SECTION 2 A New Kind of War Getting Started BEFORE Y OU R EAD Take notes 5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide on the TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS weapons and technology of the battlefield and the CONTENT With the introduction of 1. How was the World War I trench warfare events of the war. new types of warfare and battlefield different than total war Interactive Reader and Study Guide, new technologies, World those of earlier wars? propaganda Section 2 War I resulted in destruc- 2. How did the war affect the Battle of Verdun tion on a scale never home front? Gallipoli Campaign Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ before imagined. 3. genocide World War I What happened on the Section 2 Western Front? MAIN IDEA With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I 4. How did the war spread resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined. around the world? Key Terms and People trench warfare war fought from trenches total war war that requires the use of all of society’s resources propaganda information designed to influence people’s opinions Battle of Verdun battle in which Germany tried to kill as many French soldiers as possible, believing the French could not bear to see this historic city captured Gallipoli Campaign Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers’ guns and forts that lined POISON the Dardanelles genocide the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on the weapons and technology of the FROM THE SKY battlefield and the events of the war in a graphic organizer like this one. Can you protect yourself against the air? The exhausted British soldiers were taking a break from the bitter fighting with German forces. In the distance, they could see the other end of their own line of trenches. This section was occupied by British allies, including soldiers from Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 12 139 Interactive Reader and Study Guide France and from the French colony of Algeria. The resting British soldiers noticed a curious thing. Floating through the air from the German CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 2 lines toward the Allied trenches was a slow- moving cloud of yellowish smoke. Soon, from the direction of the strange cloud came a steady Taking Notes stream of running men, throwing away clothing, soldiers on the battlefields face miserable life equipment, and anything else that might slow Gas masks were vital equipment for in the trenches; new weapons such as poison them down. soldiers in the World War I trenches. The British were at first horrified at what they thought gas, machine guns, tanks, and faster aircraft was the cowardly retreat of the French and Algerians. They used; Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers; soon learned, however, that the terrified men had good The World War I Battlefield Italy joins Allied Powers; war spreads to Asia reason to run. The yellow cloud that had floated into their and Africa trenches was chlorine gas, a deadly poison. When inhaled, Poison gas and the other new weapons developed dur- this gas damages lung tissue and causes victims to cough ing World War I were a response to a massive deadlock. go.hrw.com violently and choke. In some cases, the gas kills. By the end of 1914, two systems of trenches stretched Online Resources The poison gas used against the Allied troops was for hundreds of miles over western Europe. Across the one of many new weapons that first appeared in World Western Front, millions of Allied and Central Powers KEYWORD: SHL WW1 War I. Together these weapons produced a horrifying soldiers lived in these trenches, surrounded by flying ACTIVITY: Propaganda level of death and destruction. bullets, bombs, and grenades. Poster WORLD WAR I 385 Teach the Main Idea At Level A New Kind of War 1. Teach !SKSTUDENTSTHE2EADING&OCUS 3. Review (AVEGROUPSSHARETHEIRNEWSPAPER QUESTIONSTOTEACHTHISSECTION ARTICLESWITHTHECLASS!SYOUREVIEWTHE 2. Apply /RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOSMALLGROUPS SECTION HAVESTUDENTSREVISETHEIRARTICLESAS 7RITETHESETOPICSFORALLTOSEE/NTHE NEEDED "ATTLElELD !T(OME !ROUNDTHE'LOBE 4. Practice/Homework (AVEEACHSTUDENT (AVEGROUPSWRITENEWSPAPERARTICLESABOUT WRITEALISTOFCHANGESFOREACHOFTHETHREE THECHANGESWARBROUGHTTOTHESETHREE LOCATIONSCOVERED Interpersonal, Visual- AREAS'ROUPMEMBERSSHOULDWRITEARTICLES Spatial ABOUTEACHTOPIC Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 14: Group Activity; and 23: Newspapers 385 Trench Warfare The idea of trench warfare , result, each side turned to new weapons and or fighting from trenches, was not new. Soldiers technology to win the war. The use of had long hidden behind mounds of earth for Poison