SECTION 2 A New Kind of War Getting Started BEFORE Y OU R EAD Take notes 5SE THE Interactive Reader and Study Guide on the TO FAMILIARIZE STUDENTS WITH THE SECTION MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS weapons and technology of the battlefield and the CONTENT With the introduction of 1. How was the World War I trench warfare events of the war. new types of warfare and battlefield different than total war Interactive Reader and Study Guide, new technologies, World those of earlier wars? propaganda Section 2 War I resulted in destruc- 2. How did the war affect the Battle of Verdun tion on a scale never home front? Gallipoli Campaign Name ______Class ______Date ______before imagined. 3. genocide World War I What happened on the Section 2 Western Front? MAIN IDEA With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I 4. How did the war spread resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined. around the world? Key Terms and People trench warfare war fought from trenches total war war that requires the use of all of society’s resources propaganda information designed to influence people’s opinions Battle of Verdun battle in which Germany tried to kill as many French soldiers as possible, believing the French could not bear to see this historic city captured Gallipoli Campaign Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers’ guns and forts that lined POISON the Dardanelles genocide the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on the weapons and technology of the FROM THE SKY battlefield and the events of the war in a graphic organizer like this one.
Can you protect yourself against the air? The exhausted British soldiers were taking a break from the bitter fighting with German forces. In the distance, they could see the other end of their own line of trenches. This section was occupied by British allies, including soldiers from Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 12 139 Interactive Reader and Study Guide France and from the French colony of Algeria. The resting British soldiers noticed a curious thing. Floating through the air from the German CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 2 lines toward the Allied trenches was a slow- moving cloud of yellowish smoke. Soon, from the direction of the strange cloud came a steady Taking Notes stream of running men, throwing away clothing, soldiers on the battlefields face miserable life equipment, and anything else that might slow Gas masks were vital equipment for in the trenches; new weapons such as poison them down. soldiers in the World War I trenches. The British were at first horrified at what they thought gas, machine guns, tanks, and faster aircraft was the cowardly retreat of the French and Algerians. They used; Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers; soon learned, however, that the terrified men had good The World War I Battlefield Italy joins Allied Powers; war spreads to Asia reason to run. The yellow cloud that had floated into their and Africa trenches was chlorine gas, a deadly poison. When inhaled, Poison gas and the other new weapons developed dur- this gas damages lung tissue and causes victims to cough ing World War I were a response to a massive deadlock. go.hrw.com violently and choke. In some cases, the gas kills. By the end of 1914, two systems of trenches stretched Online Resources The poison gas used against the Allied troops was for hundreds of miles over western Europe. Across the one of many new weapons that first appeared in World Western Front, millions of Allied and Central Powers KEYWORD: SHL WW1 War I. Together these weapons produced a horrifying soldiers lived in these trenches, surrounded by flying ACTIVITY: Propaganda level of death and destruction. bullets, bombs, and grenades. Poster
WORLD WAR I 385
