The Evolution of Metazoan Axial Properties
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
FGF Signaling in Gastrulation and Neural Development in Nematostella Vectensis, an Anthozoan Cnidarian
Dev Genes Evol DOI 10.1007/s00427-006-0122-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE FGF signaling in gastrulation and neural development in Nematostella vectensis, an anthozoan cnidarian David Q. Matus & Gerald H. Thomsen & Mark Q. Martindale Received: 8 June 2006 /Accepted: 3 November 2006 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal trans- planula stages known as the apical tuft. These results duction pathway serves as one of the key regulators of early suggest a conserved role for FGF signaling molecules in metazoan development, displaying conserved roles in the coordinating both gastrulation and neural induction that specification of endodermal, mesodermal, and neural fates predates the Cambrian explosion and the origins of the during vertebrate development. FGF signals also regulate Bilateria. gastrulation, in part, by triggering epithelial to mesenchy- mal transitions in embryos of both vertebrates and Keywords Gastrulation . Neurogenesis . invertebrates. Thus, FGF signals coordinate gastrulation Evolution of development movements across many different phyla. To help under- stand the breadth of FGF signaling deployment across the animal kingdom, we have examined the presence and Introduction expression of genes encoding FGF pathway components in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. We isolat- Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were originally isolated ed three FGF ligands (NvFGF8A, NvFGF8B,and from vertebrate brain and pituitary fibroblasts for their roles NvFGF1A), two FGF receptors (NvFGFRa and NvFGFRb), in angiogenesis, mitogenesis, cellular differentiation, mi- and two orthologs of vertebrate FGF responsive genes, gration, and tissue-injury repair (Itoh and Ornitz 2004; Sprouty (NvSprouty), an inhibitor of FGF signaling, and Ornitz and Itoh 2001; Popovici et al. 2005). FGFs signal Churchill (NvChurchill), a Zn finger transcription factor. -
Cadherin Switch Marks Germ Layer Formation in the Diploblastic Sea Anemone Nematostella Vectensis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/488270; this version posted December 6, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Cadherin switch marks germ layer formation in the diploblastic sea anemone Nematostella vectensis PUKHLYAKOVA, E.A.1, KIRILLOVA, A.1,2, KRAUS, Y.A. 2, TECHNAU, U.1 1 Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, 119991, Moscow, Russia. Key words: cadherin, cell adhesion, morphogenesis, germ layers, Nematostella, Cnidaria Abstract Morphogenesis is a shape-building process during development of multicellular organisms. During this process the establishment and modulation of cell-cell contacts play an important role. Cadherins, the major cell adhesion molecules, form adherens junctions connecting ephithelial cells. Numerous studies in Bilateria have shown that cadherins are associated with the regulation of cell differentiation, cell shape changes, cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. To date, the role of Cadherins in non- bilaterians is unknown. Here, we study the expression and the function of two paralogous classical cadherins, cadherin1 and cadherin3, in the diploblastic animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. We show that a cadherin switch is accompanying the formation of germ layers. Using specific antibodies, we show that both cadherins are localized to adherens junctions at apical and basal positions in ectoderm and endoderm. -
University of Copenhagen, Zoological Museum, Review Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark CN, 0000-0001-6898-7655 Cite This Article: Nielsen C
Early animal evolution a morphologist's view Nielsen, Claus Published in: Royal Society Open Science DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190638 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Nielsen, C. (2019). Early animal evolution: a morphologist's view. Royal Society Open Science, 6(7), 1-10. [190638]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190638 Download date: 30. sep.. 2021 Early animal evolution: a morphologist’s view royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos Claus Nielsen The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Zoological Museum, Review Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark CN, 0000-0001-6898-7655 Cite this article: Nielsen C. 2019 Early animal evolution: a morphologist’s view. R. Soc. open sci. Two hypotheses for the early radiation of the metazoans are vividly discussed in recent phylogenomic studies, the ‘Porifera- 6: 190638. first’ hypothesis, which places the poriferans as the sister group http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190638 of all other metazoans, and the ‘Ctenophora-first’ hypothesis, which places the ctenophores as the sister group to all other metazoans. It has been suggested that an analysis of morphological characters (including specific molecules) could Received: 5 April 2019 throw additional light on the controversy, and this is the aim of Accepted: 4 July 2019 this paper. Both hypotheses imply independent evolution of nervous systems in Planulozoa and Ctenophora. The Porifera- first hypothesis implies no homoplasies or losses of major characters. The Ctenophora-first hypothesis shows no important synapomorphies of Porifera, Planulozoa and Placozoa. It implies Subject Category: either independent evolution, in Planulozoa and Ctenophora, of Biology (whole organism) a new digestive system with a gut with extracellular digestion, which enables feeding on larger organisms, or the subsequent Subject Areas: loss of this new gut in the Poriferans (and the re-evolution of the evolution collar complex). -
Bodily Complexity: Integrated Multicellular Organizations for Contraction-Based Motility
