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Slobodan Softver U Obrazovanju

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Slobodan Softver U Obrazovanju I SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU UČITELJSKI FAKULTET Slobodan softver u obrazovanju Predrag Oreški Vladimir Šimović Zagreb, 2013. II Izdavač Učiteljski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Savska cesta 77, Zagreb Za izdavača dr. sc. Ivan Prskalo, redoviti profesor Urednik dr. sc. Vladimir Šimović, redoviti profesor Recenzenti dr. sc. Nenad Prelog, redoviti profesor dr. sc. Ljubica Bakić Tomić, izvanredni profesor dr. sc. Dragutin Kermek, izvanredni profesor Lektorica Zdenka Župan Milković, prof. Ilustracija na naslovnici: Vector Open Stock Team, http://www.vectoropenstock.com/963-Vector-abstract-tree-vector Attribution No Derivatives 3.0 Unported License Prijelom: Nataša Rogulja Naklada 200 tiskanih primjeraka + online izdanje UDK 004.4.057.8:37 373.3:004 ISBN 978-953-7210-63-2 Tisak dovršen u 2013. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencijom Creative Commons Imenovanje-Nekomercijalno-Bez prerada 3.0 nelokalizirana licencija. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.hr III IV Sadržaj Predgovor ....................................................................................................................... VII Sažetak ......................................................................................................................... VIII 1. Uvod .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Intelektualno vlasništvo ................................................................................................ 8 2.1. Intelektualno vlasništvo u slobodnom softveru ..................................................... 8 2.1.1. Kategorije softvera .......................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Licencije ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1.3. Patenti ........................................................................................................... 13 3. Povijest slobodnog softvera ........................................................................................ 17 3.1. Slobodan softver otvorenog izvornog kôda - FOSS ............................................ 17 3.2. Motivacija za aktivno sudjelovanje u projektima razvoja FOSS-a ...................... 21 4. Najznačajniji projekti slobodnog softvera .................................................................. 23 4.1. Obilježja projekata razvoja FOSS-a .................................................................... 23 4.2. Najznačajniji projekti FOSS-a ............................................................................. 28 4.2.1. Operacijski sustav GNU/Linux ..................................................................... 29 4.2.2. Web-preglednik Netscape Navigator (Mozilla Firefox) ............................... 31 4.2.3. Web poslužitelj Apache ................................................................................ 33 4.2.4. Sustav za upravljanje bazama podataka MySQL ......................................... 34 4.2.5. Skriptni programski jezik PHP ..................................................................... 36 4.2.6. Grafičko korisničko sučelje GNOME ........................................................... 38 4.2.7. Uredski programi OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice ............................................ 40 4.3. Potreba za novim projektima razvoja slobodnog softvera ................................... 43 4.4. Značajne web aplikacije iz svijeta FOSS-a .......................................................... 43 5. Primjena slobodnog softvera ...................................................................................... 48 5.1. Prednosti korištenja FOSS-a ................................................................................ 48 5.2. Mogući problemi i rizici u korištenju FOSS-a ..................................................... 51 5.3. FOSS u stvarnom svijetu ..................................................................................... 55 5.3.1. Najznačajnije distribucije ............................................................................. 55 5.3.2. FOSS u državnoj i gradskoj upravi europskih zemalja ................................. 59 5.3.3. FOSS u tvrtkama i korporacijama ................................................................ 69 5.3.4. Kako zaraditi uz pomoć FOSS-a? ................................................................. 70 5.4. Povezivost i kompatibilnost slobodnog softvera s drugim računalnim platformama ................................................................................................................ 72 5.4.1 Dijeljenje datoteka i pisača ............................................................................ 73 5.4.2 Dijeljenje radne površine ............................................................................... 74 5.4.3 Emulacija radne okoline operacijskog sustava Microsoft Windows® .......... 74 5.4.4 Emulacija radne okoline DOS ....................................................................... 76 5.4.5 Virtualizacija .................................................................................................. 77 5.5. Cloud Computing – usluge i datoteke u računalnom oblaku ............................... 77 6. Slobodan softver u obrazovanju ................................................................................. 78 6.1. FOSS u osnovnom obrazovanju .......................................................................... 80 V 6.2. Analiza i usporedba mogućnosti FOSS-a u odnosu na zahtjeve nastavnog plana i programa za osnovnu školu ........................................................................................ 82 6.2.1. Odabir operacijskog sustava i aplikacija ...................................................... 82 6.2.2. Analiza i usporedba mogućnosti ................................................................... 83 6.3. Ocjena kvalitete FOSS-a potrebnog za izvođenje nastave iz informatike u osnovnoj školi ........................................................................................................... 108 7. Slobodan softver u učionici ...................................................................................... 115 7.1. Prijedlog modela projekta uvođenja FOSS-a u osnovno obrazovanje u Republici Hrvatskoj ................................................................................................................... 117 7.2. Aktivnosti projekta uvođenja FOSS-a u osnovno obrazovanje u Republici Hrvatskoj ................................................................................................................... 119 7.3. Shema informatičke učionice podržane FOSS-om ............................................ 123 7.4. Preporučeni minimalni strojni i programski zahtjevi računala klijenta ............. 124 7.5. Preporučeni minimalni strojni i programski zahtjevi računala poslužitelja ...... 127 8. Daljnji razvoj slobodnog softvera ............................................................................. 128 8.1. Operacijski sustav Android ................................................................................ 130 8.2. Moguće prepreke u razvoju FOSS-a .................................................................. 134 9. Prijedlozi i završna razmišljanja ............................................................................... 136 Privitak 1. GNU General Public License ...................................................................... 141 Privitak 2. Popis pitanja po poglavljima ....................................................................... 151 Popis literature .............................................................................................................. 161 Popis važnijih kratica i pojmova ................................................................................... 171 Životopisi autora ........................................................................................................... 181 VI Predgovor Gotovo sve informacijske i komunikacijske potrebe korisnika računala mogu se zadovoljiti uz pomoć slobodnog softvera - od računalnih igara do poslovne primjene. Svijet slobodnog softvera u mnogo se čemu razlikuje od svijeta komercijalnog vlasničkog softvera, ali ne i u kvaliteti, pouzdanosti i mogućnostima primjene. Zbog svojih osobina, kao što su otpornost na zlonamjerni računalni softver, legalnost korištenja, pouzdanost, besplatnost, slobodno kopiranje i mijenjanje, pristup izvornom kôdu i drugo, slobodan softver naročito je pogodan za primjenu u obrazovanju i poslovanju te je s tim njegovim svojstva potrebno upoznati sve njegove potencijalne korisnike. Autori se nadaju da će ova knjiga proširiti temeljna informacijsko- komunikacijska znanja i horizonte svojih čitatelja i na ovom, za većinu uobičajenih korisnika računala (ne-informatičara), sasvim novom i relativno neistraženom području. Ona je namijenjena studentima Učiteljskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu kao literatura iz više informatičkih kolegija, studentima drugih fakulteta s nastavničkim i informatičkim smjerovima te nastavnicima informatike u osnovnom i srednjem obrazovanju. U pripremi svih crteža, slika, tablica i projekta uvođenja slobodnog softvera otvorenog izvornog kôda te pisanju ove knjige korišten je isključivo i upravo takav softver, kao što slijedi: operacijski sustav GNU/Linux Ubuntu 12.04 Long Term Support Desktop 64 bit, preglednik web-stranica Mozilla Firefox, skup uredskih alata OpenOffice.org
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