Teach the Main Idea At Level A New Kind of War 1. Teach !SK STUDENTS THE 2EADING &OCUS 3. Review (AVE GROUPS SHARE THEIR NEWSPAPER QUESTIONS TO TEACH THIS SECTION ARTICLES WITH THE CLASS !S YOU REVIEW THE 2. Apply /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS SECTION HAVE STUDENTS REVISE THEIR ARTICLES AS 7RITE THESE TOPICS FOR ALL TO SEE /N THE NEEDED "ATTLElELD !T (OME !ROUND THE 'LOBE 4. Practice/Homework (AVE EACH STUDENT (AVE GROUPS WRITE NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ABOUT WRITE A LIST OF CHANGES FOR EACH OF THE THREE THE CHANGES WAR BROUGHT TO THESE THREE LOCATIONS COVERED Interpersonal, Visual- AREAS 'ROUP MEMBERS SHOULD WRITE ARTICLES Spatial ABOUT EACH TOPIC Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 14: Group Activity; and 23: Newspapers
385 Trench Warfare The idea of trench warfare , result, each side turned to new weapons and or fighting from trenches, was not new. Soldiers technology to win the war. The use of had long hidden behind mounds of earth for Poison gas was one of the new weapons chemical weapons safety. But no one had ever experienced trench used in the war. Different types of gas could like poison gas Reading Focus was outlawed warfare on the scale seen in Europe in 1914. blind, choke, or burn the victims. Gas killed or in 1997 by the Life in the trenches was often miser- injured thousands of people, but its value was Chemical Weapons able. Rainstorms produced deep puddles and limited. A change in wind direction, for exam- How was the World War I battlefield Convention. thick mud, and sanitation was a constant ple, could blow the gas back toward the troops different than those of earlier wars? problem. Sometimes removing dead bodies who had launched it. Also, both sides developed gas masks, which provided some protection. poison gas, new weapons, trench from trenches or the surrounding area was impossible. Lice, rats, and other unpleasant Other new weapons were far more effective. warfare creatures were always present. For example, rapid-fire machine guns came Occasionally soldiers would be ordered “over into wide use during the war. Modern indus- The World War I Battlefield the top” of their trench to attack the enemy. try also produced artillery and high-explosive They would jump out of their trench and sprint shells with enormous destructive power. Recall 7HERE DOES THE TERM hNO across the area between opposing trenches, MANS LANDv COME FROM from the called no-man’s-land. As they ran, many were Tanks and Aircraft Both tanks and aircraft dangerous open area between trenches cut down by enemy guns. Thousands of sol- were first used in World War I. Tanks, armored diers on both sides died in no-man’s-land, their vehicles that could cross rough battlefield ter- Compare )N WHAT WAY WERE THE bodies left where they fell. rain, were pioneered by the British. Because NEW TRENCHES DIFFERENT FROM EARLIER reliability was a problem, however, they would not make a contribution until late in the war. WARFARE Soldiers had long hidden New Weapons Neither the Allies nor the Central Powers were able to make signifi- Aircraft, on the other hand, were useful behind mounds of earth for safety, but cant advances past the enemy’s trenches. As a from the beginning. At the start of the war, few now systems of trenches stretched for hundreds of miles. Interactive Identify Cause and Effect 7HAT HISTORY CLOSE- UP DEVELOPMENTS RESULTED FROM THE TRENCH WARFARE STALEMATE new technol- Trench Warfare ogy such as gas warfare, tanks, and aircraft It was nearly impossible to capture an enemy trench, protected as it was by machine guns, rows of barbed wire, and armed soldiers. As a result, trench warfare turned into a stalemate. Countless troops died in the trenches, with little real effect on the war. 2ECENT 3CHOLARSHIP
