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Pharmaceutical Sciences CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by ZENODO IAJPS 2017, 4 (01), 67-73 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN (USA): IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ERYNGIUM CRETICUM- A REVIEW Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. Received: 31 December 2016 Accepted: 31 January 2017 Published: 05 February 2017 Abstract: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Eryngium creticum showed that it contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Eryngium creticum possessed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antileishmanial and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Eryngium creticum. Keywords: Eryngium creticum, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic. Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi, QR code Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Please cite this article in press as Ali Esmail Al-Snafi, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Eryngium Creticum- A Review, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2017; 4(01). www.iajps.com Page 67 IAJPS 2017, 4 (01), 67-73 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 INTRODUCTION: the long margin. Fruits are scaly-bristly, obscurely In the last few decades there has been an exponential ribbed [21]. growth in the field of herbal medicine. It is getting popularized in developing and developed countries Traditional uses: owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects. Plants It was cultivated for the consumption as a leafy are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary vegetable in salads. It was used medicinally as a metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals, diuretic and laxative. Roots and seeds were immersed agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances, colours, in water are drunk by people to treat kidney stones, biopesticides and food additives [1-16]. The preliminary infections, skin diseases, and tumors as antidote for the phytochemical analysis of Eryngium creticum showed treatment of the snakebite. It was also used for the that it contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, treatment of liver diseases, poisoning, anemia and coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and infertility [22-23]. carbohydrates. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Eryngium creticum possessed antioxidant, Chemical constituents: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that anticancer, anti-leishmanial and many other effects. the plant contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, The current review will discuss the chemical coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of carbohydrates [24-25]. Eryngium creticum. The total alkaloids in the plant reached 0.57 ± 0.0058 wt %, humidity 79.16 ± 0.0078 wt %, total ash 18.10 ± Synonyms: 0.0015 wt %, total phenolic contents 8.57 ±0.006 - Eryngium cyaneum Sm. and Eryngium syriacum Lam 17.68± 0.0043 µg/ml and total flavonoids contents [17]. 17.73± 0.012 - 20.19± 0.041 µg/ml [26]. The highest flavonoids contents was recorded in the Taxonomic classification: ethanolic extract of leaves and stems, while the highest Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, total phenolic content was recorded in the aqueous Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Division: extract of both leaves and stems [24]. Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Subclass: The essential oils yield of Eryngium creticum was Rosidae, Order: Apiales, Family: Apiaceae ⁄ 0.21% (v/w). The oils were colorless, with a weak Umbelliferae, Genus: Eryngium, Species: Eryngium perfumery odor. They contained Pentanal 0.97±3.18%, creticum [18]. -Methylhexane 0.89±2.08 %, Pentan-1-ol 0.54±5.20%, Common names: 3,7-Dimethyloct-1-ene 0.51±3.9%, 2,4-Dimethylhexane Arabic: Shuk Al-Akrabati, Qurs’anna, Qursanna 0.14±1.18%, 3-Ethylhexane 0.43±0.66%, 3,4- ekritiah, English: Eryngo, Snake root, Field Eryngo Dimethylhex-1-ene 2.90±2.84%, Octane 8.95±2.32%, small-headed, Blue eryngo, Cretan eryngo; French: Hexanal 52.90±2.70%, 6-Methylhepta-3,5-dien-2-one Panicaut de Crete; Italian: Calcatreppola di Creta [19]. 2.13±2.74 %, (E)-Hex-2-enal 1.02±3.20%, Acetic acid 3.57±2.36%, Heptan-3-one 1.78±3.24%, Non-1-ene Distribution: 0.27±2.72%, Heptan-2-one 2.01±3.42%, 2-Butylfuran Eryngium creticum is distributed in North Africa 2.79±3.16%, 5-Methylhexan-2-one 0.50±3.44%, (Egypt), Asia (Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan Nonane 0.56±2.7%, Heptanal 13.90±3.82%, CO2 and Turkey) and Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, 0.09±1.94%, Pentanoic acid 0.90±3.10% and (1R)-a- Macedonia, Montenegro and Slovenia) [20]. Pinene 2.51±3.58% [27]. The chemical analysis of volatile oil of the stems of Description: Eryngium creticum growing wild in Iran, showed that Eryngium creticum is a spiny perennial, or sometimes the total oil contents was 0.18 w/w % with a clear biennial or