fphys-10-01268 October 11, 2019 Time: 16:13 # 1 HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 15 October 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01268 Bodily Complexity: Integrated Multicellular Organizations for Contraction-Based Motility Argyris Arnellos1,2* and Fred Keijzer3 1 IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind & Society, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain, 2 Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Complex Systems and Service Design Lab, University of the Aegean, Syros, Greece, 3 Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Compared to other forms of multicellularity, the animal case is unique. Animals—barring some exceptions—consist of collections of cells that are connected and integrated to such an extent that these collectives act as unitary, large free-moving entities capable of sensing macroscopic properties and events. This animal configuration Edited by: Matteo Mossio, is so well-known that it is often taken as a natural one that ‘must’ have evolved, UMR8590 Institut d’Histoire et given environmental conditions that make large free-moving units ‘obviously’ adaptive. de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), France Here we question the seemingly evolutionary inevitableness of animals and introduce Reviewed by: a thesis of bodily complexity: The multicellular organization characteristic for typical Stuart A. Newman, animals requires the integration of a multitude of intrinsic bodily features between its New York Medical -
Your Inner Fish : a Journey Into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body / by Neil Shubin.—1St Ed
EPILOGUE As a parent of two young children, I find myself spending a lot of time lately in zoos, museums, and aquaria. Being a visitor is a strange experience, because I’ve been involved with these places for decades, working in museum collections and even helping to prepare exhibits on occasion. During family trips, I’ve come to realize how much my vocation can make me numb to the beauty and sublime complexity of our world and our bodies. I teach and write about millions of years of history and about bizarre ancient worlds, and usually my interest is detached and analytic. Now I’m experiencing science with my children—in the kinds of places where I discovered my love for it in the first place. One special moment happened recently with my son at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. We’ve gone there regularly over the past three years because of his love of trains and the fact that there is a huge model railroad smack in the center of the place. I’ve spent countless hours at that one exhibit tracing model locomotives on their little trek from Chicago to Seattle. After a number of weekly visits 263 to this shrine for the train-obsessed, Nathaniel and I walked to corners of the museum we had failed to visit during our train-watching ventures or occasional forays to the full-size tractors and planes. In the back of the museum, in the Henry Crown Space Center, model planets hang from the ceiling and space suits lie in cases together with other memorabilia of the space program of the 1960s and 1970s. -
Placozoans Are Eumetazoans Related to Cnidaria
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/200972; this version posted October 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Placozoans are eumetazoans related to Cnidaria Christopher E. Laumer1,2, Harald Gruber-Vodicka3, Michael G. Hadfield4, Vicki B. Pearse5, Ana Riesgo6, 4 John C. Marioni1,2,7, and Gonzalo Giribet8 1. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom 2. European Molecular Biology Laboratories-European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom 8 3. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraβe 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany 4. Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center/University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America 5. University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa 12 Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America 6. The Natural History Museum, Life Sciences, Invertebrate Division Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 7. Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, 16 Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom 8. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America 20 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/200972; this version posted October 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
Cellular and Molecular Processes Leading to Embryo Formation In
Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution Alexander Ereskovsky, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini To cite this version: Alexander Ereskovsky, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini. Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes through- out animal evolution. Development Genes and Evolution, Springer Verlag, 2013, 223, pp.5 - 22. 10.1007/s00427-012-0399-3. hal-01456624 HAL Id: hal-01456624 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01456624 Submitted on 5 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Author's personal copy Dev Genes Evol (2013) 223:5–22 DOI 10.1007/s00427-012-0399-3 REVIEW Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution Alexander V. Ereskovsky & Emmanuelle Renard & Carole Borchiellini Received: 20 December 2011 /Accepted: 26 March 2012 /Published online: 29 April 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract The emergence of multicellularity is regarded as metamorphosis. Thus, sponges can provide information en- one of the major evolutionary events of life. This transition abling us to better understand early animal evolution at the unicellularity/pluricellularity was acquired independently molecular level but also at the cell/cell layer level. -
Lab 5: Phylum Mollusca
Biology 18 Spring, 2008 Lab 5: Phylum Mollusca Objectives: Understand the taxonomic relationships and major features of mollusks Learn the external and internal anatomy of the clam and squid Understand the major advantages and limitations of the exoskeletons of mollusks in relation to the hydrostatic skeletons of worms and the endoskeletons of vertebrates, which you will examine later in the semester Textbook Reading: pp. 700-702, 1016, 1020 & 1021 (Figure 47.22), 943-944, 978-979, 1046 Introduction The phylum Mollusca consists of over 100,000 marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. Most are familiar to you as food sources: oysters, clams, scallops, and yes, snails, squid and octopods. Some also serve as intermediate hosts for parasitic trematodes, and others (e.g., snails) can be major agricultural pests. Mollusks have many features in common with annelids and arthropods, such as bilateral symmetry, triploblasty, ventral nerve cords, and a coelom. Unlike annelids, mollusks (with one major exception) do not possess a closed circulatory system, but rather have an open circulatory system consisting of a heart and a few vessels that pump blood into coelomic cavities and sinuses (collectively termed the hemocoel). Other distinguishing features of mollusks are: z A large, muscular foot variously modified for locomotion, digging, attachment, and prey capture. z A mantle, a highly modified epidermis that covers and protects the soft body. In most species, the mantle also secretes a shell of calcium carbonate. z A visceral mass housing the internal organs. z A mantle cavity, the space between the mantle and viscera. Gills, when present, are suspended within this cavity. -