(ISTORIAN (EW 3TRACHAN TAKES A LESS TRADITIONAL STANCE IN HIS BOOK The First World War, WHICH DESCRIBES THE WAR AS LESS ABOUT SOLDIERS COURAGE AND Soldiers fired artillery MORE ABOUT A RACE FOR THE LATEST shells containing poison WARFARE TECHNOLOGY !CCORD gas into enemy trenches. ING TO 3TRACHAN 7ORLD 7AR ) GENERALS FOCUSED MAINLY ON NEW WEAPONS AND TACTICS RATHER THAN ON TROOP STRENGTH AND 386 BRAVERY The First World War CHAPTER 12 ALSO OUTLINES THE FAR REACHING EFFECTS OF THE WAR AND DISCUSSES Differentiating Instruction Above Level HOW IT AFFECTED SOLDIERS Advanced Learners/Gifted and Talented Research Required The First World War BY (EW 3TRACHAN 6IKING 1. 2EMIND STUDENTS THAT TANKS AND AIRCRAFT WERE 4. !SK EACH GROUP TO CREATE A DETAILED POSTER DEVELOPED FOR BATTLElELD USE IN 7ORLD 7AR ) ILLUSTRATING AND EXPLAINING THE CAPABILITIES OF 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO GROUPS OF FOUR OR THE VEHICLES THEY ARE RESEARCHING AND THEIR lVE 'ROUPS SHOULD DESIGNATE AN ILLUSTRATOR VALUE IN THE BATTLElELD !LLOW TIME FOR GROUPS A RESEARCHER AND TWO OR MORE CAPABILITIES TO PRESENT THEIR POSTERS Interpersonal, ANALYSTS (AVE EACH GROUP CHOOSE EITHER TANKS Visual-Spatial OR AIRCRAFT OF 7ORLD 7AR ) AS THEIR SUBJECT Alternative Assessment Handbook , Rubrics 28: Posters; and 30: Research 3. (AVE GROUPS CONDUCT RESEARCH ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR VEHICLE TYPE 4ELL STUDENTS TO FOCUS ON NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND CAPABILITIES AS WELL AS THE APPEARANCE OF THEIR VEHICLE TYPE
386 CHAPTER 12 aircraft existed, and they were used mainly Government Actions In some countries, to observe enemy positions. Soon, mechanics new controls resulted in changes to the nation’s began to attach machine guns to airplanes, and industries and economy. Factories began to pro- pilots began to drop bombs from the air. As the duce military equipment. Civilians conserved war dragged on, new, faster airplanes proved food and other goods for military use. useful in attacking battlefields and cities. Governments also sought to control pub- Reading Focus Despite the new technologies, however, lic opinion. They censored newspaper reports neither side was able to gain an advantage about the fighting, worried that truthful How did the war affect the home front? on the battlefield. Trench warfare, with all its descriptions of casualties might discourage the Involved nations’ governments took miseries, dragged on. public. Governments also created propaganda , control of the lives of their people and information designed to influence people’s Summarize How did new opinions, in order to encourage support of the women entered the workforce. technology affect the World War I battlefield? war effort. Posters, pamphlets, and articles urged people to volunteer or told stories of the War on the Home Front enemy’s brutal actions. War on the Home Front Describe 7HAT IS TOTAL WAR the The nations fighting in World War I soon real- tactic of using all of society’s resources ized that winning this new type of war would to fight a war require the use of all of society’s resources. This tactic is called total war . Governments began Rate 7HAT IS YOUR OPINION OF THE USE to take stronger control of their citizens’ lives. OF PROPAGANDA AND CENSORSHIP
German zeppelins—large, gas- possible answer—It would unify filled airships—bombed British people to support the war effort, but it and French trenches and cities. is wrong to keep people from knowing about what is happening.
Airplanes fought in the skies above the trenches, firing on soldiers below. 3OME WARTIME MUSIC REmECTED PROPAGANDAS POSITIVE SPIN ON THE WAR ,OCATE SOME RECORDINGS AND SHARE THEM WITH YOUR CLASS
Machine guns fired hundreds About the Illustration of bullets each minute and were used to defend trenches This illustration is an artist’s conception based against enemy attacks. on available sources. Historians, however, are uncertain exactly what this scene looked like. Skills FOCUS INTERPRETING VISUALS
Analyze What role did new weapons and Armored tanks could military tactics play in trench warfare? Use flatten barbed wire and details from the image to support your answer. cross enemy trenches. go.hrw.com Go online for a closer look COULD YOU HAVE SURVIVED ? at survival and this event. Keyword: SHL WW1
WORLD WAR I 387
