1 1 I i'.l;;','.i:'.l!t' i!;:;; liilliiiiiiiiilii l|iii|ijiiiiiiiiii|ii!iiiiillr W^ ji;i;i=ii^ffiiiiijiliiiiiiliii iiiii ''''IliliiiiiijiJiH liiiii: asi:;-: :: lliiili; liiipijjilijlp;: iiiiiiil ''''''illililiiiiiiM^ ..*, N. ,;.. ',,y*?.%i.- .r.- , UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES f uwvibh M (JEDintiutgt) CDition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XXII THE PACIFIC PROVINCE PART II The Edinburgh Edition ' of Canada and its PKoriNCES ' is limited to 8y§ Impressions on All-Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number. .../^A v/1 ./^r/^Tn-^^'^^C^i^*^ SIR RICHARD NrBRIDE From a photograph by Savamiah CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XXII THE PACIFIC PROVINCE EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. & A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 i '^ f ^ o r) JL -Lf J <w J J • • .. Copyright in all eounlries subscribing to the Dense Conveulien — F b. be M.^2- CONTENTS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. By R. E. Gosnell THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE . 349 GOVERNMENT ON VANCOUVER ISLAND 351 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND COLONY . 353 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 354 THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 357 FINANCES OF THE PROVINCE 358 GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ACT OF CONSTITUTION, iS/I 366 PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL TAXATION 373 GENERAL LEGISLATION RESPECTING MUNICIPALITIES 380 MUNICIPAL FINANCES. .... HISTORY OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM. By VV. H. Clement before confederation ..... 387 after confederation ..... 392 HISTORY OF EDUCATION. By Alexander Robinson L VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BEFORE THEIR UNION ........ 401 II. EDUCATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA BEFORE CONFEDERATION . 413 III. EDUCATION SINCE CONFEDERATION .... 422 The University of British Columbia THE FISHERIES. By D. N. M'Intyre 1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE FISHERIES 445 n. FISHERIES LEGISLATION ...... 447 lU. THE VERTEBRATES ....... 462 Sockeye Salmon—Spring or Quinnat Salmon—Coho Salmon Dog Salmon—Humpback Salmon—Life-History of the Pacific Vlll THE PACIFIC PROVINCE Salmon—The Salmon Canning Industry— Halibut—Flounders —Oulachan— Herring—Sturgeon— Pilchard and Anchovy— Smelt— Ulack Cod or Skil— Minor Varieties—Whales—Seals, Walruses—Game Fish—British Columbia Trout IV. THE ARTHROPODS ....... 479 Lobsters—Crabs—Prawns V. THE MOLLUSCS . • • . 481 The Oyster—Clams—Abalone—Edible Mollusca in British Columbian Waters FOREST RESOURCES. By A. C. Flumerfelt 487 I. THE TREES ..... 488 II. A VALUABLE PROVINCIAL ASSET . 491 III. THE FORESTRY COMMISSION 495 IV. TIMBER AREAS .... 503 In Private Ownership— Leasehold Timber-lands— Licensed Timber-lands — Timber-lands hitherto reserved — Railway Belt Timber-land^Total of British Columbia Timber V. THE SAW-MILLING INDUSTRY ..... 509 VI. THE PULP INDUSTRY ...... 513 VII. THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADK 5'S VIII. THE FORESTS AND THE FUTURE . ' . 518 HISTORY OF FARMING. By R. E. GOSNELL 1. THE PIONEER FARMERS .... 525 n. AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 529 in. AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS 537 IV. CONDITIONS AFFECTING AGRICULTURE . 539 V. LEGISLATIVE ACTS AND AGRICULTURE . 541 MINES AND MINING. By E. Jacobs BRITISH COLUMBIA, PART OF THE CORDILLERAN REGION 555 I.MMENSE MINERAL RESOURCES 557 HISTORY OF MINING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 558 MINERAL PRODUCTION 565 PLACER GOLD . 567 LODE METALS . 568 COAL AND COKE 572 MISCELLANEOUS MINERALS 574 A STRIKING COMPARISON 575 CONTENTS IX PACE SOME OF THE LARGER MINES 575 MINING METHODS AND METALLURGICAL FACILITIES 578 DEPARTMENT OF MINES .... 380 MINING LAWS ...... 581 THE YUKON TERRITORY. By J. B. Tyrrell position and extent 58s topography . 58s hydrography 589 climate 600 transportation 602 HISTORY 604 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT 607 POPULATION . 610 WATER POWERS 611 FLORA .... 612 AGRICULTURE . 613 FAUNA . 616 MINING .... 619 THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. By J. B. Tyrrell POSITION AND EXTENT 639 TOPOGRAPHY . 639 HYDROGRAPHY 640 CLIMATE 643 GEOLOGY 644 TRANSPORTATION 647 POPULATION . 648 VEGETATION . 