gas was one of the new weapons chemical weapons safety. But no one had ever experienced trench used in the war. Different types of gas could like poison gas Reading Focus was outlawed warfare on the scale seen in Europe in 1914. blind, choke, or burn the victims. Gas killed or in 1997 by the Life in the trenches was often miser- injured thousands of people, but its value was Chemical Weapons able. Rainstorms produced deep puddles and limited. A change in wind direction, for exam- How was the World War I battlefield Convention. thick mud, and sanitation was a constant ple, could blow the gas back toward the troops different than those of earlier wars? problem. Sometimes removing dead bodies who had launched it. Also, both sides developed gas masks, which provided some protection. poison gas, new weapons, trench from trenches or the surrounding area was impossible. Lice, rats, and other unpleasant Other new weapons were far more effective. warfare creatures were always present. For example, rapid-fire machine guns came Occasionally soldiers would be ordered “over into wide use during the war. Modern indus- The World War I Battlefield the top” of their trench to attack the enemy. try also produced artillery and high-explosive They would jump out of their trench and sprint shells with enormous destructive power. Recall 7HEREDOESTHETERMhNO across the area between opposing trenches, MANS LANDvCOMEFROMfrom the called no-man’s-land. As they ran, many were Tanks and Aircraft Both tanks and aircraft dangerous open area between trenches cut down by enemy guns. Thousands of sol- were first used in World War I. Tanks, armored diers on both sides died in no-man’s-land, their vehicles that could cross rough battlefield ter- Compare )NWHATWAYWERETHE bodies left where they fell. rain, were pioneered by the British. Because NEWTRENCHESDIFFERENTFROMEARLIER reliability was a problem, however, they would not make a contribution until late in the war. WARFARE Soldiers had long hidden New Weapons Neither the Allies nor the Central Powers were able to make signifi- Aircraft, on the other hand, were useful behind mounds of earth for safety, but cant advances past the enemy’s trenches. As a from the beginning. At the start of the war, few now systems of trenches stretched for hundreds of miles. Interactive Identify Cause and Effect 7HAT HISTORY CLOSE- UP DEVELOPMENTSRESULTEDFROMTHETRENCH WARFARESTALEMATE new technol- Trench Warfare ogy such as gas warfare, tanks, and aircraft It was nearly impossible to capture an enemy trench, protected as it was by machine guns, rows of barbed wire, and armed soldiers. As a result, trench warfare turned into a stalemate. Countless troops died in the trenches, with little real effect on the war. 2ECENT3CHOLARSHIP (ISTORIAN(EW3TRACHANTAKES ALESSTRADITIONALSTANCEINHIS BOOKThe First World War, WHICHDESCRIBESTHEWARASLESS ABOUTSOLDIERSCOURAGEAND Soldiers fired artillery MOREABOUTARACEFORTHELATEST shells containing poison WARFARETECHNOLOGY!CCORD gas into enemy trenches. INGTO3TRACHAN 7ORLD7AR) GENERALSFOCUSEDMAINLYON NEWWEAPONSANDTACTICSRATHER THANONTROOPSTRENGTHAND 386 BRAVERY The First World War CHAPTER 12 ALSOOUTLINESTHEFAR REACHING EFFECTSOFTHEWARANDDISCUSSES Differentiating Instruction Above Level HOWITAFFECTEDSOLDIERS Advanced Learners/Gifted and Talented Research Required The First World War BY(EW 3TRACHAN6IKING 1. 2EMINDSTUDENTSTHATTANKSANDAIRCRAFTWERE 4. !SKEACHGROUPTOCREATEADETAILEDPOSTER DEVELOPEDFORBATTLElELDUSEIN7ORLD7AR) ILLUSTRATINGANDEXPLAININGTHECAPABILITIESOF 2. /RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOGROUPSOFFOUROR THEVEHICLESTHEYARERESEARCHINGANDTHEIR lVE'ROUPSSHOULDDESIGNATEANILLUSTRATOR VALUEINTHEBATTLElELD!LLOWTIMEFORGROUPS ARESEARCHER ANDTWOORMORECAPABILITIES TOPRESENTTHEIRPOSTERS Interpersonal, ANALYSTS(AVEEACHGROUPCHOOSEEITHERTANKS Visual-Spatial ORAIRCRAFTOF7ORLD7AR)ASTHEIRSUBJECT Alternative Assessment Handbook , Rubrics 28: Posters; and 30: Research 3. (AVEGROUPSCONDUCTRESEARCHABOUTTHE DEVELOPMENTOFTHEIRVEHICLETYPE4ELLSTUDENTS TOFOCUSONNEWDEVELOPMENTSANDCAPABILITIES ASWELLASTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEIRVEHICLETYPE 386 CHAPTER 12 aircraft existed, and they were used mainly Government Actions In some countries, to observe enemy positions. Soon, mechanics new controls resulted in changes to the nation’s began to attach machine guns to airplanes, and industries and economy. Factories began to pro- pilots began to drop bombs from the air. As the duce military equipment. Civilians conserved war dragged on, new, faster airplanes proved food and other goods for military use. useful in attacking battlefields and cities. Governments also sought to control pub- Reading Focus Despite the new technologies, however, lic opinion.