Skills Focus: Recognizing Bias in Primary Sources At Level Answers Reading Like a Historian Skill Influencing Public Opinion History Close-Up New weapons and tactics made fighting deadlier— 1. 4ELL STUDENTS THAT GOVERNMENTS OF NATIONS KNOWN MELODY SUCH AS h(APPY "IRTHDAYv OR zeppelins and airplanes fired from the INVOLVED IN 7ORLD 7AR ) FELT A NEED TO INmUENCE h#LEMENTINEv 4ELL STUDENTS THAT THEIR LYRICS skies; machine guns fired hundreds of PUBLIC OPINION 4ELL STUDENTS THAT CATCHY TUNES SHOULD REPRESENT THE POSITIVE ATTITUDE THAT bullets per minute; tanks crossed enemy OFTEN PAINTED A ROSY PICTURE OF THE WAR THE GOVERNMENT WOULD HAVE WANTED TO USE IN trenches. 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS (AVE EACH PROPAGANDA Reading Check New technologies GROUP CONDUCT RESEARCH USING RELIABLE ONLINE OR 4. %NCOURAGE VOLUNTEERS TO SING OR RECITE THEIR such as poison gas and rapid-firing PRINT SOURCES TO LOCATE 7ORLD 7AR ) PROPAGANDA SONGS TO THE CLASS Interpersonal, Auditory- machine guns made the battlefield more dangerous; faster airplanes proved 3. Musical 5SING THE PROPAGANDA MATERIAL FOUND IN useful in attacking battlefield positions, , Rubrics 14: THEIR RESEARCH AS A MODEL HAVE GROUPS CREATE Alternative Assessment Handbook factories, and cities; neither side was Group Activity; and 26: Poems and Songs PROPAGANDA BY WRITING NEW LYRICS TO A WELL able to gain an advantage. 387 Linking TO Today
A nurse works in a World Women in War War I hospital. Reading Focus In World War I, only a few hundred to non-combat roles, but some women fought as soldiers, nearly fought as soldiers or as part of What happened on the Western Front? all in the Russian army. These sol- organized resistance movements. diers were the exceptions. Today, women serve in many of the France and Germany both suffered Most women who wanted to world’s armed forces, filling roles enormous casualties in the Battle help the war effort had only two ranging from soldiers on the front of Verdun; the Battle of the Somme options: assist on the home front lines to support staff on the home resulted in enormous casualties for or work as nurses for the armed front. the British and Germans; Germans forces. Thousands of women chose Summarize How defeated British in the Third Battle of to serve as nurses. Many worked in has the role of women hospitals or medical-aid stations Ypres; front lines remained unchanged. in war changed since near the war’s front lines, where World War I? they faced terrible conditions Battles on the while helping wounded soldiers. Western Front The role of women in the armed An American soldier forces began to change slowly fires a machine gun. Recall 7HAT MADE THE 6ERDUN LOCATION after the war. In World War II, SPECIAL TO THE &RENCH It had been an most women were still limited important fortress since Roman times. Explain 7HAT DID THE 'ERMANS MEAN Women and the War With millions of The Battle of Verdun Meanwhile, the Ger- BY SAYING THEY WOULD hBLEED &RANCE men at battle, much of the work on the home mans were making plans for an assault on the front was done by women. Some worked in French fortress of Verdun. Verdun had been an WHITEv Germany intended to kill as factories producing weapons and other war important French fortress since Roman times. many French soldiers as possible. supplies. These women helped send important German leaders believed that the French, Evaluate 7AS "RITAIN SUCCESSFUL IN shipments of food and weapons to the front unable to bear seeing the city captured, would lines. Others served as nurses to wounded sol- defend it at all costs. The Battle of Verdun was REACHING THEIR GOAL FOR THE "ATTLE OF diers. The contributions women made during meant solely to kill or injure as many French THE 3OMME possible answer—Only the war helped transform public views of what soldiers as possible—to “bleed France white,” partly: many Germans were killed, but women could do. In some countries, this change said the German commander. there was no major breakthrough. helped women finally win the right to vote. From the start of the battle in February 1916 to its end that December, France suffered Find the Main Idea CRF: Biography: Edith Wharton some 400,000 casualties. Germany, however, In what ways did the war affect the home front? endured nearly as many. The battle left both sides weakened, and the stalemate continued.
