The White Book of ELI Nuclear Physics Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
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The White Book of ELI Nuclear Physics Bucharest-Magurele, Romania The ELI-Nuclear Physics working groups Contents 1 Foreword 4 2 Executive Summary 5 2.1 BasicObjectives ................................. ...... 5 2.2 The Scientific Case of ELI-Nuclear Physics . ............ 6 3 Conceptual Design Report for the multi-PW laser system at ELI Nuclear Physics Facility 11 3.1 Introduction.................................... ...... 11 3.2 Laser Architecture and Technical Layout . ............. 12 3.2.1 Currentstatus ................................. 12 3.2.2 Multi-PW laser approach implementation . .......... 13 3.2.3 FrontEnd ...................................... 14 3.2.4 HighrepratePWamplifiers . 18 3.2.5 Highenergyamplifiers . ..... 19 3.2.6 ELI-NP multi-PW laser system conceptual design . ........... 20 3.2.7 ELI-NPlaserbuildingsketch . ....... 21 3.3 PulseCompression ................................ ...... 22 3.4 Alignment and Diagnostics . ........ 24 3.5 Pulseshaping.................................... ..... 24 3.6 Control,supervisionsystem(C2S) . ........... 25 3.7 Coherentbeamcombining . ....... 25 3.8 LaserBeamTransportSystem . ....... 27 3.9 Furtherinfrastructure . ......... 27 References......................................... ..... 28 Glosary ............................................ 29 4 Infrastructure Producing High Intensity Gamma Rays for ELI Nuclear Physics Pillar 31 4.1 Introduction .................................... ..... 31 4.2 First stage warm linac in X-band RF plus 532nm laser . ............ 32 4.2.1 Description................................... 32 4.2.2 Specifications of the ELI-NP machine . ........ 38 4.2.3 Possibleupgradeinfuture. ....... 40 4.3 Second stage 100 mA Energy Recovery Linac . .......... 40 4.4 Conclusions ..................................... ..... 41 References......................................... ..... 42 Glosary ............................................ 43 5 The Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physic Pillar 47 5.1 Introduction to Envisioned Experiments at ELI Nuclear Physics Facility . 47 5.2 Experiments with the APOLLON-type Laser used stand-alone ............. 48 1 5.2.1 Production of Neutron-Rich Nuclei around the N = 126 Waiting Point of the r-Process via the Fission-Fusion Reaction Mechanism usingaLaser-AcceratedThBeam . 48 5.2.2 From Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA) and Laser-Driven Ion Pistons to Direct Laser Acceleration of Protons at Intensities up to 1024W/cm2 . 50 5.2.3 Deceleration of Very Dense Electron and Ion Beams . ........... 52 5.2.4 The development and application of ultra-short duration high brilliance gammaraysprobesfornuclearphysics . 54 5.2.5 A Relativistic Ultra-thin Electron Sheet used as a Relativistic Mirror for the Production of Brilliant, Intense Coherent γ-Rays............. 55 5.2.6 Nuclear Techniques for Characterization of Laser-Induced Radiations . 57 5.2.7 Modelling of High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Matter............ 61 5.2.8 Studies of enhanced decay of 26Al in hot plasma environments . 63 5.2.9 Nuclearphasesandsymmetries . ....... 65 5.3 APOLLON-Type Laser + γ/e− Beam........................... 68 5.3.1 Probing the Pair Creation from the Vacuum in the Focus of Strong Electrical Fields with a High Energy γ Beam .............. 68 5.3.2 The Real Part of the Index of Refraction of the Vacuum in High Fields: Vacuum Birefringence . 71 5.3.3 Cascades of e+e− Pairs and γ-Rays triggered by a Single Slow Electron in Strong Fields . 73 5.3.4 Compton Scattering and Radiation Reaction of a Single Electron at High Intensities . ...... 79 5.3.5 Nuclear Lifetime Measurements by Streaking Conversion ElectronswithaLaserField. 86 5.4 Stand-alone γ/e− Facility for Nuclear Spectroscopy . 89 5.4.1 Measuring Narrow Doorway States, embedded in Regions of High Level Density in the First Nuclear Minimum, which are identified by specific (γ,f), (γ, α), (γ,p), (γ,n) Reactions and allow to map out the NuclearPotentialLandscape . 89 5.4.2 Precision Tests of Fluctuating Quantities in Nuclear Physics of Highly Excited Nuclear Levels in Comparison to Random-Matrix-Theory and Quantum Chaos 90 208 5.4.3 Precision measurement of the dipole polarizability αD of Pb with high intensity, monoenergetic MeV γ-radiation for the evaluation of neutron skin and the enhancement of UNEDF theory . ..... 92 5.4.4 Use of high-resolution inelastic electron scattering to investigate deformed nuclear shapes and the scissors mode . ...... 94 ′ 5.4.5 Parity violation in a (e, e )process ......................... 96 5.4.6 Nuclear Transitions and Parity-violating Meson-Nucleon Coupling . 101 5.4.7 Study of pygmy and giant dipole resonances in lead isotopes by direct γ excitation103 5.4.8 Gamma scattering on nuclei The Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) of deformed nuclei . 