The Evolution of Animal Genomes
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect The evolution of animal genomes 1 2,3 Casey W Dunn and Joseph F Ryan Genome sequences are now available for hundreds of species We are still at a very early stage of the genomic revolution, sampled across the animal phylogeny, bringing key features of not unlike the state of computing in the late nineties [1]. animal genome evolution into sharper focus. The field of animal Genome sequences of various levels of quality are now evolutionary genomics has focused on identifying and available for a few hundred animal species thanks to the classifying the diversity genomic features, reconstructing the concerted efforts of large collaborative projects [2–4], more history of evolutionary changes in animal genomes, and testing recent efforts by smaller groups [5–7], and even genome hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships of animals. projects undertaken largely by independent laboratories The grand challenges moving forward are to connect [8,9]. At least 212 animal genomes have been published evolutionary changes in genomes with particular evolutionary (Figure 1) and many others are publicly available in various changes in phenotypes, and to determine which changes are stages of assembly and annotation. This sampling is still driven by selection. This will require far greater genome very biased towards animals with small genomes that can sampling both across and within species, extensive phenotype be bred in the laboratory and those from a small set of data, a well resolved animal phylogeny, and advances in phylogenetic clades. 83% of published genomes belong to comparative methods. vertebrates and arthropods (Figure 1). -
Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications∗
Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications∗ Casey W. Dunn,1 Gonzalo Giribet,2 Gregory D. Edgecombe,3 and Andreas Hejnol4 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; email: [email protected] 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; email: [email protected] 3Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; email: [email protected] 4 /13/14. For personal use only. use personal For /13/14. Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway; email: [email protected] aded from www.annualreviews.org from aded Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014. 45:371–95 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Metazoa, morphology, evolutionary developmental biology, fossils, September 29, 2014 anatomy The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: In recent years, scientists have made remarkable progress reconstructing the 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 animal phylogeny. There is broad agreement regarding many deep animal Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. relationships, including the monophyly of animals, Bilateria, Protostomia, All rights reserved Ecdysozoa, and Spiralia. This stability now allows researchers to articulate Access provided by Ben Gurion University Library on 12 on Library University Gurion Ben by provided Access ∗ Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014.45:371-395. Downlo 2014.45:371-395. Syst. Evol. Ecol. Rev. Annu. This paper was authored by an employee of the the diminishing number of remaining questions in terms of well-defined al- British Government as part of his official duties and is therefore subject to Crown Copyright. -
Mesodermal Anatomies in Cnidarian Polyps and Medusae
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50: 589-599 (2006) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.062150ks Review Mesodermal anatomies in cnidarian polyps and medusae KATJA SEIPEL and VOLKER SCHMID* Institute of Zoology, University of Basel, Biocenter/Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 589 Diploblasty in the historical perspective .......................................................................................................................................... 589 The cnidarian mesoderm unearthed ...................................................................................................................................................... 591 What is a mesoderm? ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 591 Muscle cells in Cnidaria ............................................................................................................................................................................... 592 Mesodermal muscle in Hydrozoa? ................................................................................................................................................. 592 Mesodermal differentiation in Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa ............................................... -
Molecular Evidence for Deep Evolutionary Roots of Bilaterality in Animal Development
Molecular evidence for deep evolutionary roots of bilaterality in animal development David Q. Matus*, Kevin Pang*, Heather Marlow*, Casey W. Dunn*, Gerald H. Thomsen†, and Mark Q. Martindale*‡ *Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813; and †Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215 Edited by John B. Gurdon, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved May 26, 2006 (received for review February 23, 2006) Nearly all metazoans show signs of bilaterality, yet it is believed growth differentiation factors, and TGF-s] and antagonists (nog- the bilaterians arose from radially symmetric forms hundreds of gin, follistatin, gremlin, and cerberus). Many of these genes in millions of years ago. Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and ‘‘jelly- vertebrates are expressed asymmetrically in the dorsal lip of the fish’’) diverged from other animals before the radiation of the blastopore during gastrulation (i.e., the Spemann Organizer) and Bilateria. They are diploblastic and are often characterized as being have been shown to be causally involved in the elaboration of D-V radially symmetrical around their longitudinal (oral–aboral) axis. features (11). Other genes, including the homeodomain transcrip- We have studied the deployment of orthologs of a number of tion factors goosecoid (Gsc) and gastrulation brain homeodomain family members of developmental regulatory genes that are ex- (Gbx), are also expressed either in the dorsal lip during gastrulation pressed asymmetrically during bilaterian embryogenesis from the (Gsc) or involved in patterning the brain (Gbx) (14–17). sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.