Battles on the Western Front The Battle of the Somme The British While people on the home front supported their launched their own attack, intended partly Info to Know troops, the war in Western Europe was going to pull German troops away from Verdun, in June 1916. This British attack took place in Women’s Roles )N ADDITION TO WORKING badly for the Allied Powers. In 1915, a series of battles had resulted in many Allied casualties. the Somme River area of France. AT CRITICAL JOBS AND SERVING IN %UROPE The Battle of the Somme was the main !MERICAN WOMEN CONTRIBUTED TO THE The Italian Front In May 1915, Italy entered Allied assault during 1916. On the first day World War I by joining the Allied Powers. Ita- of fighting alone, the British suffered nearly !LLIES WAR EFFORT IN ANOTHER IMPORTANT ly’s first move was to send its forces against 60,000 casualties. Just as in the Battle of Ver- WAY BY CONSERVING FOOD 3OME MILLION Austria-Hungary on the Italy-Austria border. dun, by the time fighting ended in December HOMEMAKERS SIGNED PLEDGE CARDS DISTRIB In a long series of back-and-forth battles, Italy 1916 there had been no major breakthroughs. UTED BY THE GOVERNMENT PROMISING NOT TO made little progress. Both sides lost an enormous number of troops. SERVE MEAT ON -ONDAYS TO CONSERVE OTHER 388 FOODSTUFFS AND TO GROW THEIR OWN VEG CHAPTER 12 ETABLES IN h6ICTORY 'ARDENSv )N RETURN THEY RECEIVED STICKERS TO DISPLAY IN THE Collaborative Learning At Level WINDOWS OF THEIR HOMES INDICATING THAT Research Required THEY WERE COOPERATING WITH THE WAR EFFORT Women of the New Century 1. 2EMIND STUDENTS THAT PRIOR TO 7ORLD 7AR 3. (AVE STUDENTS ASSIGN SPECIlC TASKS TO EACH ) MOST WOMEN WORKED IN THEIR HOMES 4ELL GROUP MEMBER NOTE TAKING COMPILING Answers STUDENTS THAT THERE WERE RARE EXCEPTIONS IN RESEARCH ETC 0RESENTATIONS SHOULD INCLUDE AN Linking to Today Today, women fill WHICH WOMEN MADE HISTORY AND FURTHERED THE ILLUSTRATION OR PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PERSON AND many roles in the armed forces, ranging CAUSE OF WOMENS RIGHTS HER MOST IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS from soldiers on the front lines to support 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS (AVE 4. (AVE EACH GROUP PREPARE A SHORT PRESENTATION staff on the home front, whereas in World STUDENTS CONDUCT RESEARCH ABOUT WOMEN WHO TO SHARE WITH THE CLASS Verbal-Linguistic War I women were mostly nurses. MADE AN IMPACT ON THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 14: Reading Check The government SUCH AS -ARIE #URIE OR !MELIA %ARHART %ACH Group Activity; 24: Oral Presentations; and 30: took over factories; civilians conserved GROUP SHOULD SELECT A DIFFERENT PERSON Research food and materials; propaganda was produced; women joined the work force. 388 The Third Battle of Ypres The year 1917 The Gallipoli Campaign A new power had went badly for the Allies. That spring, a failed entered the battle on the Eastern Front in late French offensive caused rebellion among some 1914, when the Ottoman Empire joined the French soldiers. In July, the British began an Central Powers. The vast empire was weaken- offensive near Ypres (ee-pruh), Belgium, where ing, but it still had a vital location. The Otto- two earlier German attacks had taken place. mans controlled an important sea passage Reading Focus The Third Battle of Ypres was a disaster for called the Dardanelles (dahr-den- ELZ ), which the British, who ended the attack in November. was part of the water route between the Black How did the war spread around the After three years of battle in western Europe, Sea and the Mediterranean. The Allies used world? over 30 nations officially took the front lines were virtually unchanged. the Dardanelles to ship supplies to Russia. sides; Ottoman Empire joined Central To destroy the guns and forts that lined the Summarize What was the Dardanelles, the Allies landed a force on the Powers; war fought in Asia, in the result of the battles on the Western Front? Gallipoli Peninsula in the spring of 1915. After Pacific, and in Africa; Allied colonists months of fighting and nearly 200,000 casual- contributed to the war War around the World ties, the Allies gave up. The Gallipoli Campaign was a failure. War around the World Much of the early fighting took place in The Ottoman Empire did suffer a major Europe, but