambiente por actividades de 500 instalaciones de cultivos, potenciales humanas que causan perturbaciones en los eco- fuentes emisoras de contaminantes, una de las sistemas es un fenómeno cada vez más frecuen- actividades realizadas por el crucero CIMAR te en Chile (Carrasco & Gallardo, 1989). El im- 11 Fiordos, junio 2005, fue obtener material posex (Smith, 1971), fenómeno que consiste en biológico para evaluar la posible perturbación la aparición de caracteres sexuales masculinos antropogénica sobre la biodiversidad del lugar. sobre el sistema reproductivo de las hembras, Específicamente, el objetivo de este trabajo afecta principalmente a moluscos gasterópodos fue evaluar la incidencia de imposex en las prosobranquios. La alteración se ha asociado especies de gasterópodos Acanthina monodon históricamente a compuestos químicos orga- (Pallas, 1774), considerado un organismo indi- noestañosos utilizados como agente biocida en cador de contaminación por TBT (Huaquín et las pinturas antifijación aplicadas sobre mue- al., 2004), y Nassarius coppingeri E.A. Smith, lles, embarcaciones e instalaciones de cultivo 1881, en diversas localidades de esta área geo- (Gibbs et al., 1988; Oehlmann & Bettin, 1996). gráfica y en sectores próximos a los centros de Con el transcurso del tiempo, estos compues- cultivos. En N. coppingeri, hasta ahora, no se tos lixivian al medio circundante, afectando a habían realizado estudios sobre imposex. organismos no blanco. Entre los compuestos organoestañosos, el tributilestaño (TBT) se ha considerado el principal agente causante de MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS imposex en varias especies de gasterópodos, incluso actuando a muy bajas concentraciones Ejemplares de A. monodon y N. coppingeri (Bryan et al., 1987; Gibbs et al., 1988; Stro- fueron recolectados por el crucero científico ben et al., 1992). El imposex tiene diferentes CIMAR 11 Fiordos en varias localidades grados de afección por lo que se han propuesto ubicadas entre el golfo Reloncaví y el golfo esquemas de clasificación de acuerdo a lo ob- Corcovado en el mes de junio de 2005 (Fig. 1). servado en los murícidos Nucella lapillus (L.) y Mediante recolección manual se obtuvieron 70 Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) (Gibbs ejemplares de A. monodon en cinco sectores et al., 1988; Fioroni et al., 1991; Oehlmann et del intermareal rocoso (Tabla I). Los animales al., 1996). En casos severos, el imposex puede fueron transportados a bordo donde se les midió causar la esterilización de las hembras debido a la longitud de la concha con un pie de metro de malformación y bloqueo del oviducto (Demain- precisión 0,01 mm y luego se separó la concha tenon, 2001) así como también la extinción de de las partes blandas utilizando un tornillo poblaciones locales de moluscos (Bryan et al., mecánico. Las partes blandas fueron fijadas 1986; Gibbs & Bryan, 1986, 1996; Gibbs et al., en formalina al 10% para su posterior análisis 1991; Osorio & Huaquín, 2003). en laboratorio. El sexo fue determinado bajo lupa estereoscópica utilizando como criterio la En el gasterópodo Nucella lapillus, Davies presencia de pene en los machos y la presencia et al. (1987) informaron que las hembras afec- de glándula de la cápsula en las hembras. In- tadas por imposex desarrollan un gradiente dividuos hembra de A. monodon afectados por de síntomas con respecto a la distancia de las imposex fueron fotografiados con microscopio fuentes contaminantes tales como puertos, as- electrónico de barrido (MEB) Zeiss DSM 940. tilleros o balsas jaulas de cultivo. Swennen et Ejemplares de N. coppingeri fueron obtenidos al. (1997) encontraron que el imposex también a una profundidad que varió de 16 a 270 m se relaciona con la distancia a las rutas navieras utilizando una rastra Agassiz. Los animales Imposex en gasterópodos del sur de Chile 69 80° W 60° 20° 20° S N Estero 7 Reloncaví 30° 30° 6 Sección CP 5 1 3 4 40° 40° 2 4 3 8 42° 5 6 9 S 50° 50° 7 Sección HC 14 2 3 5 90°W 53°W Golfo de Ancud Antártica Chilena 6 16 1 60° 60° 7 Sección DQ 8 Sección 1 2 3 DH 20 1 45 9 Castro 1 6 2 2 3 21 h i l o4 é CIMAR 11 4 5 56 7 8 6 P a c í f i c o 7 32 FIORDOS C Sección CL 8 Sección CQ Golfo Corcovado 43° 1 3 33 2 4 5 6 7 36 Sección QL 3 6 5 4 1 7 8 38 O c é a n o I s l a 9 41 Boca del Guafo 51 Bahía Tictoc 50 49 44° 75°W 74° 73° Fig. 1: Localización de los sitios de muestreo realizados por el Crucero CIMAR 11 Fiordos considerados en el presente estudio. Los círculos rojos indican sitios de muestreo de Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). Los círculos azules indican sitios de muestreo de Nassarius coppingeri E.A. Smith, 1881. Abrevia- turas de secciones muestreadas: CP, canal Pilolcura; CQ, Compu-Queilén; DH, Dalcahue-Hudson; DQ, Dalcahue-Quinchao; HC, canal Hornopirén; QL, Quellón-Laitec. Fig. 1: Collection sites sampled by the CIMAR 11 Fiordos Cruise considered in the present study. Red circles indicate collection sites of Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). Blue circles indicate collection sites of Nassarius coppingeri E.A. Smith, 1881. Abbreviations of sections sampled: CP, canal Pilolcura; CQ, Compu-Queilén; DH, Dalcahue-Hudson; DQ, Dalcahue-Quinchao; HC, canal Hornopirén; QL, Quellón-Laitec. 70 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, Vol. 33 (1) - 2010 Tabla I. Sitios de muestreo, número de ejemplares examinados e incidencia de imposex en Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). N= tamaño de muestra; n♀= número de hembras; %♀= porcentaje de hembras; n♂= número de machos; %♂ = porcentaje de machos; n♀i= número de hembras con imposex; %♀i= porcentaje de hembras con imposex. Table I. Collection sites, number of specimens examined and imposex incidence in Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). N= Sample size; n♀= number of females; %♀= percentage of females; n♂= number of males; %♂ = percentage of males; n♀i= number of females with imposex; %♀i= percentage of females with imposex. Sección Coordenadas N n♀ %♀ n♂ %♂ n♀ i %♀ i 41º 43’ 01” S Estero Reloncaví 72º 36’ 57” W 15 9 60,0 6 40,0 0 0,0 42º 20’ 06” S Golfo de Ancud 72º 55’ 60” W 15 7 46,7 8 53,3 7 100 42º 25’ 65” S Dalcahue-Quinchao 72º 29’ 40” W 15 7 46,7 8 53,3 7 100 43º 07’ 70” S Quellón-Laitec 73º 33’ 30” W 10 2 20,0 8 80,0 2 100 43º 51’ 80” S Compu-Queilén 73º 42’ 80” W 15 9 60,0 6 40,0 2 22,2 Total 70 34 46,7 36 53,3 18 52,9 fueron fijados en formalina al 10% agua de fueron machos y el 48,5% hembras.
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