104 5.4.9 Fine-structure of Photo-response above the Particle Threshold: the (γ ,α), (γ,p) and (γ ,n)Reactions ....................... 109 5.4.10 Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence on Rare Isotopes and Isomers . 113 5.4.11 Multiple Nuclear Excitons . ........ 114 5.5 Stand-alone γ/e− Facility for Astrophysics . 116 5.5.1 Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions ....................................... 116 5.5.2 Measurements of (γ,p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucle- osynthesis....................................... 118 5.6 Applications and Industry Relevant Developments at ELI-NP ............. 120 5.6.1 Industrial Applications for the Management of Nuclear Materials . 120 5.6.2 Radioscopy and Tomography . 125 2 5.6.3 High Resolution, high Intensity X-Ray Beam . .......... 127 5.6.4 Producing of medical isotopes via the (γ,n) reaction . 131 5.6.5 Medical Radioisotopes produced by γ Beams ................... 131 5.6.6 Extremely BRIlliant Neutron-Source produced via the (γ,n) Reaction without Moderation (BRIN)............................ 134 5.6.7 Neutron diffraction techniques for materials science ................ 135 5.6.8 Dual-range Instrumentation for Wide Applicability Neutron Techniques . 137 5.6.9 Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source produced via the (γ, e+e−) Reaction (BRIP) 139 5.6.10 Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source: Positrons in Applied Physics . 139 5.6.11 Positron-excited Auger Electron Spectroscopy (PAES).............. 140 5.6.12 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) . ............. 143 5.6.13 AGPAS technique with high energy gamma beams . ......... 146 5.6.14 Testing of radiation effects on commercial optical fibers ............. 147 5.6.15 Materials research in high intensity radiation fields................ 147 3 1 Foreword This report contains a comprehensive description of the new international research infrastructure, the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics facility (ELI-NP), emphasizing the physics which can be addressed with it. The report has been prepared from contributions by many people from various laboratories throughout the world. Their contributions have be merged by a group of editors. This re- port at the same time demonstrates that ELI-NP can count on a large international user community. Here the extreme light infrastructure consisting of two components: a very high intensity laser system (10-30 PW) and a very brilliant, intense γ beam of up to 19 MeV, 0.1 % band width and 1013γ/s . With this report we demonstrate our deep conviction that this infrastructure will create a new Euro- pean laboratory with a broad range of science covering new nuclear physics, astrophysics, fundamental high field physics as well as applications in nuclear materials, radioactive waste management, material science and life sciences. For the realization of ELI-NP we envisage the design of the facility to allow a flexible layout of the experiments and the possibility for further upgrading according to the available resources. The ELI-NP facility will be built in such a way to accommodate its future growth, for example: • to include after 2016 new experiments and to upgrade the laser power and gamma beam intensity and energy • after 2020 to include the most ambitious and far reaching projects as well as the ones that are yet to be discovered. It may include an upgrade of the γ beam facility, using a superconducting energy recovery linac reaching to higher intensities of 1015γ/s and improved bandwidth 4 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Basic Objectives ELI will be the only European and International Centre for high-level research on ultra-high intensity laser, laser-matter interaction and secondary sources with unparalleled possibilities. Its pulse peak power and briefness will go beyond the current state-of-the-art by several orders of magnitude. Because of its unique properties, this multidisciplinary facility will provide magnificent new opportunities to study the fundamental processes unfolded during light-matter interaction. ELI will create a platform, where Extreme Light applications for the benefit of society will be dynam- ically promoted. In its mission ELI will practice a vigorous technology transfer to European SMEs and large firms. High on ELI agenda will be the training of aspiring scientists and engineers in the numerous disciplines associated with the Extreme Light. The ELI project, a collaboration of 13 European countries, will comprise four pillars: • High Energy Beam Science devoted to the development and usage of dedicated beam lines with ultra short pulses of high energy radiation and particles reaching almost the speed of light (100 GeV). This part of ELI will be realized in Prague (Czech Republic) • Attosecond Laser Science designed to conduct