the conflict quickly became a true loss later in the war when its subjects in the Recall (OW DID THE STALEMATE INmU world war as fighting spread around the globe. Arabian Peninsula rebelled. To take advantage ENCE WARRING NATIONS They had to look Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war, of this revolt, the British sent officer T. E. Law- elsewhere for ways to win the war. and other countries became involved in less rence to support the Arabs. With Lawrence’s formal ways. help, the Arabs overthrew Ottoman rule. Identify 7HERE WAS THE SPECIAL DEFENSIVE POSITION CONTROLLED BY THE /TTOMAN %MPIRE the Dardanelles, WORLD WAR I B ATTLES, 1915–1917 which connected the Black Sea and the Mediterranean "MMJFE1PXFST /PSUI $FOUSBM1PXFST 48&%&/ B Analyze (OW DID THE /TTOMAN 4FB %&/."3, F 4 3644*" /FVUSBMOBUJPOT UJD 6/*5&% BM %MPIRE AFFECT THE WAR helped Central ,*/(%0. # 'BSUIFTU$FOUSBM /&5)&3-"/%4 1PXFSTBEWBODF Powers win Battle of Gallipoli &M CF "MMJFE1PXFSTWJDUPSZ SE:QSFT 3 +VMZo/PW $FOUSBM1PXFSTWJDUPSZ Map Transparency: World War I 0 EF ¡/ -POEPO #FSMJO S 6OEFDJEFEPVUDPNF #&-(*6. 3 -VUTL &"45&3/ Battles, 1915–1917 +VOF 7JNZ3JEHF '30/5 (&3."/: %O "QSJM JFQF $BNCSBJ S3 4PNNF /PWo%FD +VMZo/PW -69 7FSEVO 1S[FNTZM %O ¡8 1BSJT JFT UFS 'FCo%FD 4FQUo.BSDI OE.BSOF 3 F3 +VMZo"VH OVC Interpreting Maps "5-"/5*$ %B 7JFOOB #VEBQFTU 0$&"/ 8&45&3/ World War I Battles, '30/5 48*5; "6453*")6/("3: $BQPSFUUP 1915–1917 '3"/$& 0DUo/PW 1P %BOVC 3 F3 30."/*" #MBDL4FB Location 7HICH NATIONS IN THE #ENTRAL *5"-: & C 4BSBKFWP SP 0OWERS GUARDED THE ENTRANCE TO THE "LACK 3 4&3#*" #6-("3*" 3EA Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire T HV $POTUBOUJOPQMF 5B 3 GEOGRAPHY 3PNF .0/5&/&(30 Human/Environment Interaction SKILLS41"*/INTERPRETING MAPS "-#"/*" (BMMJQPMJ ¡/ "QSJMo%FD 7HAT FACTORS WOULD HAVE MADE DELIVERY Location What were the results of the major (3&&$& OF GOODS TO 2USSIA MORE DIFlCULT VIA THE battles fought on the Western Front during 0550."/ .FEJUFSSBOFBO ¡& &.1*3& "ALTIC 3EA The Central Powers had con- this time? ¡ 4FB
¡&
.JMFT trol of much of the Baltic Sea and extreme
,JMPNFUFST winter cold would cause transportation "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFB QSPKFDUJPO problems in northwestern Russia. WORLD WAR I 389
Skills Focus: Evaluating Information on the Internet Above Level Social Studies Skill Research Required The Armenian Massacre 1. 2EMIND STUDENTS THAT DURING 7ORLD 7AR ) 3TUDENTS SHOULD RECORD THE 52,S PUBLISHERS MANY PEOPLE ACCUSED THE 4URKS OF !RMENIAN COPYRIGHTS AND AUTHORS OF EACH SITE THEY USE IN GENOCIDE 4ELL STUDENTS THAT SINCE THE 4URKS HAD A THEIR RESEARCH DIFFERENT VIEW OF THIS RESEARCH ON SUCH A SUBJECT 3. (AVE STUDENTS IN EACH GROUP RATE THE EXPERTISE Answers WILL REmECT DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS -ATERIALS ON AND CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCE FOR EACH ARTICLE Interpreting Maps The Western THE )NTERNET HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY PEOPLE WITH GIVING REASONS FOR THEIR OPINIONS Verbal- Front stayed about the same; Russia lost a large area to the Central Powers; the VARYING AMOUNTS OF EXPERTISE ON THE SUBJECT Linguistic, Interpersonal Allies failed at Gallipoli. 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS (AVE Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 14: Reading Check Both sides suffered STUDENTS CONDUCT RESEARCH TO LOCATE AND PRINT OUT Group Activity; 16: Judging Information; and 30: extreme casualties, but the front lines SEVERAL DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE !RMENIAN -ASSACRE Research remained virtually unchanged. 389 The Armenian Massacre As the Gal- THE ARMENIAN MASSACRE lipoli Campaign went on, a different conflict Nearly 2 million ethnic Armenians were deported to occurred elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. In Mesopotamia and what is now Syria during World late 1914, Russia had launched an attack in the War I. During this forced relocation, hundreds of Reading Focus Caucasus ( KAW -kuh-suhs), a mountain region thousands starved to death or were killed by that lies between the Black and Caspian seas Ottoman soldiers and police. and borders northeastern Turkey. The area War around the World was home to ethnic Armenians. Because most 5PUBM"SNFOJBO1PQVMBUJPO NJMMJPO were Christians, Armenians formed