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Human-Land Relations in the Stein Valley, British Columbia by Madeline Wilson BA, Universit

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Human-Land Relations in the Stein Valley, British Columbia by Madeline Wilson BA, Universit Co-management re-conceptualized: Human-land relations in the Stein Valley, British Columbia by Madeline Wilson B.A., University of Victoria, 2011 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Environmental Studies © Madeline Wilson, 2015 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Co-management re-conceptualized: Human-land relations in the Stein Valley, British Columbia by Madeline Wilson B.A., University of Victoria, 2011 Supervisory Committee Dr. Wendy Wickwire, (School of Environmental Studies, Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Michael M’Gonigle, (School of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Law) Departmental Member Dr. Jessica Dempsey, (School of Environmental Studies) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Wendy Wickwire, (School of Environmental Studies, Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Michael M’Gonigle, (School of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Law) Departmental Member Dr. Jessica Dempsey, (School of Environmental Studies) Departmental Member Across Canada, and in many places around the world, cooperative management arrangements have become commonplace in land and resource governance. The Stein Valley Nlaka’pamux Heritage Park, located in south-central Interior British Columbia, is one such example. An unlogged, undammed watershed, the Stein Valley became the site and subject of protests over proposed logging between the 1970s and 1990s. It lies within the territories of the Nlaka’pamux Nation and, since its park designation in 1995, has been jointly managed by the Lytton First Nation and the Provincial Government through a Cooperative Management Agreement. This thesis traces human-land relations throughout the history of the Stein Valley in order to theorize an expanded conception of co-management. The central goal is to understand how various co-management arrangements are formed, contested, and enacted through particular land-use practices, social and institutional interactions, and socio- ecological relationships. Through a detailed reading of the socio-ecological history of the Stein Valley, drawn from semi-structured interviews and a literature survey, this thesis adds to existing scholarship on B.C. environmental politics. In this project, I locate various co-management practices at work in the Stein Valley region—including but not limited to practices of use, stewardship, and governance compelled by legalistic co- iv management arrangements. Ultimately, this thesis calls for a closer examination of the myriad of practices and relations embedded within land and resource management regimes. In doing so, it resituates the agency of various actors, and their ecological interactions, in producing, governing, and shaping the socio-ecological landscapes we both inhabit and actively create. Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Setting the scene ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Critical context ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Main arguments and contributions ....................................................................................... 14 1.3 Research methods ................................................................................................................. 17 1.4 My project and thesis structure ............................................................................................. 20 Chapter 2: An early history of the Stein Valley ........................................................... 23 2.0 Sustenance co-management .................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Early relationships with the Stein Valley ............................................................................. 23 2.2 European land-based fur trade .............................................................................................. 28 2.3 Establishing colonial authority ............................................................................................. 31 2.4 Confederation and cross-continental connection .................................................................. 33 Chapter 3: The industrial eye turns towards the Stein ............................................... 41 3.0 Colonial-industrial co-management ...................................................................................... 41 3.1 A portrait of a regional economy .......................................................................................... 42 3.2 The emergence of B.C.’s environmental movement ............................................................ 45 3.3 Shifting political actors ......................................................................................................... 48 3.4 A campaign to protect the Stein develops ............................................................................ 51 3.5 Mobilizing opposition ........................................................................................................... 57 3.6 Voices for the Stein grow louder .......................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4: Growing voices, collaborative activism ..................................................... 68 4.0 Activist co-management ....................................................................................................... 68 4.1 A campaign for the hearts and minds of British Columbians ............................................... 69 4.2 Rediscovering the Stein Valley ............................................................................................. 71 4.3 Lytton and Mt. Currie First Nations Stein Declaration ........................................................ 74 4.4 “Share it” versus “Save it” .................................................................................................... 77 4.5 The rise of an empowered public .......................................................................................... 79 4.6 The politics of preservation .................................................................................................. 82 4.7 Negotiating the future of the Stein Valley ............................................................................ 85 Chapter 5: The Stein Valley Nlaka’pamux Heritage Park eighteen years later ....... 89 5.0 From there to here ................................................................................................................. 89 5.1 People and places .................................................................................................................. 91 5.2 Resistance and empowerment ............................................................................................... 97 5.3 The Cooperative Management Agreement ......................................................................... 105 5.4 The Stein Valley: imagining, producing, and safeguarding its future ................................ 114 Chapter 6: Looking back, looking forward ................................................................ 119 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 122 vi List of Figures Figure 1. The Stein River Valley. ....................................................................................... 5 vii Acknowledgments I have been fortunate enough to cross paths with some wonderful folks in these last few years—instructors, colleagues, collaborators, friends, family, and many others—with big ideas and endless ears. Thank you to my thesis committee members, Wendy Wickwire, Michael M’Gonigle, and Jessica Dempsey, for their generosity in helping me turn a jumble of thoughts, ideas, and, mostly, questions about the Stein Valley into a thesis project. Thank you to all those who shared with me their thoughts on the Stein Valley; through your knowledge and experience, this project has attained its significance. In particular, John Haugen and Ruby Dunstan made this project both possible and, for me, truly meaningful. A million thanks to my friend-ly editors, Megan Sullivan and Lisa Dumoulin. And, lastly, a lifetime of memories and gratitude for all the people who helped me laugh it off, every step of the way. Chapter 1: Introduction In one of my first discussions of potential thesis topics with my MA supervisory committee members, Wendy Wickwire and Michael M’Gonigle, they suggested a project on the
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