650 ANIMALS 651 FISH 652 MINERALS 654 ILLUSTRATIONS SIR RICHARD M'BRIDE . Frontispiece From a photograph by Savannah SQUATTER HOMES AT PRINCE RUPERT, 1909 . Facingpage 360 CLINTON, B.C., CARIBOO ROAD 390 FISHING FLEET AT THE MOUTH OF THE FRASER RIVER 5» INDIAN SALMON CACHES, FRASER RIVER SALMON TRAPS, FRASER RIVER THE WHARF AT PRINCE RUPERT, 1909 ALEXANDER BRIDGE, FRASER RIVER CARIBOO ROAD, FRASER RIVER THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S SS. WRIGLEY AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MACKENZIE AND LIARD RIVERS THE FIRST PORTAGE ON SLAVE RIVER . FORT SMITH, SLAVE RIVER .... THE LAST PORTAGE ON SLAVE RIVER PORTAGING PAST SMITH RAPIDS, SLAVE RIVER PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VOL. XXII PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION STRICTLY speaking, public administration includes every function of government, but as many of these functions as exercised in British Columbia are dealt with in other articles in this section of this work, for present purposes it is proposed to discuss those which more parti- cularly relate to community regulation, apart from private or special material interests. Included among such features as should have consideration are the constitution of the government, the administration of justice, social economics, taxation, and municipal organization. The laws and regu- lations thereunder relating to education, forestry, land and agriculture, mining, fishing, and general economic subjects are dealt with elsewhere, and only very incidentally come within the purview of this article. The Administration of Justice Historically, the administration of justice in the territory which now includes British Columbia considerably ante- dates the formal organization of the Vancouver Island and mainland colonies. In a vague way British common law had effect throughout the Oregon territory and New Cale- donia from a time which shaded off into the obscurity of native sovereignty. When Great Britain and the United States, so to speak, established a modus vivendi in regard to the disputed territory, Canadian laws were extended contemporaneously and made to apply to British subjects. Likewise United States laws extended to United States subjects. Where, however, disputed territory ceased to be disputed territory was wholly uncertain until after the treaty of 1846. The jurisdiction of the provisional government of 350 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Oregon, which was the first attempt at political segregation on the north-west coast, had no exact metes and bounds. As until the founding in 1849 of the colony of Vancouver Island, which was limited in its area, there were no settlers north of the 49th parallel, the application of Canadian law was supererogatory in the extreme. The only white popu- lation were the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the latter was a law unto itself. There were no justices of the peace or officers of the law apart from the officers of the company. Violations of the company's rules were punished by the company, but it is difficult to say what would have happened in the case of the perpetration of serious crime by servants of that corporation. To have brought a criminal within the operation of the Canadian law would have meant his deportation to Eastern Canada, and that was out of the question. In such a case we may assume that the Hudson's Bay Company did deal, or would have dealt, with it in its own way. As between the Indians and the white men, it resolved itself into a matter of summary vengeance. If an Indian killed a Hudson's Bay Company's servant, he was killed in turn. It was an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth—the only kind of justice which appealed to the Indian's moral intelligence. Among themselves the natives settled everything according to this primitive code, and it must be remembered that they still possessed sovereign tribal rights. H. H. Bancroft has written a volume on popular tribunals, in which he related a great many instances of the crude methods of administering justice on the Pacific slope in early days, but few of these relate to the country north of the 49th parallel. From the beginning, except in a few instances, law and order were respected under British rule. The first official act recognizing the local right to ad- minister justice on British soil was in 1849, when at the instance of Sir J. H. Pelly, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, the colonial secretary of Great Britain, under authority of i and 2 Geo. iv, cap. 86, appointed fourteen justices of the peace—all Hudson's Bay Company officials— on Vancouver Island and on the unorganized mainland. When Vancouver Island was formally erected into a colony, GOVERNMENT ON VANCOUVER ISLAND 351 so much of the Georgian legislation in question as related to Vancouver Island was repealed, special provision being made for administration according to British laws and local or- dinances. It will be remembered that one of the first official acts of Governor Blanshard was to appoint Dr J. S. Helmcken a magistrate at Fort Rupert for the purpose of keeping the peace among the miners and bringing the Indians to justice.^ Helmcken's tenure of ofifice was brief, however, and the governor himself complained that his own position was little better than that of an ordinary magistrate. Blanshard's successor, Governor Douglas, recommended his own brother- in-law, David Cameron, for judge of the supreme court of civil justice, and in 1 856 Cameron was promoted to the chief justiceship, his position being not unlike the