a minority Recall 7HAT DID 4URKISH LEADERS group in the largely Muslim Ottoman Empire. &TDBQFE %FQPSUFE CLAIM ABOUT THE !RMENIANS that they Ottoman leaders claimed that the Arme- were aiding the Russians nians were aiding the Russians. In the spring The Turkish gov- of 1915, Ottoman leaders began forcibly Make Generalizations 7HY DO YOU ernment officially removing Armenians from the Caucasus. Some denies that the %JFEXIJMFCFJOH THINK SOME COLONISTS WERE RELUCTANT TO Armenian deaths 600,000 Armenians died from violence and EFQPSUFE should be consid- starvation. Ottoman leaders were accused by HELP COLONIAL RULERS possible answer— 4PVSDF&ODZDMPQFEJB#SJUBOOJDB ered genocide, many of genocide —the deliberate destruction They may have felt that their although most his- of a racial, political, or cultural group. contribution would make no difference. torians disagree. Other Fighting Battles were also fought elsewhere in Asia and in Africa. Japan, for example, had declared war on Germany in 1914 as part of a military agreement with Great Britain. Far from the battlefields of Europe, Armenians who escaped during the Japanese forces captured German colonies relocation arrive in a refugee camp. in China and the Pacific. British and French Close troops attacked German colonies in Africa. Allied colonies scattered around the world Although some colonial peoples were reluctant 2EVIEW WITH STUDENTS THE NEW KINDS OF made many contributions to the war. For to help their rulers, others volunteered to fight example, soldiers from all parts of the Brit- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED FOR USE IN 7ORLD in the hopes that their service would help win ish Empire—India, Australia, Canada, New 7AR ) AND HOW WAR SPREAD QUICKLY independence. They would soon discover that Zealand—took part in the war. Some of these these hopes were in vain. AROUND THE WORLD people worked as laborers to keep the armies supplied. Many others fought and died in battle, Summarize In what areas of Review such as the Algerians who fought for France. the world did the war take place? Online Quiz, Section 2 go.hrw.com SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Assess Keyword: SHL WW1 HP SE Section 2 Assessment Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Describe How did World War I differ from previous wars? 5. Compare Using your notes on the section and a graphic Progress Assessment: Section 2 Quiz b. Identify Cause and Effect How did the technological organizer like the one below, explain how the war on the Alternative Assessment Handbook developments of World War I affect trench warfare ? Western Front was different from the war elsewhere in 2. a. Recall How did civilians help support the war effort? the world. Reteach/Intervene b. Infer How do you think total war affected life on the home front? Interactive Reader and Study Guide, 3. a. Recall What were the results of the Battle of Verdun and Section 2 the Battle of the Somme? b. Explain Why did the Western Front change very little Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM between 1915 and 1917? 6. Description From the perspective of a World War I soldier, 4. a. Recall What happened in the Gallipoli Campaign ? write a letter describing life in the trenches. Use details from b. Summarize List the war’s events outside of Europe. the section in your letter.
390 CHAPTER 12
Section 2 Assessment Answers
1. a. new technologies and types of warfare; 4. a. Allies suffered nearly 200,000 losses. involved many nations b. The Japanese captured German colonies in b. Tanks, aircraft, and poison gas killed millions. China and the Pacific; British and French troops 2. a. Civilians conserved food and materials; attacked German colonies in Africa. women joined the work force. 5. West—German forces attacked first, front b. Women joined the work force for the first lines did not move, trench warfare and new time; citizens united to help their countries. technology used; Both—suffered massive 3. a. Both battles resulted in enormous casualties casualties; East—Russian forces attacked but the front lines were virtually unchanged. first, front lines moved east Answers b. Both sides were evenly matched, developing 6. Answers will vary but should include details Reading Check Europe, Asia, Africa, technology at the same pace. about trench warfare. and the Pacific 390