annual, glaucous and globrous herb, yellowish colour. Seventeen components were reaching up to 50 cm in height and it has erect branched identified constituting 91.4 % of the oil composition. stems. Stem leaves are sessile and palmately divided The major components of the oil were found to be into 3–8 prickly lobes. Winter rosette leaves are quickly bornyl acetate (28.4 %), camphor (17.8 %), α-pinene withering, bluish, long petioled, not prickly, entire to (12.1 %), germacrene D (9.4 %), borneol (8.6 %) and α- dentate, or lobed. Inflorescences are repeatedly forked; thujene (4.2 %). Based upon the chemical profile, the umbels of 0.7–1 cm, head-like, with an involucre of 5 essential oil was characterized by the presence of higher long, blue, spiny bracts 2–5 times as long as the head, amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes [28]. spreading, linear, boat-shaped, prickly at base or along www.iajps.com Page 68 IAJPS 2017, 4 (01), 67-73 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 Nine fatty acid derivatives were extracted from Anti-scorpion and snake and venoms: Eryngium creticum: Methyl tetradecanoate 32.56%, Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the fresh and dried Methyl hexadecanoate 49.34 %, Methyl 9,12- leaves and roots of Eryngium creticum were tested for octadecanoate 8.59 %, Methyl octadecanoate 13.89 %, their inhibitory effect against snake and scorpion Cyclohexyl nonyl oxalate 28.94 %, 1-Methylhexyl venoms. The fresh leaf extract gave a higher hexanoate 10.89 %, Allyl nonyl oxalate 4.23 %, 2- percentage inhibition of the haemolytic activity of propyl tridecylsulphinate 2.93 % and Methyl 4- the scorpion venom Leiurus quinquesteiartus hydroxyl octadecanoate 5.84 % [26]. compared with the dried leaf extract. Extracts of A sesquiterpene, 1-n-propyl-perhydronaphthaline both fresh and dried roots gave 100% inhibition of 1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-4-methyl-1-propyl- the snake and scorpion venoms. However, ethanol naphthalene-7-carbaldehyde and a new natural methyl extracts of the leaves and roots enhanced RBC ketone eicos-8,11 -dien-18-ol-2-one were isolated from haemolysis rather than inhibiting venom activities the hexane: ether extract of the aerial parts of Eryngium on red blood cells [36]. creticum [29]. Aqueous extract of Eryngium creticum in Phytochemical investigations of the roots of Jordanian combination with Cerastes snake venom prolonged the Eryngium creticum, showed the presence of nine life span from 12 to 72 h [37]. compounds: two coumarins, deltion and marmesin, The aqueous extract of Eryngium creticum caused a cyclic alcohol, quercitol, monoterpeneglycoside 3-( β- dose dependent inhibition of rabbits tracheal and D-glucopyranosyloxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2,5- jejunal contraction induced by the L. quinquestriatus cyclohexadien-1-one, phloroglucinol glycoside (1-(β-D- scorpion venom and inhibited the spontaneous glu-copyranosyloxy-3-methoxy-5-hydroxy benzene)), movements of the jejunum [30, 38]. β-sitosteroland and its glycoside (β-sitosterol-β-D- glucopyranose), and two sugars, mannitol and dulcitol Antioxidant effect: [30]. In estimation of antioxidant activity of Eryngium creticum, it appeared that the antioxidant activity of the Pharmacological effects: aqueous extracts of the leaves and stems of Eryngium Antidiabetic effect: creticum was increased with increasing the The hypoglycemic activity of an aquous decoction of concentration of the aqueous extract. This increase was arial parts of Eryngium creticum was tested in reached 59 % and 35 % at the concentration of 0.5 normoglycemic and streptozocin-hyperglycemic rats. mg/ml for the leaves and stems respectively. Studies on Results indicate that those extract caused significant the same plant but from an altitude 300 m showed that reductions in blood glucose concentrationin in the leaves and stems at the same concentration (0.5 normoglycemic rats (20%), and streptozocin- mg/ml), exerted an antioxidant activity of 90 % and 75 hyperglycemic rats (64.2%) when given orally [31]. % respectively. On the other hand, at a concentration of The hypoglycemic effects of the aqueous extracts of 0.5 mg/ml, the ethanolic extract showed an important Eryngium creticum aerial parts were examined in antioxidant activity of both leaves (81 %) and stems (79 normal, glucose loaded and alloxan diabetic %). However, this antioxidant capacity was highest for experimental animals. Eryngium creticum exhibited a the plant that grows at 300 m, it reached the 93 % for potent and significant hypoglycemic effects in normal- the leaves and 82 % for the stems. In addition, fed, glucose loaded and and alloxan diabetic animals methanolic extract showed that both leaves and stems [32-34]. have exerted an important antioxidant activity reaching The pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects of of 90 % and 79 % respectively at a concentration of 0.5 Eryngium creticum was studied using bioassays of β- mg/ml [24].
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